8. SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION. Germinal cells, gonocytes. Indifferent stage INDIFFERENT STAGE

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "8. SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION. Germinal cells, gonocytes. Indifferent stage INDIFFERENT STAGE"

Transcription

1 8. SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION INDIFFERENT STAGE Early in pregnancy, (within 10-15% f the pregnancy s expected length) a genital ridge is frmed in the sides f the embrynic tissue, ventral t the mesnephrs r temprary kidneys. Initially, the genital ridge is made f celmic epithelium with mesenchyme tissue. Subsequently, this area is invaded by germinal cells riginating in the ylk sac (Figs. 8-1, 8-2). These clusters f cells are the indifferent gnads (Fig. 8-3). Germinal cells, gncytes Future gametes precursrs Originate in ylk sac Migrates t gnadal regin rgans Accumulates due t: Attractin by chemtactic substances Failure t survive elsewhere Figure 8-1. Generalities abut gncytes Nrmally the indifferent gnads will evlve int testis if the gentype f the cnceptus is XY and varies if the cnceptus is XX. The name indifferent gnads r biptential tissue is given because at this develpmental stage, regardless f the genetic makeup f the cnceptus, the gnads have the ptential t be either varies r testis. Up until recently, the understanding was that unless ther substances were present, these indifferent gnads were destined t becme female rgans. Recent discveries, hwever, reveal that the indifferent gnads have t be induced t becme either male r female rgans. Fllwing the establishment f the indifferent gnads, the embry develps tw pairs f ducts. One pair f mesnephric ducts, als knwn as the Wlfian ducts, which have the ptential t further develp int the epididymis, ductus deferens, and ureter f the male reprductive tract. Their riginal rle is t drain fluids frm the mesnephrs t the urgenital sinus. The ther pair is the paramesnephric ducts, als knwn as Müllerian ducts, which have the ptential t develp int the viducts, uterus, cervix and a prtin f the vagina (Fig. 8-3). Gnads begin Indifferent stage Pair f ducts capable f becming male rgans Pair f ducts capable f becming female rgans Underdevelped ptential external genitalia Nervus system t be primed Figure 8-3. Cnditins existing at the indifferent stage f develpment Figure 8-2. Origin f germinal cells prir t migrating t the area f the future indifferent gnads At this stage, the embry has a urgenital sinus, als knwn as the claca, with the ptential t develp int female r male external genitalia, as well as an incipient central nervus system, which culd be primed t functin in the pattern f a male r female animal. At this develpmental pint the embry is cnsidered t be in an indifferent stage (Fig. 8-4). V BS 122 Physilgy II 70 Class f 2016

2 The pre-sertli cells synthesize Anti-Müllerian Hrmne (AMH), als knwn as Müllerian Inhibiting Substance. AMH belngs t a superfamily f plypeptide hrmnes called Transfrming Grwth Factr beta (TGFbeta). AMH triggers the migratin f the epithelial cells t the central part f the mesnephrs. The mesnephric cells becme pre-sertli cells which surrund the germinal cells r gncytes. AMH als triggers the regressin f the Müllerian r paramesnephric ducts thrugh induced cellular apptsis (Figs. 8-5, 8-6, 8-7). Figure 8-4. Schematic representatin f the structures visible at the indifferent stage Male develpment The sex-determining regin Y gene (SRY), lcated in the Y chrmsme appears t be respnsible fr the initial rganizatin f the indifferent gnad int the male structures. The SRY gene is activated, by still unknwn mechanisms, during a very precise windw f time in the early develpmental perid. As a result f its activatin, a prtein named testis-determining factr is prduced and acts upn sme f the mesnephric cells in the indifferent gnadal regin. These cells then develp int pre-sertli cells (Fig. 8-5). Figure 8-6. Schematic representatin f the structures visible during early develpment in the male and the female Figure 8-5. Pathway leading t the establishment f male sex rgans and develpment f male like behaviur Figure 8-7. In late develpment the new metanephrs develps the accessry sex glands and the bladder V BS 122 Physilgy II 71 Class f 2016

3 Gncytes will be eventually cnverted t nn-mtile spermatgnia, which will divide by mitsis until stpped by the Sertli cells. The final utcme is the frmatin f the primitive sex crds which will then remain quiescent until puberty withut any further frmatin f spermatgnia. Simultaneusly, sme mesenchymal cells will differentiate int interstitial r Leydig cells. These cells will start t prduce teststerne (T), which in turn will be cnverted t dihydrteststerne (DHT) in the urgenital sinus. DHT is respnsible fr the virilisatin f the external genitalia and fr the frmatin f accessry secretry glands in males (Fig. 8-7). Female develpment If the indifferent tissue is nt expsed t AMH, the Müllerian r paramesnephric duct is nt reabsrbed as a cnsequence f induced apptsis. In the female anther gene, the DAX1, (dsage-sensitive sex reversal, adrenal hypplasia critical regin, n chrmsme X, gene 1) is activated at this time. This gene is lcated in the X chrmsme. The activatin f the DAX1 gene results in the develpment f the indifferent gnad int varies, the grwth f the paramesnephric r Müllerian duct int viduct and uterine structures (Figs. 8-6, 8-8). Female develpment Later than male's Germinal cells 6 t 7 X 10 6 at six mnths 1 t 4 X 10 5 at puberty 400 ptential va Figure 8-9. Generalities abut female develpment This time lapse permits a clear divisin between males and females and appears t allw fr the ptential manifestatin f the male characteristics. In the develping female there is a rapid prliferatin f germinal cells in the incipient vary. The number f germinal cells then decreases twards parturitin with a further decrease at the time f puberty (Fig. 8-9). Figure 8-8. Sequence f events leading t the develpment f females At the same time, the Wlffian r mesnephric ducts start atrphying. The metanephrs starts develping int the future kidneys and starts functining by 30% f the pregnancy, while the mesnephrs becmes the vary (Fig. 8-10). The changes frm the indifferent stage twards the establishment f female rgans start apprximately tw weeks after the change twards males (Figs. 8-8, 8-9). Figure Pictrial descriptin f the rgans in female late develpment Pseud hermaphrditism Pseud hermaphrditism refers t the cnditin whereby an animal has chrmsmes and gnads f ne sex and the external genitalia f the ppsite sex, r with cmpnents f bth sexes (Figs. 8-11, 8-12). V BS 122 Physilgy II 72 Class f 2016

4 Pseud hermaphrditism Result f a develpmental abnrmality where the genetic makeup f the gnads are f ne gender while the external and / r internal genitalia is f the ther gender, r an incmpletely differentiated rgan Figure Pseudhermaphrditism This abnrmality may be bserved in genetic females which have been expsed t elevated levels f andrgens during gestatin (Fig. 8-13). The surce f andrgens can be an abnrmality f the fetal adrenal r maternal secretins. In the case f males, pseudhermaphrditism may be triggered by a lack f sufficient teststerne prductin by the fetal testes. It can als be induced by a resistance r a lack f respnse f the urgenital sinus t andrgens. This resistance can be the cnsequence f a lack f andrgen receptrs in this tissue. The phenmenn can als be triggered by the failure in the cnversin f teststerne t DHT by the enzyme 5α- reductase (Fig. 8-14). Pseudhermaphrditism in a genetically male animal Male testicular abnrmality N MIS = female internal genitalia N T = female genitalia Andrgen resistance N DHT N receptrs Figure Pseud hermaphrditism in a pig. Tw descended testicles and a clear vulva are present Pseud hermaphrditism in a genetically female animal Female expsed t andrgens Adrenal abnrmality Maternal andrgens Figure Pssible causes f a female develping pseudhermaphrditism Figure Pssible causes f a male develping pseudhermaphrditism A cmmn ccurrence in cattle is the prductin f freemartins. A freemartin ccurs as a cnsequence f a translcatin f teststerne prduced by the bull calf int the circulatin f the heifer calf at the site f the ctyledns. This takes place because the chrin f bth cnceptuses anastmses is frming a cmmn bld supply (Fig. 8-15). The teststerne acts upn the reprductive tract f the female inducing the frmatin f male-like internal rgans, at the same time that the AMH causes partial regressin f the paramesnephric ducts f the female cnceptus. Usually, the result is an vtestis and a fragmented uterus lacking sme f its parts. The final utcme is a phentypic female that is sterile in 92% f the cases. Furthermre, the freemartin displays bullish-like V BS 122 Physilgy II 73 Class f 2016

5 behaviur because the expsure f the CNS t teststerne during fetal life has primed her t functin in a male-like fashin. A sund management practice is t treat any female brn as a twin t a bull, as a male and d nt keep it fr breeding. Freemartinism Sexual mdificatin f a female twin, by the in uter transfer f bld frm a male fetus Vascular anastmses between the placentas permits the transfer f bld frming and germ cells amng them 92% f female twin calves brn with a bull calf are freemartin A single brn female may be freemartin if the twin calf dies early in gestatin Figure Characteristics f a freemartin V BS 122 Physilgy II 74 Class f 2016

11. SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION. Germinal cells, gonocytes. Indifferent stage INDIFFERENT STAGE

11. SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION. Germinal cells, gonocytes. Indifferent stage INDIFFERENT STAGE 11. SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION INDIFFERENT STAGE Early in pregnancy, (within 10-15 % of the pregnancy s expected length) a genital ridge is formed in the sides of the embryonic tissue, ventral to the mesonephros

More information

BIOLOGY 101. CHAPTER 15: The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance: Locating Genes Along Chromosomes

BIOLOGY 101. CHAPTER 15: The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance: Locating Genes Along Chromosomes BIOLOGY 101 CHAPTER 15: The Chrmsmal Basis f Inheritance: Lcating Genes Alng Chrmsmes Lcating Genes Alng the Chrmsme CONCEPTS: 15.2 Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns f inheritance 15.3 Linked genes

More information

BIOLOGY 101. CHAPTER 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles: Variations on a Theme

BIOLOGY 101. CHAPTER 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles: Variations on a Theme BIOLOGY 101 CHAPTER 13: Meisis and Sexual Life Cycles: Variatins n a Theme Meisis and Sexual Life Cycles: Variatins n a Theme CONCEPTS: 13.1 Offspring acquire genes frm their parents by inheriting chrmsmes

More information

In the list of organisms given below, those that reproduce by the asexual method are

In the list of organisms given below, those that reproduce by the asexual method are In the list f rganisms given belw, thse that reprduce by the asexual methd are Banana Dg Yeast Ameba (ii) and (iv) (i), (iii) and (iv) (i) and (iv) (ii), (iii) and (iv) Answer:(b) (i), (iii) and (iv) In

More information

10. REGULATORY MECHANISM OF OVARIAN FUNCTION

10. REGULATORY MECHANISM OF OVARIAN FUNCTION 10. REGULATORY MECHANISM OF OVARIAN FUNCTION Ovarian functin is regulated thrugh the hypthalamic hypphyseal axis and, depending n the type f animal, envirnmental inputs r behaviural activities further

More information

10.REGULATORY MECHANISM OF OVARIAN FUNCTION

10.REGULATORY MECHANISM OF OVARIAN FUNCTION 10.REGULATORY MECHANISM OF OVARIAN FUNCTION Ovarian functin is regulated thrugh the hypthalamic hypphyseal axis and, depending n the type f animal, envirnmental inputs r behaviural activities further regulate

More information

Chapter 14 Cell division: Continuity of Life means all life originates from other living things of the same type.

Chapter 14 Cell division: Continuity of Life means all life originates from other living things of the same type. Chapter 14 Cell divisin: 2.3 Cell Cntinuity Learning Objectives 2.3.1 2.3.8 The Cell Cycle, Mitsis, Meisis 1. Explain f the terms cell cntinuity and chrmsme. 2. Differentiate between "haplid" and "diplid"

More information

Topic 12: Endocrine System. Function: Group of glands that produces regulatory chemicals ( )

Topic 12: Endocrine System. Function: Group of glands that produces regulatory chemicals ( ) Tpic 12: Endcrine System Functin: Grup f glands that prduces regulatry chemicals ( ) Hrmnes: Chemical messengers released directly int the bldstream that regulate: *May have wide-spread effects r nly affect

More information

Tick fever is a cattle disease caused by any one of the following blood parasites:

Tick fever is a cattle disease caused by any one of the following blood parasites: Tick fever Tick fever is a cattle disease caused by any ne f the fllwing bld parasites: Babesia bvis Babesia bigemina Anaplasma marginale These parasites are all transmitted by the cattle tick (Bphilus

More information

Name: Date: Period: Notes: The Blood and Lymphatic System

Name: Date: Period: Notes: The Blood and Lymphatic System Name: Date: Perid: Cmpsitin f Bld and their Functins Red Bld Cells (aka ) Structure Ntes: The Bld and Lymphatic System D nt have a like ther cells d Cntain a specialized prtein called Hemglbin cntains

More information

Chapter 16: Steroid Hormones (Lecture 17)

Chapter 16: Steroid Hormones (Lecture 17) Chapter 16: Steroid Hormones (Lecture 17) A) 21 or fewer carbon atoms B) Precursor: 27 carbon cholesterol C) major classes of steroid hormones 1) progestagens a) progesterone- prepares lining of uterus

More information

1.6. Topic 1: Cell Biology (Teacher) Essential Idea: Cell division is essential but must be controlled. 1.6 Cell Division

1.6. Topic 1: Cell Biology (Teacher) Essential Idea: Cell division is essential but must be controlled. 1.6 Cell Division Tpic 1: Cell Bilgy (Teacher) 1.6 Essential Idea: Cell divisin is essential but must be cntrlled. 1.6 Cell Divisin Why d cells divide: - Sa:Vl Rati - Allws fr grwth f the rganism - Allws fr cell differentiatin

More information

Mitosis and Meiosis Lecture Notes

Mitosis and Meiosis Lecture Notes Bilgy Mitsis and Meisis Lecture Ntes Name Per Learning Gals Quiz #6: December 6th Describe what happens during interphase Identify steps f mitsis/meisis by picture and functin Explain the diseases that

More information

Chapter 20 The Heart

Chapter 20 The Heart Chapter 20 The Heart ANATOMY OF THE HEART The adult heart is apprximately the size f. The heart is lcated in the cavity, between. Base is directed, and the apex is directed. The membrane surrunding and

More information

Human Reproductive System. Journal Why is it important to know and use the correct terminology of our bodies and its functions?

Human Reproductive System. Journal Why is it important to know and use the correct terminology of our bodies and its functions? Human Reprductive System Jurnal Why is it imprtant t knw and use the crrect terminlgy f ur bdies and its functins? Female Reprductin Cervix Neck r pening t the uterus. Strngest muscle in the bdy. Crpus

More information

Science. Human Biology. New Jersey Quality Single Accountability Continuum (NJQSAC) Department: Course Title

Science. Human Biology. New Jersey Quality Single Accountability Continuum (NJQSAC) Department: Course Title New Jersey Quality Single Accuntability Cntinuum (NJQSAC) Department: Curse Title Human Bilgy Textbk(s): Fundamentals f Anatmy and Physilgy Essential Questin(s): Cntent Unit 1, September 1. What are Anatmy

More information

The Cell Cycle & Cellular Division

The Cell Cycle & Cellular Division The Cell Cycle & Cellular Divisin Name: Perid: Date: I. Cell Divisin: All are derived frm preexisting cells (Cell Thery) is the prcess by which cells prduce new cells Cells grw in number, NOT in Smaller

More information

Development of the urogenital system

Development of the urogenital system Development of the urogenital system Location of the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros Differentiation of the intermedierm mesoderm into nephrotome and mesonephric tubules Connection between aorta

More information

INFERTILITY DIAGNOSIS

INFERTILITY DIAGNOSIS INFERTILITY Infertility is the inability t cnceive after 12 mnths f unprtected intercurse. There are multiple causes f infertility and a systematic way t evaluate the cnditin. Let s lk at sme f the causes.

More information

AP Biology Immune System. Pathogens: agents that cause disease Immunity: the ability to avoid disease when invaded by a pathogen

AP Biology Immune System. Pathogens: agents that cause disease Immunity: the ability to avoid disease when invaded by a pathogen AP Bilgy Pathgens: agents that cause disease Immunity: the ability t avid disease when invaded by a pathgen Innate Immunity: nnspecific First line f defense Barriers such as skin Hard fr bacteria t penetrate

More information

GENERAL / VASCULAR SONOGRAPHY OPTION COURSE OUTLINE AURORA ST. LUKE S MEDICAL CENTER SCHOOL OF DIAGNOSTIC MEDICAL SONOGRAPHY COURSE OVERVIEW

GENERAL / VASCULAR SONOGRAPHY OPTION COURSE OUTLINE AURORA ST. LUKE S MEDICAL CENTER SCHOOL OF DIAGNOSTIC MEDICAL SONOGRAPHY COURSE OVERVIEW AURORA ST. LUKE S MEDICAL CENTER SCHOOL OF DIAGNOSTIC MEDICAL SONOGRAPHY COURSE OVERVIEW The cre curriculum defines several majr mdules f ultrasund educatin. All lectures are crrelated with scan lab demnstratin

More information

Biology 12 Review sheet Urinary and Reproductive Systems ANSWERS

Biology 12 Review sheet Urinary and Reproductive Systems ANSWERS Bilgy 12 Review sheet Urinary and Reprductive Systems ANSWERS 1. What is the main excretry rgan? Kidneys 2. What are the functins f the kidney? helps maintain hmestasis thrugh regulatin f H 2O and ins

More information

Body chemistry and mood How our chemical makeup may affect our emotions. Circadian rhythm

Body chemistry and mood How our chemical makeup may affect our emotions. Circadian rhythm Presentatin: Bdy chemistry and md Bdy chemistry and md Hw ur chemical makeup may affect ur emtins Definitin Circadian rhythm A circadian rhythm is a rughly 24 hur cycle (Circa + Dia = the Circle f a Day)

More information

CONSENT FOR KYBELLA INJECTABLE FAT REDUCTION

CONSENT FOR KYBELLA INJECTABLE FAT REDUCTION CONSENT FOR KYBELLA INJECTABLE FAT REDUCTION INSTRUCTIONS This is an infrmed cnsent dcument which has been prepared t help yur Dctr infrm yu cncerning fat reductin with an injectable medicatin, its risks,

More information

Urinary system development. Male ( ) and Female ( ) Reproductive Systems Development

Urinary system development. Male ( ) and Female ( ) Reproductive Systems Development Urinary system development Male ( ) and Female ( ) Reproductive Systems Development Urogenital system develops from mesodermal uro-genital ridge (intermediate mesoderm) development of male and female genital

More information

Social Learning Theories

Social Learning Theories Scial Learning Theries - Careful scientific prcedures and methdlgy that characterize the behaviurist apprach Albert Bandura - Brn in small twn Alberta - Plish decent - Only sn with 5 sisters - Interested

More information

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. Khaleel Alyahya, PhD, MEd King Saud University School of

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. Khaleel Alyahya, PhD, MEd King Saud University School of CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Khaleel Alyahya, PhD, MEd King Saud University Schl f Medicine @khaleelya OBJECTIVES At the end f the lecture, students shuld be able t: Identify the cmpnents f the cardivascular

More information

The Excretory System. 4 The Excretory System.notebook. May 24, 2017

The Excretory System. 4 The Excretory System.notebook. May 24, 2017 4 The Excretry System.ntebk The Excretry System OSMOREGULATION (WATER BALANCE) Mst marine invertebrates are smcnfrmers, meaning the cncentratin f slutes in their bdy fluid is equal t that f their envirnment.

More information

Mapping the Distance Between Genes. Linkage Map. Linkage Map. Alfred Sturtevant. Student of Morgan. Constructed a gene1c map

Mapping the Distance Between Genes. Linkage Map. Linkage Map. Alfred Sturtevant. Student of Morgan. Constructed a gene1c map Alfred Sturtevant Mapping the Distance Between Genes Student f Mrgan Cnstructed a gene1c map an rdered list f the gene6c lci alng a par6cular chrmsme Predicted that The farther apart tw genes are q the

More information

Biology 30S Unit Test Review: Digestion

Biology 30S Unit Test Review: Digestion Bilgy 30S Unit Test Review: Digestin Test utline: Multiple Chice: 10 Questins, 1 mark each. Shrt Answer: 5 Questins (answer 3 f them), 5 marks each. Lng Answer: 2 Lng Answer Questins, 10 marks each. Tasks

More information

Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle

Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle Name Perid Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle Overview 1. What are the three key rles f cell divisin? State each rle, and give an example. 2. What is meant by the cell cycle? Cncept 12.1 Mst cell divisin results

More information

2N diploid cell replicates division - two daughter cells, each 2N division (without replication)- four daughter cells, each N (haploid)

2N diploid cell replicates division - two daughter cells, each 2N division (without replication)- four daughter cells, each N (haploid) Chrmsme - a linear DNA mlecule Hmlgus chrmsmes - chrmsmes that have the same kind f genes in the same rder 1 cpy frm father, 1 cpy frm mther humans have 46 chrmsmes with 23 hmlgus pairs als knw as sister

More information

WARNING: FATAL AND SERIOUS TOXICITIES: SEVERE DIARRHEA AND CARDIAC TOXICITIES

WARNING: FATAL AND SERIOUS TOXICITIES: SEVERE DIARRHEA AND CARDIAC TOXICITIES INDICATION FARYDAK (panbinstat) capsules, a histne deacetylase inhibitr, in cmbinatin with brtezmib and dexamethasne, is indicated fr the treatment f patients with multiple myelma wh have received at least

More information

Male patients with pain, swelling or erythema please refer to the Acute Painful Scrotum pathway Female patients

Male patients with pain, swelling or erythema please refer to the Acute Painful Scrotum pathway Female patients UNDESCENDED TESTICLE ALGORITHM Unilateral undescended testicle OR Bilateral palpable undescended testicle Inclusin Criteria: Male patients w/ unilateral r bilateral undescended testicle(s) Exclusin Criteria:

More information

Animal Science 434 Reproductive Physiology"

Animal Science 434 Reproductive Physiology Animal Science 434 Reproductive Physiology" Embryogenesis of the Pituitary and Sexual Development: Part A Development of the Pituitary Gland" Infundibulum" Brain" Rathke s Pouch" Stomodeum" Germ Cell Migration"

More information

under its influence, male development occurs; in its absence, female development is established.

under its influence, male development occurs; in its absence, female development is established. Sex differentiation is a complex process that involves many genes, including some that are autosomal. The key to sexual dimorphism is the Y chromosome, which contains the testis determining gene called

More information

Development of the Genital System

Development of the Genital System Development of the Genital System Professor Alfred Cuschieri Department of Anatomy University of Malta The mesonephros develops primitive nephrotomes draining into a mesonephric duct nephrotome mesonephric

More information

W.S. O University of Hong Kong

W.S. O University of Hong Kong W.S. O University of Hong Kong Development of the Genital System 1. Sexual differentiation 2. Differentiation of the gonads a. Germ cells extragonadal in origin b. Genital ridge intermediate mesoderm consisting

More information

Animal Science 434 Reproductive Physiology

Animal Science 434 Reproductive Physiology Animal Science 434 Reproductive Physiology Development of the Pituitary Gland Lec 5: Embryogenesis of the Pituitary and Sexual Development Stomodeum Brain Infundibulum Rathke s Pouch Germ Cell Migration

More information

Endocrine glands secrete hormones that mediate slower, but longerlasting. Endocrine system functions more as a regulatory than a command system

Endocrine glands secrete hormones that mediate slower, but longerlasting. Endocrine system functions more as a regulatory than a command system The Endcrine System 1 Tpics Types f cell signalling Fur types f cell signalling (majr) Fur types f hrmnes (majr) Types f hrmnes Hrmne receptrs Majr endcrine glands Majr hrmnes The hypthalamus and pituitary

More information

Anemia. There are three types of Anemia that effect EB patients. They are Iron Deficiency, Chronic Inflammatory and Nutritional.

Anemia. There are three types of Anemia that effect EB patients. They are Iron Deficiency, Chronic Inflammatory and Nutritional. Anemia Mst patients with Recessive Dystrphic Epidermlysis Bullsa are als Anemic. Anemia in EB is caused by many factrs and can becme very severe if nt treated. Anemia means nt having enugh red cells and

More information

Part 1. Saturated and Branched-Chain Fatty Acids

Part 1. Saturated and Branched-Chain Fatty Acids Mass spectra f DMX derivatives. Part 1. Saturated and branched-chain fatty acids MASS SPECTRA F DMX DERIVATIVES Part 1. Saturated and Branched-Chain Fatty Acids a 4,4-Dimethylxazline (DMX) derivatives

More information

TRANSPLANTATION AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. Proceedings of the Twenty-Second International Course, Lyon, May 1990

TRANSPLANTATION AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. Proceedings of the Twenty-Second International Course, Lyon, May 1990 -----.---.----~ Reprinted frm: TRANSPLANTATION AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY VOLUME XXII Multiple Transplants Prceedings f the Twenty-Secnd Internatinal Curse, Lyn, 2-23 May 99 This publicatin was made pssible

More information

The research question: What was discovered in the 1940s that could treat syphilis?

The research question: What was discovered in the 1940s that could treat syphilis? Psychlgy B30 Human Sexuality Sexually Transmitted Infectins Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment Ppulatin: The research questin: What was discvered in the 1940s that culd treat syphilis? Hw many men died f syphilis

More information

Read all of this leaflet carefully before you start taking this medicine.

Read all of this leaflet carefully before you start taking this medicine. Due t regulatry changes, the cntent f the fllwing Patient Infrmatin Leaflet may vary frm the ne fund in yur medicine pack. Please cmpare the 'Leaflet prepared/revised date' twards the end f the leaflet

More information

Topic 11: Nervous System

Topic 11: Nervous System Tpic 11: Nervus System Functin: Imprtant Definitins Neurns: Stimulus: anything that causes a nerve impulse t be sent Ex: Receptrs: sense rgans that detect Impulse: change alng the neurn Effectrs: any structure

More information

ALCAT FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

ALCAT FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 1. Is fasting required befre taking the Alcat Test? N. It is recmmended t drink water and t avid stimulants like caffeine prir t the test. 2. With regard t testing children, must a child be a certain age

More information

If you have any doubts or queries about your medication, please contact your doctor or pharmacist.

If you have any doubts or queries about your medication, please contact your doctor or pharmacist. Bayer plc Bayer Huse Strawberry Hill Newbury Berkshire RG14 1JA United Kingdm Telephne: +44 (0)1635 563 000 Facsimile: +44 (0)1635 563 393 Cmpany Web Site: http://www.bayer.c.uk Due t regulatry changes,

More information

CONSENT FORM - TESTOSTERONE FOR TRANSGENDER CLIENTS

CONSENT FORM - TESTOSTERONE FOR TRANSGENDER CLIENTS CONSENT FORM - TESTOSTERONE FOR TRANSGENDER CLIENTS Yu want t take teststerne t masculinize yur bdy. Befre taking it, there are several things yu need t knw abut. They are the pssible advantages, disadvantages,

More information

Chapter 37 The Skeletal and Muscular System:

Chapter 37 The Skeletal and Muscular System: Chapter 37 The Skeletal and Muscular System: 3.5 Learning Objectives 3.5. Respnses in the human 1. Descriptin f the structure and functins f the skeletn. 2. Label the cmpnent parts f the axial and appendicular

More information

Downloaded from

Downloaded from POINTS TO REMEMBER : Dwnladed frm www.studiestday.cm 19. Excretry Prducts and Their Eliminatin Ammntelic: eliminatin f nitrgenus waste in the frm f ammnia.(fish) Uretelic: eliminatin f nitrgenus waste

More information

Virginia Western Community College BIO 142 Human Anatomy and Physiology II

Virginia Western Community College BIO 142 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Virginia Western Cmmunity Cllege BIO 142 Human Anatmy and Physilgy II Prerequisites BIO 141 r equivalent: an ENG 111 placement recmmendatin, c-enrllment in ENF 3/ENG 111, r successful cmpletin f all develpmental

More information

INTRODUCTION TO THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION TO THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM INTRODUCTION TO THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM What des bld d? 5. What makes this pssible? : In rder fr there t be an efficient exchange f xygen, waste and nutrients there must be a high surface area between the

More information

Testes The testes have 2 important functions: 1) They produce sperm (male gametes). 2) They produce male sex hormones, most importantly testosterone.

Testes The testes have 2 important functions: 1) They produce sperm (male gametes). 2) They produce male sex hormones, most importantly testosterone. Bilgy 12 Unit 3B The Reprductive System The Male Reprductive System Testes The testes have 2 imprtant functins: 1) They prduce sperm (male gametes). 2) They prduce male sex hrmnes, mst imprtantly teststerne.

More information

PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 16

PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 16 PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 16 Overview f Questins What can newbrns perceive? When can an infant perceive clr? Can a newbrn recgnize his r her mther? INFANT BRAIN DEVELOPMENT At birth babies brain has

More information

Topic Guide 4.2 & 10.1 Meiosis. 1. Define homologous chromosomes. 2. Explain reduction division. 3. State the function of meiosis.

Topic Guide 4.2 & 10.1 Meiosis. 1. Define homologous chromosomes. 2. Explain reduction division. 3. State the function of meiosis. IB Bilgy HL Tpic Guide 4.2 & 10.1 Meisis Name Per. 1. Define hmlgus chrmsmes. 2. Explain reductin divisin. 3. State the functin f meisis. 4. Add chrmsmes and anntate the diagram belw summarizing the steps

More information

Applied veterinary Virology: The isolation and identification of viruses using embryonated chicken eggs

Applied veterinary Virology: The isolation and identification of viruses using embryonated chicken eggs Applied veterinary Virlgy: The islatin and identificatin f viruses using embrynated Authrs: Prf. Estelle H Venter Licensed under a Creative Cmmns Attributin license. INTRODUCTION Viruses can nly grw in

More information

ICD-10-CM Coding Basics Chapter Specifics

ICD-10-CM Coding Basics Chapter Specifics ICD-10-CM Cding Basics Chapter Specifics Chapter 15 Pregnancy, Childbirth and the Puerperium Vilma Smith, LVN, CPC, CCS Debra Bales, LVN, CPC Jnay Rischer, CPC 1 Rev. May 2015 ICD-10-CM Cnventins General

More information

Chapter 18 Development. Sexual Differentiation

Chapter 18 Development. Sexual Differentiation Chapter 18 Development Sexual Differentiation There Are Many Levels of Sex Determination Chromosomal Sex Gonadal Sex Internal Sex Organs External Sex Organs Brain Sex Gender Identity Gender Preference

More information

Osteoporosis Fast Facts

Osteoporosis Fast Facts Osteprsis Fast Facts Fast Facts n Osteprsis Definitin Osteprsis, r prus bne, is a disease characterized by lw bne mass and structural deteriratin f bne tissue, leading t bne fragility and an increased

More information

In the last lesson we examined specific factors that affect ecosystems.

In the last lesson we examined specific factors that affect ecosystems. Lessn 3: Liming Factrs in Ecsystems In the last lessn we examined specific factrs that affect ecsystems. In this lessn, yu will see hw these and ther factrs limit ppulans and cmmunies within ecsystems. Bitic

More information

BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations

BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutatins ROBERT LEVITT, MD JESSICA BERGER-WEISS, MD ADRIENNE POTTS, MD HARTAJ POWELL, MD, MPH COURTNEY LEVENSON, MD LAUREN BURNS, MSN, RN, WHNP OBGYNCWC.COM v Cancer is a cmplex disease

More information

Steroids: A Timeless Fascination

Steroids: A Timeless Fascination GENERAL I ARTICLE Sterids: A Timeless Fascinatin Chlesterl and its Bi-prducts SHari Prasad SHari Prasad teaches medicinal rganic chemistry and rganic spectrscpy t pst graduate students at the Chemistry

More information

The Digestive System. May 16, The Digestive System.notebook

The Digestive System. May 16, The Digestive System.notebook 3 The Digestive System.ntebk The Digestive System THE BASIC CONCEPTS Animals btain energy by breaking fd mlecules int smaller pieces. The basic fuel mlecules are amin acids, lipids and carbhydrates. The

More information

Autonomic. Nervous System

Autonomic. Nervous System Autnmic Nervus System Cmpiled by Campbell M Gld (2006) CMG Archives http://campbellmgld.cm IMPORTANT The health infrmatin cntained herein is nt meant as a substitute fr advice frm yur physician, r ther

More information

Sexual Development. 6 Stages of Development

Sexual Development. 6 Stages of Development 6 Sexual Development 6 Stages of Development Development passes through distinct stages, the first of which is fertilization, when one sperm enters one ovum. To enter an ovum, a sperm must undergo the

More information

Generic Immunosuppressants in the Specialist Area of Transplantation Consensus on Implications and Practical Recommendations

Generic Immunosuppressants in the Specialist Area of Transplantation Consensus on Implications and Practical Recommendations Dear Clleague Generic Immunsuppressants in the Specialist Area f Transplantatin Cnsensus n Implicatins and Practical Recmmendatins Executive Summary Slid-rgan transplants are the best pssible treatment

More information

The brain stem functions in homeostasis, coordination of movement, and conduction of information to and from higher brain centers.

The brain stem functions in homeostasis, coordination of movement, and conduction of information to and from higher brain centers. Chapter 49 Nervus Systems Lecture Outline Cncept 49.2 The vertebrate brain is reginally specialized. In all vertebrates, three bilaterally symmetrical, anterir bulges f the neural tube the frebrain, midbrain,

More information

Materials Dissecting pan, dissecting kit, safety glasses, lab apron, pig heart, & gloves

Materials Dissecting pan, dissecting kit, safety glasses, lab apron, pig heart, & gloves Heart Dissectin Intrductin Mammals have fur-chambered hearts and duble circulatin. The heart f a bird r mammal has tw atria and tw cmpletely separated ventricles. The dublelp circulatin is similar t amphibians

More information

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) and Respiratory Assist Devices (RADs) including Bi-Level PAP

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) and Respiratory Assist Devices (RADs) including Bi-Level PAP Cntinuus Psitive Airway Pressure (CPAP) and Respiratry Assist Devices (RADs), Including Bi-Level PAP Benefit Criteria t Change fr Texas Medicaid Effective March 1, 2017 Overview f Benefit Changes Benefit

More information

The estimator, X, is unbiased and, if one assumes that the variance of X7 is constant from week to week, then the variance of X7 is given by

The estimator, X, is unbiased and, if one assumes that the variance of X7 is constant from week to week, then the variance of X7 is given by ESTIMATION PROCEDURES USED TO PRODUCE WEEKLY FLU STATISTICS FROM THE HEALTH INTERVIEW SURVEY James T. Massey, Gail S. Pe, Walt R. Simmns Natinal Center fr Health Statistics. INTRODUCTION In April 97, the

More information

Topic 1: Cell Biology (Student) Essential Idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure that prokaryotes.

Topic 1: Cell Biology (Student) Essential Idea: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure that prokaryotes. Tpic 1: Cell Bilgy (Student) 1.2 Essential Idea: Eukarytes have a much mre cmplex cell structure that prkarytes. 1.2 Intrductin t Cells i. Prkarytes have a simple cell structure withut cmpartmentalizatin.

More information

Policy Guidelines: Genetic Testing for Carrier Screening and Reproductive Planning

Policy Guidelines: Genetic Testing for Carrier Screening and Reproductive Planning Plicy Guidelines: Genetic Testing fr Carrier Screening and Reprductive Planning Cntents Overview... 1 Cverage guidelines... 2 General cverage guidelines... 2 Rutine carrier screening... 2 Carrier screening

More information

- production of two types of gametes -- fused at fertilization to form zygote

- production of two types of gametes -- fused at fertilization to form zygote Male reproductive system I. Sexual reproduction -- overview - production of two types of gametes -- fused at fertilization to form zygote - promotes genetic variety among members of a species -- each offspring

More information

Response to. type 2 vaccine-derived polioviruses. prior to global topv withdrawal. Interim Guidelines

Response to. type 2 vaccine-derived polioviruses. prior to global topv withdrawal. Interim Guidelines Respnse t type 2 vaccine-derived pliviruses prir t glbal topv withdrawal Interim Guidelines August 2015 GPEI peratinal guidance nte August 2015 Summary Prepare fr prmpt actin fr any area r ppulatin at

More information

Sterilization. B.K. Merritt, MD. Second most common form of birth control after pills. Surgical (tubal ligation or removal)

Sterilization. B.K. Merritt, MD. Second most common form of birth control after pills. Surgical (tubal ligation or removal) Sterilizatin B.K. Merritt, MD Overview Secnd mst cmmn frm f birth cntrl after pills Shuld never be cnsidered reversible Mirena IUD and Nexplann implant are bth reversible and are as effective r even mre

More information

RU Interprofessional: Collaborating for Healthy Communities WOLCOTT CREEK IPE SIMULATION STUDENT WORKSHEET

RU Interprofessional: Collaborating for Healthy Communities   WOLCOTT CREEK IPE SIMULATION STUDENT WORKSHEET Intrductin f characters Lrraine Meadws Public Health Nurse & Facilitatr Neil Leath Architect, Purdy/Leath Architects Teresa Kazan, Cmmunity Develpment Wrker Frank DuPnt, Develper, DuPnt Crpratin Brigitte

More information

Urogenital System. PUMC Dept. of Anat. Hist. & Embry. 钱晓菁 XIAO-JING QIAN Dept. of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology Peking Union Medical College

Urogenital System. PUMC Dept. of Anat. Hist. & Embry. 钱晓菁 XIAO-JING QIAN Dept. of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology Peking Union Medical College Urogenital System 钱晓菁 XIAO-JING QIAN Dept. of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology Peking Union Medical College intermediate mesoderm urogenital ridge mesonephric ridge genital ridge I. Urinary System 1. kidney

More information

Chapter 22 The Reproductive System (I)

Chapter 22 The Reproductive System (I) Chapter 22 The Reproductive System (I) An Overview of Reproductive Physiology o The Male Reproductive System o The Female Reproductive System 22.1 Reproductive System Overview Reproductive system = all

More information

Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL)

Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) Percutaneus Nephrlithtmy (PCNL) What is a percutaneus nephrlithtmy? is the mst effective f the cmmnly perfrmed prcedures fr kidney stnes. It is the best prcedure fr large and cmplex stnes. T perfrm this

More information

LEVELS OF CHOLESTEROL IN BLOOD SERUM AND GONADS IN RELATION TO MATURATION IN ETROPLUS SURATENSIS (BLOCK)

LEVELS OF CHOLESTEROL IN BLOOD SERUM AND GONADS IN RELATION TO MATURATION IN ETROPLUS SURATENSIS (BLOCK) 241 LEVELS OF CHOLESTEROL IN BLOOD SERUM AND GONADS IN RELATION TO MATURATION IN ETROPLUS SURATENSIS (BLOCK) A. D. DlWAN AND L. KRISHNAN Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cchin 682031. ABSTRACT

More information

HSP 2402 Human Anatomy and Physiology II

HSP 2402 Human Anatomy and Physiology II HSP 2402 Human Anatmy and Physilgy II Instructr: Chelsea Prcter-Willman, MS, LAT, ATC Office: Archer Building 222D Phne: (325) 486-6423 E-Mail: cprcter@angel.edu Office Hurs: Tuesday 11am-3pm and by appintment

More information

Association between the seminal vesicle weight and certain steroids in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

Association between the seminal vesicle weight and certain steroids in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) Veterinary Wrld, EISSN: 2231-0916 Available at www.veterinarywrld.rg/vl.7/jan-2014/6.pdf RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Assciatin between the seminal vesicle weight and certain sterids in buffales (Bubalus

More information

BIOLOGY 101. CHAPTER 12: The Cell Cycle: The Key Roles of Cell Division

BIOLOGY 101. CHAPTER 12: The Cell Cycle: The Key Roles of Cell Division BIOLOGY 101 CHAPTER 12: The Cell Cycle: The Key Rles f Cell Divisin The Key Rles f Cell Divisin CONCEPTS: 12.1 Mst cell divisin results in genetically identical daughter cells 12.2 The mittic phase alternates

More information

Iron and Iron Deficiency

Iron and Iron Deficiency Irn and Irn Deficiency Irn and why we need it Irn is a mineral needed by ur bdies. Irn is a part f all cells and des many things in ur bdies. Fr example, irn (as part f the prtein hemglbin) carries xygen

More information

Risk factors in health and disease

Risk factors in health and disease Risk factrs in health and disease Index 1 Intrductin 2 Types f risk factrs 2.1 Behaviural risk factrs 2.2 Psychlgical risk factrs 2.3 Demgraphic risk factrs 2.4 Envirnmental risk factrs 2.5 Genetic risk

More information

Biology of Reproduction-Biol 326

Biology of Reproduction-Biol 326 Biology of Reproduction-Biol 326 READ ALL INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY. ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS ON THE ANSWER SHEET. THE ANSWER ON THE ANSWER SHEET IS YOUR OFFICIAL ANSWER REGARDLESS OF WHAT YOU MARK ON THE

More information

Sex Determination and Development of Reproductive Organs

Sex Determination and Development of Reproductive Organs Sex Determination and Development of Reproductive Organs Sex determination The SRY + gene is necessary and probably sufficient for testis development The earliest sexual difference appears in the gonad

More information

Hand Pain & Problems

Hand Pain & Problems Anatmy f the hand: Hand Pain & Prblems The hand is cmpsed f many different bnes, muscles, and ligaments that allw fr a large amunt f mvement and dexterity. There are three majr types f bnes in the hand

More information

Benefits for Anesthesia Services for the CSHCN Services Program to Change Effective for dates of service on or after July 1, 2008, benefit criteria

Benefits for Anesthesia Services for the CSHCN Services Program to Change Effective for dates of service on or after July 1, 2008, benefit criteria Benefits fr Anesthesia Services fr the CSHCN Services Prgram t Change Effective fr dates f service n r after July 1, 2008, benefit criteria fr anesthesia will change fr the Children with Special Health

More information

Chapter 5 Anxiety Disorders

Chapter 5 Anxiety Disorders Test Review 2 Chapter 5 Anxiety Disrders Mst cmmn and effective frm f treatment = Expsure Anxiety Disrders Mst cmmn psychiatric disrders Phbias mst cmmn f the anxiety disrders Often Cmrbid with Majr Depressin

More information

Google Search Results for Acetaldehyde Damage

Google Search Results for Acetaldehyde Damage Ggle Search Results fr Acetaldehyde Damage 1. Acetaldehyde adducts in alchlic liver disease www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gv... v.3(3); May-Jun 2010 by M Setshedi - 2010 - Cited by 40 - Related articles Mechanistically,

More information

b. Responses/Reflexes Food bulk stretches the fundus of stomach, activating mechanoreceptors GI peptides activate chemoreceptor s o o o

b. Responses/Reflexes Food bulk stretches the fundus of stomach, activating mechanoreceptors GI peptides activate chemoreceptor s o o o QUIZ/TEST REVIEW NOTES SECTION 2 GASTRIC PHASE OF DIGESTION DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CHAPTER 21 I. ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM a. Defined and Crrelatin with Shrt Reflexes Fund in walls f LUMEN Invlved in shrt reflexes

More information

EXPLORING THE PROCESS OF ASSESSMENT AND OTHER RELATED CONCEPTS

EXPLORING THE PROCESS OF ASSESSMENT AND OTHER RELATED CONCEPTS 1 SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION: EXPLORING THE PROCESS OF ASSESSMENT AND OTHER RELATED CONCEPTS The Nature Of Assessment The Definitin Of Assessment The Difference Between Testing, Measurement And Evaluatin Characteristics

More information

Specifically, on page 12 of the current evicore draft, we find the statement:

Specifically, on page 12 of the current evicore draft, we find the statement: Octber 23, 2016 evicre Healthcare Attn: Dr Greg Allen 400 Buckwalter Place Bulevard Blufftn, SC 29910 RE: evicre Draft Onclgy Imaging Guidelines, v 19.0 Gentlepersns: Prstate Cancer Internatinal is a nt-fr-prfit

More information

Module 7. Chapter 12 The Eyukaryotes. Fungi : the study of fungi Fungi important in food chain o dead matter o Recycle Used for, produce food,

Module 7. Chapter 12 The Eyukaryotes. Fungi : the study of fungi Fungi important in food chain o dead matter o Recycle Used for, produce food, Mdule 7 Chapter 12 The Eyukarytes Fungi : the study f fungi Fungi imprtant in fd chain dead matter Recycle Used fr, prduce fd, Mst are r anaerbes Few anaerbes knwn Characteristics f fungi Multicellular

More information

FDA Dietary Supplement cgmp

FDA Dietary Supplement cgmp FDA Dietary Supplement cgmp FEBRUARY 2009 OVERVIEW Summary The Fd and Drug Administratin (FDA) has issued a final rule regarding current gd manufacturing practices (cgmp) fr dietary supplements that establishes

More information

Cairns Base Hospital Emergency Department Part 1 FACEM MCQs

Cairns Base Hospital Emergency Department Part 1 FACEM MCQs airns ase Hspital mergency epartment Part 1 FM MQs 1 ncerning the cardiac actin ptential Phase 1 is due t rapid sdium influx Resting membrane ptential is typically -90mV Phase 2 results frm slw prlnged

More information

Field Epidemiology Training Program

Field Epidemiology Training Program Field Epidemilgy Training Prgram Cancer Curriculum: Principles f Cancer Registries Case Study: Hspital-Based Cancer Registries FACILITATOR GUIDE FETP Cancer Curriculum: Principles f Cancer Registries Case

More information