1. Be able to characterize the menstrual cycle from the perspective of the ovary a. Follicular phase b. Luteal phase

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1 Human Sexuality Exam II Review Material Gametogenesis: Oogenesis 1. Be able to characterize the menstrual cycle from the perspective of the ovary a. Follicular phase b. Luteal phase 2. Know the relative hormone levels as they coincide with ovarian events a. GnRH b. FSH c. LH d. Estrogen e. Progesterone f. hcg 3. Be able to characterize the menstrual cycle from the perspective of the uterus a. Proliferative phase b. Secretory phase Fertilization 1. Know the general characteristics of eggs a. Only one oocyte is normally released during the menstrual cycle b. Egg is fertile for about 24 hours c. Surrounding layers i. Corona radiata ii. Zona pellucida iii. Vitelline membrane 2. Know what factors contribute to the small number of eggs released and their limited viability 3. Know the general characteristics of sperm a. Number released b. Selective pressures within female reproductive tract c. Spermatozoa remain fertile for a maximum of two days in the female reproductive system 4. Know the processes involved in fertilization and the characteristics of each a. Maturation b. Capacitation c. Chemotaxis d. Acrosome reaction e. Zonal reaction f. Cortical reaction g. Meiosis h. Synkaryon i. Initiation of development

2 5. Know the role that sperm and eggs play in the various processes involved in fertilization 6. Know how polyspermy is prevented Pregnancy 1. Know the definitions and temporal sequence of the following terms: a. Conceptus b. Preembryo c. Embryo d. Fetus 2. Know the definitions and temporal sequence of the following terms: a. Cleavage b. Morula c. Blastula d. Gastrula 3. Know the fate of the following embryological structures: 1. Trophoblast 2. Embryonic disc 4. Know the source and action hormones of the hormones that affect pregnancy: a. Estrogen b. GnRH c. hcg d. hcs e. LH f. Progesterone g. Prolactin 5. Know when the placenta is formed and what it does at various times during pregnancy. 6. Know the definition of the following terms: a. Cleavage b. Gestation c. Parturition 7. Know how many germ layers each of the following have: a. Blastocyst b. Morula c. Gastrula 8. Know the names and functions of the embryonic membranes: a. Yolk sac b. Amnion c. Chorion d. Allantois

3 9. Know what the following hormones do during pregnancy: a. hcs b. hpl c. hcg d. hct e. Progesterone 10. Know the fetal circulatory system. 11 Know what happens during the following fetal stages: a. End of embryonic period b weeks c weeks d weeks e weeks 12. Know the progressive anatomical changes affecting the mother during pregnancy. 13. Know the anatomical, metabolic and physiological changes to a woman s body during pregnancy a. Anatomical i. Reproductive tract ii. Uterus iii. Breasts b. Metabolic changes c. Physiological changes i. Digestive system ii. Urinary system iii. Respiratory system iv. Circulatory system 14. Know what the following hormones do during labor: a. Estrogen b. Oxytocin c. Prostaglandins 15 Know the events and their timing during labor. a. Initiation of labor b. Stage 1 c. Stage 2 d. Stage 3 e. Transition to extra-uterine life 16. Know the hormones involved in and controlling lactation 17. Know the benefits provided by breast feeding

4 Sexual Development 1. Know the difference between genetic, gonadal and phenotypic sex. 2. Know which factors determine whether male or female duct systems develop and the fate of the embryological duct systems. a. Wolfian ducts i. Epididymus ii. Vas deferens iii. Seminal vesicles b. Mullerian ducts i. Fallopian tubes ii. Uterus iii. Proximal vagina c. Male defining factors i. MIH (AMH) ii. Testosterone 3. Know how sexual phenotype is determined. a. Internal phenotype b. External phenotype 4. Know the fate of the following embryological structure present during the sexually indifferent phase: a. Genital tubercle b. Urethral groove c. Urethral folds d. Labioscrotal swellings 5. Know the conditions that will give rise to embryos that appear male and female despite their genetic sex. a. Absence of TGF, MIH and testosterone in males b. Presence of testosterone in females Male Reproductive Anatomy 1. Know the duct system that carries sperm from the testis to the outside of the body. a. Epididymus b. Ductus deferens c. Ejaculatory duct d. Urethra 2. Know what the accessory glands do and how each contributes to the production of seminal fluids. a. Seminal vesicles b. Bulbourethral glands c. Prostate 3. Know male reproductive anatomy a. Testes b. Scrotum c. Penis

5 Female Reproductive Anatomy 1. Know the regions of the uterine tube. 2. Know the structure and function of the uterus. 3. Know the structure and function of the vagina. 4. Know the female external genitalia. 5. Know the structure and function of the mammary glands.

2. Which of the following factors does not contribute to ion selectivity?

2. Which of the following factors does not contribute to ion selectivity? General Biology Summer 2014 Exam II Sample Answers 1. Which of the following is TRUE about a neuron at rest? A. The cytosol is positive relative to the outside B. Na+ concentrations are higher inside C.