PERCEPTIONS OF PARTNER FEMININITY PREDICT INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN MEN S SENSITIVITY TO FACIAL CUES OF MALE DOMINANCE
|
|
- Charlene Henderson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Journal of Evolutionary Psychology, 2011, DOI: /JEP PERCEPTIONS OF PARTNER FEMININITY PREDICT INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN MEN S SENSITIVITY TO FACIAL CUES OF MALE DOMINANCE CHRISTOPHER D. WATKINS 1, LISA M. DEBRUINE 1, ANTHONY C. LITTLE 2, DAVID R. FEINBERG 3, PAUL J. FRACCARO 1, BENEDICT C. JONES 1,* 1 School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen 2 School of Psychology, University of Stirling 3 Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University Abstract. Recent research suggests that men may possess adaptations that evolved to counter strategic variation in women s preferences for masculine men. For example, women s preferences for masculine, dominant men are stronger during the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle than at other times and men demonstrate increased sensitivity to facial cues of male dominance when their partners are ovulating. Such variation in men s dominance perceptions may promote efficient allocation of men s mate guarding effort (i.e., allocate more mate guarding effort in response to masculine, dominant men in situations where women show particularly strong preferences for such men). Here, we tested for further evidence of adaptations that may have evolved to counter strategic variation in women s masculinity preferences. Men who reported having particularly feminine romantic partners demonstrated a greater tendency to attribute dominance to masculinized male faces than did men who reported having relatively masculine romantic partners. This relationship between partner femininity and men s sensitivity to facial cues of male dominance remained significant when we controlled for potential confounds (men s age, self-rated masculinity, reported commitment to their relationship, and the length of the relationship) and may be adaptive given that feminine women demonstrate particularly strong preferences for masculine, dominant men. While previous research has emphasized variation in women s masculinity preferences, our findings add to a growing body of research suggesting that sexual selection may also have shaped adaptations that evolved to counter such systematic variation in women s preferences for masculine, dominant men. Keywords: masculinity, dominance, individual differences, sexual conflict INTRODUCTION Masculine characteristics in men are positively correlated with indices of their mate quality (FINK and PENTON-VOAK 2002; GANGESTAD and SIMPSON 2000; JONES et al. 2008; LITTLE et al. 2002). For example, masculine characteristics are correlated with indices of men s long-term medical health (RHODES et al. 2003; THORNHILL * Corresponding author: BENEDICT C. JONES, School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland; ben.jones@abdn.ac.uk Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest
2 70 CHRISTOPHER D. WATKINS et al. and GANGESTAD 2006), physical strength (FINK et al. 2007), reproductive potential (RHODES et al. 2005; HUGHES et al. 2004; PUTS 2005), and, in natural fertility populations, reported reproductive success (APICELLA et al. 2007). While these are qualities that women are likely to value in a mate, masculine characteristics in men are also associated with traits that may be undesirable in a long-term partner (FINK and PENTON-VOAK 2002; GANGESTAD and SIMPSON 2000; JONES et al. 2008; LITTLE et al. 2002). For example, masculine men are perceived as untrustworthy and emotionally cold (BOOTHROYD et al. 2007; PERRETT et al. 1998) and prefer to engage in short-term relationships, rather than long-term relationships, to a greater extent than their feminine peers (BOOTHROYD et al. 2008; RHODES et al. 2005). Thus, women who choose a masculine partner may incur both costs (e.g., low investment in relationship and offspring) and benefits (e.g., increased offspring health). Since women may weigh these benefits and costs in different ways depending on their personal attributes and circumstances, researchers have emphasized that one would expect systematic variation among women in the strength of their preferences for masculine men (FINK and PENTON-VOAK 2002; GANGESTAD and SIMP- SON 2000; JONES et al. 2008; LITTLE et al. 2002). One source of variation in women s masculinity preferences that has received a great deal of attention in the mate preference literature is changes in fertility during the menstrual cycle (for recent reviews see JONES et al and GANGESTAD and THORNHILL 2008). Women demonstrate increased attraction to masculine men during the most fertile phase of the menstrual cycle (i.e., around ovulation) when judging the attractiveness of men s odors (GRAMMER 1993), faces (JONES et al. 2005; PENTON-VOAK et al. 1999; WELLING et al. 2007), bodies (LITTLE et al. 2007), voices (FEINBERG et al. 2006; PUTS 2005, 2006), and behavioral displays (GANGESTAD et al. 2004). This increased attraction to masculine men around ovulation may function to increase offspring health, while preferences for more feminine men at other times may function to increase care, support and investment (see, e.g., JONES et al. 2008; PENTON-VOAK et al. 1999; GANGESTAD and THORNHILL 2008). While the findings described above suggest that women s mate preferences vary systematically during the menstrual cycle, more recent research has presented evidence that men may have evolved strategies to counteract these cyclic changes in women s mate preferences (BURRIS and LITTLE 2006; GANGESTAD et al. 2002; HASELTON and GANGESTAD 2006). For example, both GANGESTAD et al. (2002) and HASELTON and GANGESTAD (2006) found that women reported more frequent mate guarding (i.e., jealous and possessive behavior) by their partners around ovulation than at other times during the menstrual cycle. Complementing these findings for cyclic changes in partners mate guarding, BURRIS and LITTLE (2006) observed greater sensitivity to male facial cues of dominance among men whose own partners were ovulating than among men whose own partners were in non-fertile phases of the menstrual cycle. Such variation in sensitivity to cues of male dominance may reflect a counterstrategy that evolved to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of mate guarding behavior around ovulation when women demonstrate increased at-
3 PERCEPTIONS OF PARTNER FEMININITY PREDICT INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 71 traction to masculine, dominant men (BURRIS and LITTLE 2006). While previous studies suggest that men may possess adaptations that evolved to counteract cyclic changes in women s preferences for masculine men, psychological adaptations may also exist that have evolved to counteract other types of systematic variation in women s masculinity preferences. In addition to the effects of menstrual cycle phase, previous studies have reported positive correlations between women s preferences for masculine men and indices of their own femininity and attractiveness. For example, women s ratings of their own attractiveness are positively correlated with the strength of their preferences for masculine characteristics in men s faces (LITTLE et al. 2001; LITTLE and MANNION 2006) and voices (VUKOVIC et al. 2008). Other studies have found that women with feminine body shapes (i.e., a low waist-hip ratio) or vocal characteristics (i.e., relatively high voice pitch) demonstrate stronger preferences for masculine men than do women with relatively masculine body shapes (PENTON-VOAK et al. 2003; SMITH et al. 2009) or vocal characteristics (VUKOVIC et al. 2010). Stronger preferences for masculine men among feminine women (compared to relatively masculine women) may be adaptive if feminine women are better able to attract and/or retain masculine mates (LITTLE et al. 2001; PENTON-VOAK et al. 2003; SMITH et al. 2009; VUKOVIC et al. 2008; VUKOVIC et al. 2010). Given that particularly feminine women appear to demonstrate particularly strong preferences for masculine, dominant men, heterosexual men who consider their partners to be particularly feminine may be more sensitive to masculinity in men s faces and voices when assessing the dominance of potential same-sex competitors. Indeed, KRUGER (2006) found that masculine men were perceived to be more likely to knowingly hit on someone else s partner than their relatively feminine peers. Similarly, DIJKSTRA and BUUNK (2001) found that male competitors with masculine physical characteristics were perceived to be more dominant than relatively feminine competitors and also elicited greater jealousy in men. Moreover, HASELTON and GANGESTAD (2006) have previously found that attractive, feminine women report more frequent mate guarding by their partners than do relatively unattractive, masculine women. We might then expect that men with particularly feminine partners would be most attentive to cues of dominance in potential competitors. In the current study, we examined the relationship between men s ratings of their partner s femininity and their sensitivity to masculine characteristics when judging the dominance of other men s faces. Previous research has demonstrated that men tend to perceive masculinized versions of men s faces to be more dominant than feminized versions (e.g., JONES et al. 2010; MAIN et al. 2009; PERRETT et al. 1998). We predict that men with particularly feminine partners will be most likely to perceive masculine competitors as dominant. A positive correlation between the extent to which men attribute high dominance to masculine men and perceptions of their own partner s femininity would therefore present novel evidence for the existence of male strategies that may have evolved to counteract systematic
4 72 CHRISTOPHER D. WATKINS et al. variation in women s masculinity preferences. We examined the possible effects of perceived partner femininity, rather than attractiveness, in light of recent research suggesting that femininity of body shape in women, as measured by waist-hip ratio, is a better predictor of variation in women s preferences for masculine, dominant male faces than an attractive body shape that is not necessarily feminine, as measured by body mass index (SMITH et al. 2009). In addition to the above, we also investigated whether the predicted correlation between men s perceptions of partner femininity and their perceptions of other men s dominance was independent of the possible effects of several potential confounds (i.e., men s age, self-rated masculinity, reported commitment to their relationship, and the length of the relationship). Finally, we investigated the relationship between men s perceptions of partner femininity and their perceptions of masculinized versus feminized versions of women s faces. If greater sensitivity to cues of dominance in men s faces among men with particularly feminine partners functions, at least in part, to counteract systematic variation in women s preferences for masculine, dominant men, we would not necessarily anticipate a correlation between men s perceptions of partner femininity and their perceptions of other women s dominance. MATERIALS AND METHODS Face stimuli Following previous studies of systematic variation in perceptions of masculine and feminine faces (BUCKINGHAM et al. 2006; DEBRUINE et al. 2006; JONES et al. 2005, 2007; PENTON-VOAK et al. 1999; LITTLE et al. 2005; WELLING et al. 2007, 2008), we used prototype-based image transformations to objectively manipulate sexual dimorphism of 2D shape in digital face images. Although different methods for manipulating masculinity of face images have been used in some other studies (e.g., JOHNSTON et al. 2001), these methods have been shown to produce perceptual effects that are equivalent to those produced using the methods employed in our current study (DEBRUINE et al. 2006; DEBRUINE et al. 2010). First, male and female prototype (i.e., average) faces were manufactured using established computer graphic methods that have been widely used in studies of face perception (e.g., DEBRUINE et al. 2006; JONES et al. 2005, 2007; PENTON-VOAK et al. 1999; WELLING et al. 2007, 2008). Prototypes are composite images that are constructed by averaging the shape, color and texture of a group of faces, such as male or female faces. These prototypes can then be used to transform images by calculating the vector differences in position between corresponding points on two prototype images and changing the position of the corresponding points on a third image by a given percentage of these vectors (see ROWLAND and PERRETT 1995; TIDDEMAN, BURT and PERRETT 2001 for technical details).
5 PERCEPTIONS OF PARTNER FEMININITY PREDICT INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 73 Here, 50% of the linear differences in 2D shape between symmetrized versions of the male and female prototypes were added to or subtracted from face images of 20 young White male adults (age: M = 19.5 years, SD = 2.3 years) and 20 young White female adults (age: M = 18.4 years, SD = 0.7 years). This process creates masculinized and feminized versions of the individual face images that differ in sexual dimorphism of 2D shape and that are matched in other regards (e.g., identity, skin color and texture, ROWLAND and PERRETT 1995). Examples of masculinized and feminized face images are shown in Figure 1. Thus, 40 pairs of images were produced in total (each pair consisting of a masculinized and a feminized version of the same individual). Previous studies have demonstrated that this method for manipulating masculinity of 2D face shape affects perceptions of facial masculinity in the predicted manner (DEBRUINE et al. 2006; JONES et al. 2007; WELLING et al. 2007, 2008). Figure 1. Examples of masculinized (left) and feminized (right) face images used to assess men s perceptions of facial dominance in our study Procedure Seventy-five heterosexual male participants (Mean age = 27.6 years, SD = 7.00 years), all of whom reported having a long-term romantic partner, took part in the study.
6 74 CHRISTOPHER D. WATKINS et al. Participants completed a face perception test in which they were shown the forty pairs of faces (each pair consisting of a masculinized and feminized version of the same face) and were asked to indicate which face in each pair looked more dominant. For each pair of faces, participants also indicated whether they thought the more dominant face looked much more dominant, more dominant, somewhat more dominant, or slightly more dominant than the less dominant face. The order in which the pairs of faces were shown and the side of the screen on which a given version was presented were both fully randomized. This method for assessing perceptions of the dominance of masculinized versus feminized versions of faces has been used in previous studies of face perception (e.g., DEBRUINE et al. 2006; JONES et al. 2010; WELLING et al. 2007, 2008). In addition to completing the face perception test, each participant also rated the femininity of their romantic partner using a 1 (very masculine) to 7 (very feminine) scale (M = 4.87, SD = 1.66). Previous research has demonstrated that men can judge the femininity of women with a high degree of accuracy (i.e., can correctly identify the more feminine versions of women s faces and voices when presented pairs of masculinized and feminized stimuli at levels that are significantly greater than chance and are close to ceiling; FEINBERG et al. 2008; WELLING et al. 2008). Each participant also rated their own masculinity using a 1 (very feminine) to 7 (very masculine) scale (M = 4.40, SD = 1.17), rated their commitment to their romantic relationship using a 1 (not very committed) to 7 (very committed) scale (M = 5.55, SD = 1.54), reported the approximate date on which their relationship began, and reported their age. The mean length of relationship at the time of testing was 4.50 years (SD = 4.46 years). The order in which participants completed the questionnaire and face perception parts of the study was randomized across participants. The experiment was run online. Previous studies, including studies of dominance perception, have shown that online studies produce patterns of results for face perception that are virtually identical to those obtained in laboratory-based studies (e.g., JONES et al. 2005, 2007; MAIN et al. 2009; SENIOR et al. 1999a, 1999b). Initial processing of data Responses on the face perception test were coded using the following scale: 0 = feminized stimuli judged much more dominant than masculinized stimuli 1 = feminized stimuli judged more dominant than masculinized stimuli 2 = feminized stimuli judged somewhat more dominant than masculinized stimuli 3 = feminized stimuli judged slightly more dominant than masculinized stimuli 4 = masculinized stimuli judged slightly more dominant than feminized stimuli
7 PERCEPTIONS OF PARTNER FEMININITY PREDICT INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 75 5 = masculinized stimuli judged somewhat more dominant than feminized stimuli 6 = masculinized stimuli judged more dominant than feminized stimuli 7 = masculinized stimuli judged much more dominant than feminized stimuli For each participant, we calculated his average score for judgments of men s faces and his corresponding score for judgments of women s faces. Both of these variables were normally distributed (both Kolmogorov Smirnov Z < 0.64, both p >.81). RESULTS First, we used one-sample t-tests to compare men s scores for judgments of men s faces with chance (i.e., 3.5) and, in a separate analysis, to compare men s scores for judgments of women s faces with chance (i.e., 3.5). These analyses showed that Figure 2. The positive relationship between rated partner femininity and men s dominance sensitivity (rho =.30, N = 75, p =.009). On the Y-axis, 3.5 = chance
8 76 CHRISTOPHER D. WATKINS et al. Table 1. Inter-correlations among studies variables. Values show rho and, in brackets, two-tailed p. N = 75 for all correlations. Correlations where p <.05 are shown in bold dominance perceptions of women s faces partner femininity self-rated masculinity relationship length commitment to relationship participant age dominance perceptions of men s faces.54 (<.001).30 (.009).18 (.12).01 (.93).17 (.16).05 (.70) dominance perceptions of women s faces.06 (.64).13 (.25).16 (.16).15 (.20).14 (.22) partner femininity.20 (.09).11 (.35).10 (.41).08 (.49) self-rated masculinity.15 (.21).25 (.03).24 (.04) relationship length.12 (.31).73 (<.001) commitment to relationship.06 (.64) men perceived masculinized versions of both men s and women s faces to be more dominant than feminized versions (men s faces: t(74) = 10.26, p <.001, M = 4.63, SD = 0.95; women s faces: t(74) = 3.17, p =.002, M = 3.81, SD = 0.85). Next, we examined the inter-correlations among our variables (see Table 1). We used Spearman s tests because not all of the participant variables were normally distributed. As we had predicted, the extent to which men perceived masculinized versions of men s faces to be more dominant than feminized versions was positively correlated with the reported femininity of their romantic partners (rho =.30, N = 75, p =.009, Figure 2). By contrast, the corresponding correlation for judgments of women s faces was not significant (rho =.06, N = 75, p =.64). No other participant variables predicted dominance perceptions of either men s or women s faces (all absolute rho <.18, all p >.12). Finally, we conducted a regression analysis to investigate whether the positive relationship between the extent to which men perceived masculinized versions of men s faces to be more dominant than feminized versions and the reported femininity of their romantic partners remained significant when we controlled for the possible effects of the other participant variables. The score for judgments of men s faces was the dependent variable in this analysis and rated partner femininity, selfrated masculinity, participant age, relationship length, and commitment to relation-
9 PERCEPTIONS OF PARTNER FEMININITY PREDICT INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 77 ship were independent variables. Note that the dependent variable in this analysis was normally distributed, which is a requirement for regression analyses, and that regression analyses do not require independent variables to be normally distributed (HAYS 1965). This analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between the extent to which men perceived masculinized versions of men s faces to be more dominant than feminized versions and the reported femininity of their romantic partner (t = 2.70, standardized beta =.31, p =.009). There were no other significant relationships or relationships that approached significance (all absolute t < 1.05, all absolute standardized beta <.16, all p >.30). A corresponding analysis for judgments of women s faces revealed no significant relationships (all absolute t < 1.45, all absolute standardized beta <.24, all p >.15). DISCUSSION Consistent with previous research on perceptions of men s dominance (BOOTHROYD et al. 2007; DEBRUINE et al. 2006; JONES et al. 2010; MAIN et al. 2009; PERRETT et al. 1998), masculinized versions of other men s faces were generally perceived to be more dominant than feminized versions. Although this finding presents further evidence that masculine men are generally perceived to be more dominant than feminine men, further analyses of men s dominance judgments revealed systematic variation in the extent to which men with masculine characteristics were perceived as particularly dominant. As we had predicted, femininity ratings of men s romantic partners were positively correlated with the extent to which they perceived masculinized male faces to be more dominant than feminized versions. Moreover, this relationship remained significant when we controlled for a number of potential confounds (i.e., men s age, self-rated masculinity, reported commitment to their relationship, and the length of the relationship). Collectively, these findings support our prediction that men who reported having particularly feminine romantic partners would be particularly sensitive to facial cues of dominance in other men. No equivalent relationship was observed for judgments of women s faces. This latter finding suggests that our findings for men s faces cannot be explained by a general response bias, whereby some men may have simply been more willing to use extreme points on the response scales than other men were, or individual differences in the degree of gender stereotyping among men. Many previous studies have reported that women demonstrate stronger attraction to masculine men around ovulation than at other points during the menstrual cycle, potentially increasing offspring health (for recent reviews see JONES et al and GANGESTAD and THORNHILL 2008). Recent research has also suggested that men show increased sensitivity to male facial cues of dominance when their own partners are ovulating, potentially reflecting a strategy that evolved to counteract cyclic variation in women s masculinity preferences by increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of mate guarding behavior around ovulation (BURRIS and LITTLE
10 78 CHRISTOPHER D. WATKINS et al. 2006). Our current findings show that men who report having particularly feminine romantic partners are particularly sensitive to facial cues of dominance in other men. Studies have previously demonstrated that feminine women show stronger preferences for masculine, dominant men than do relatively masculine women (PENTON-VOAK et al. 2003; SMITH et al. 2009; VUKOVIC et al. 2010). By showing greater sensitivity to cues of dominance in other men, men with particularly feminine partners may therefore be better able to use their mate guarding effort to guard against approaches from masculine, dominant men, who feminine women consider to be particularly attractive and who appear to show particularly strong preferences for feminine women (JONES et al. 2007; LITTLE et al. 2001; PENTON-VOAK et al. 2003; SMITH et al. 2009; VUKOVIC et al. 2008; WELLING et al. 2008). Here, we assessed partner femininity by having men report how feminine their own partners were. Analogous to how subjective impressions of women s own attractiveness have previously been shown to predict reported mate guarding by male partners (HASELTON and GANGESTAD 2006) and individual differences in masculinity preferences (LITTLE et al. 2001; VUKOVIC et al. 2008), here we show that subjective impressions of their partner s femininity predict individual differences in men s sensitivity to cues of male dominance. Nonetheless, we acknowledge that it remains to be seen whether our findings for self-reported partner femininity generalize to more objective measures of the femininity of men s long-term partners (e.g., measures of body shape, facial femininity, or voice pitch). Investigating whether men s own perceptions of their partner s femininity or these more objective assessments are more important for variation among men in their perceptions of other men s dominance is an important issue for future research that may shed light on the mechanisms and processes through which partner characteristics predict dominance sensitivity. For example, it may shed light on whether the observed variation in men s behavior is shaped by their own perceptions of their romantic partner, other men s behavior towards their partner, or both of these factors. A further issue that emerges from our study but remains unresolved is the mechanisms and processes that lead to the positive relationship between variation in men s sensitivity to cues of male dominance and partner femininity that was observed in our study. One possibility is that men demonstrate facultative changes in their sensitivity to dominance when they attain a particularly feminine or masculine partner. Alternatively, sensitivity to cues of male dominance may be correlated with characteristics that feminine women, in particular, value in potential mates. Longitudinal research tracking men s sensitivity to cues of male dominance when they acquire new partners may shed light on this issue. Importantly, however, we note here that greater sensitivity to male cues of dominance among men with feminine partners could function to promote efficient allocation of mate guarding effort equally well regardless of whether the relationship between dominance sensitivity and partner femininity is a consequence of a facultative response to the perceived femininity of one s current romantic partner or a more trait-like response among men who are particularly likely to have highly feminine partners at any given time.
11 PERCEPTIONS OF PARTNER FEMININITY PREDICT INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 79 In summary, our findings show that men s femininity ratings of their romantic partners predict the extent to which they perceive masculinized male faces to be more dominant than feminized versions. In other words, men reporting particularly feminine romantic partners appear to be particularly sensitive to facial cues of other men s dominance, potentially reflecting individual differences in dominance perception that evolved to counteract condition-dependent masculinity preferences in women. Previous research on human mating strategies has emphasized potentially adaptive variation in women s mate preferences. By contrast with this emphasis on variation in women s mate preferences, our findings add to a growing body of research (BURRIS and LITTLE 2006; GANGESTAD et al. 2002; HASELTON and GANG- ESTAD 2006) suggesting that sexual selection may also have shaped adaptations that increase the effectiveness of mate-guarding behaviors in men and compensate for adaptive variation in women s mate preferences. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was partly supported by a 6th Century Studentship from the University of Aberdeen. REFERENCES APICELLA, C. L., FEINBERG, D. R. & MARLOWE, F. W. (2007): Voice pitch predicts reproductive success in male hunter-gatherers. Biology Letters, 3, BOOTHROYD, L. G., JONES, B. C., BURT, D. M., DEBRUINE, L. M. & PERRETT, D. I. (2008): Facial correlates of sociosexuality. Evolution and Human Behavior, 29, BOOTHROYD, L. G., JONES, B. C., BURT, D. M. & PERRETT, D. I. (2007): Partner characteristics associated with masculinity, health and maturity in male faces. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, BUCKINGHAM, G., DEBRUINE, L. M., LITTLE, A. C., WELLING, L. L. M., CONWAY, C. A., TIDDE- MAN, B. P. & JONES, B. C. (2006): Visual adaptation to masculine and feminine faces influences generalized preferences and perceptions of trustworthiness. Evolution and Human Behaviour, 27, BURRIS, R. P. & LITTLE, A. C. (2006): Effects of partner conception risk phase on male perception of dominance in faces. Evolution and Human Behaviour, 27, DEBRUINE, L. M., JONES, B. C., LITTLE, A. C., BOOTHROYD, L. G., PERRETT, D. I., PENTON- VOAK, I. S., COOPER, P. A., PENKE, L., FEINBERG, D. R. & TIDDEMAN, B. P. (2006): Correlated preferences for facial masculinity and ideal or actual partner s masculinity. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 273, DEBRUINE, L. M., JONES, B. C., SMITH, F. G. & LITTLE, A. C. (2010): Are attractive men s faces masculine or feminine? The importance of controlling confounds in face stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 36, DIJKSTRA, P. & BUUNK, B. P. (2001): Sex differences in the jealousy-evoking nature of a rival s body build. Evolution and Human Behavior, 22,
12 80 CHRISTOPHER D. WATKINS et al. FEINBERG, D. R., JONES, B. C., LAW SMITH, M. J., MOORE, F. R., DEBRUINE, L. M., CORNWELL, R. E., HILLIER, S. G. & PERRETT, D. I. (2006): Menstrual cycle, trait estrogen level and masculinity preferences in the human voice. Hormones and Behaviour, 49, FEINBERG, D. R., DEBRUINE, L. M., JONES, B. C. & PERRETT, D. I. (2008): The relative role of femininity and averageness in aesthetic judgments of women s voices. Perception, 37, FINK, B., NEAVE, N. & SEYDEL, H. (2007): Male facial appearance signals physical strength to women. American Journal of Human Biology, 19, FINK, B. & PENTON-VOAK, I. S. (2002): Evolutionary psychology of facial attractiveness. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, GANGESTAD, S. W., THORNHILL, R. & GARVER, C. E. (2002): Changes in women s sexual interests and their partners mate retention tactics across the menstrual cycle: Evidence for shifting conflicts of interest. Proceedings of the Royal Society London B, 269, GANGESTAD, S.W. & SIMPSON, J. A. (2000): The evolution of human mating: trade-offs and strategic pluralism. Behavioral Brain Science, 23, GANGESTAD, S. W., SIMPSON, J. A. & COUSINS, A. J. (2004): Women s preferences for male behavioural displays change across the menstrual cycle. Psychological Science, 15, GRAMMER, K. (1993): 5-a-androst-16en-3a-on: A male pheromone? A brief report. Ethology and Sociobiology, 14, HASELTON, M. G. & GANGESTAD, S. W. (2006): Conditional expression of women s desires and men s mate guarding across the ovulatory cycle. Hormones and Behaviour, 49, HAYS, W. L. (1965): Statistics for Psychologists. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. USA. HUGHES, S. M., DISPENZA, F. & GALLUP, G. G. (2004): Ratings of voice attractiveness predict sexual behavior and body configuration. Evolution and Human Behavior, 25, JOHNSTON, V. S., HAGEL, R., FRANKLIN, M., FINK, B. & GRAMMER, K. (2001): Male facial attractiveness: Evidence for hormone mediated design. Evolution and Human Behaviour, 23, JONES, B. C., DEBRUINE, L. M., MAIN, J. C., LITTLE, A. C., WELLING, L. L. M., FEINBERG, D. R. & TIDDEMAN, B. P. (2010): Facial cues of dominance modulate the short-term gaze-cuing effect in human observers. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 277, JONES, B. C., DEBRUINE, L. M., PERRETT, D. I., LITTLE, A. C., FEINBERG, D. R. & LAW SMITH, M. J. (2008): Effects of menstrual cycle phase on face preferences. Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 37, JONES, B. C., DEBRUINE, L. M., LITTLE, A. C., CONWAY, C. A., WELLING, L. L. M. & SMITH, F. G. (2007): Sensation seeking and men s face preferences. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, JONES, B. C., LITTLE, A. C., BOOTHROYD, L., DEBRUINE, L. M., FEINBERG, D. R., LAW SMITH, M. J., CORNWELL, R. E., MOORE, F. R. & PERRETT, D. I. (2005): Commitment to relationships and preferences for femininity and apparent health in faces are strongest on days of the menstrual cycle when progesterone level is high. Hormones and Behaviour, 48, KRUGER, D. J. (2006): Male facial masculinity influences attributions of personality and reproductive strategy. Personal Relationships, 13, LITTLE, A. C., JONES, B. C. & BURRISS, R. P. (2007): Preferences for masculinity in male bodies change across the menstrual cycle. Hormones and Behaviour, 51, LITTLE, A. C., DEBRUINE, L. M. & JONES, B. C. (2005): Sex contingent aftereffects suggest distinct neural populations code male and female faces. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B., 272, LITTLE, A. C., JONES, B. C., PENTON-VOAK, I. S., BURT, D. M. & PERRETT, D. I. (2002): Partnership status and the temporal context of relationships influence human female preferences for
13 PERCEPTIONS OF PARTNER FEMININITY PREDICT INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 81 sexual dimorphism in male face shape. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B, 269, LITTLE, A. C., BURT, D. M., PENTON-VOAK, I. S. & PERRETT, D. I. (2001): Self-perceived attractiveness influences human female preferences for sexual dimorphism and symmetry in male faces. Proceedings of the Royal Society London B, 268, LITTLE, A. C. & MANNION, H. D. (2006): Viewing attractive or unattractive same-sex images affects preferences for sexual dimorphism in opposite-sex faces. Animal Behaviour, 72, MAIN, J. C., JONES, B. C., DEBRUINE, L. M. & LITTLE, A. C. (2009): Integrating gaze direction and sexual dimorphism of face shape when perceiving the dominance of others. Perception, 38, PENTON-VOAK, I. S., LITTLE, A. C., JONES, B. C., BURT, D. M., TIDDEMAN, B. P. & PERRETT, D. I. (2003): Female condition influences preferences for sexual dimorphism in faces of male humans (Homo sapiens): Journal of Comparative Psychology, 117, PENTON-VOAK, I. S., PERRETT, D. I., CASTLES, D., BURT, M., KOYABASHI, T. & MURRAY, L. K. (1999): Female preference for male faces changes cyclically. Nature, 399, PERRETT, D. I., LEE, K. J., PENTON-VOAK, I. S., ROWLAND, D. R., YOSHIKAWA, S., BURT, D. M., HENZI, S. P., CASTLES, D. I. & AKAMATSU, S. (1998): Effects of sexual dimorphism on facial attractiveness. Nature, 394, PUTS, D. A. (2006): Cyclic variation in women s preferences for masculine traits: Potential hormonal causes. Human Nature, 17, PUTS, D. A. (2005): Mating context and menstrual phase affect female preferences for male voice pitch. Evolution and Human Behaviour, 26, RHODES, G., SIMMONS, L. W. & PETERS, M. (2005): Attractiveness and sexual behavior: Does attractiveness enhance mating success? Evolution and Human Behavior, 26, RHODES, G., CHAN, J., ZEBROWITZ, L. A. & SIMMONS, L. W. (2003): Does sexual dimorphism in human faces signal health? Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 270, S93 S95. ROWLAND, D. A. & PERRETT, D. I. (1995): Manipulating facial appearance through shape and colour. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications. SENIOR, C., BARNES, J., JENKINS, R., LANDAU, S., PHILLIPS, M. L. & DAVID, A. S. (1999a): Attribution of social dominance and maleness to schematic faces. Social Behavior and Personality, 27, SENIOR, C., PHILLIPS, M. L., BARNES, J. & DAVID, A. S. (1999b): An investigation into the perception of dominance from schematic faces: A study using the World-Wide Web. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31, SMITH, F. G., JONES, B. C., WELLING, L. L. M., LITTLE, A. C., VUKOVIC, J., MAIN, J. C. & DE- BRUINE, L. M. (2009): Waist-hip ratio, but not BMI, influences women s preferences for masculine male faces. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, GANGESTAD, S. W. & THORNHILL, R. (2008): Human oestrus. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 275, THORNHILL, R. & GANGESTAD, S. W. (2006): Facial sexual dimorphism, developmental stability, and susceptibility to disease in men and women. Evolution and Human Behaviour, 27, TIDDEMAN, B. P., BURT, D. M. & PERRETT, D. I. (2001): Prototyping and transforming facial texture for perception research. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 21, VUKOVIC, J., JONES, B. C., DEBRUINE, L. M., FEINBERG, D. R., SMITH, F. G., LITTLE, A. C., WELLING, L. L. M. & MAIN, J. C. (2010): Women s own voice pitch predicts their preferences for masculinity in men s voices. Behavioral Ecology, 21, VUKOVIC, J., FEINBERG, D. R., JONES, B. C., DEBRUINE, L. M., WELLING, L. L. M., LITTLE, A. C. & SMITH, F. G. (2008): Self-rated attractiveness predicts individual differences in women s
14 82 CHRISTOPHER D. WATKINS et al. preferences for masculine men s voices. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, WELLING, L. L. M., JONES, B. C., DEBRUINE, L. M., SMITH, F. G., FEINBERG, D. R., LITTLE, A. C. & Al-DUJAILI, E. A. S. (2008): Men report stronger attraction to femininity in women s faces when their testosterone levels are high. Hormones and Behavior, 54, WELLING, L. L. M., JONES, B. C., DEBRUINE, L. M., CONWAY, C. A., LAW SMITH, M. J., LITTLE, A. C. et al. (2007): Raised salivary testosterone in women is associated with increased attraction to masculine faces. Hormones and Behaviour, 52,
British Journal of Psychology (2010), 00, 1 13 q 2010 The British Psychological Society
1 British Journal of Psychology (2010), 00, 1 13 q 2010 The British Psychological Society The British Psychological Society www.bpsjournals.co.uk Variation in perceptions of physical dominance and trustworthiness
More informationPersonality and Individual Differences
Personality and Individual Differences 47 (2009) 476 480 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Personality and Individual Differences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/paid Waist hip ratio
More informationSensation seeking and men's face preferences
Evolution and Human Behavior 28 (2007) 439 446 Sensation seeking and men's face preferences Benedict C. Jones a,, Lisa M. DeBruine a, Anthony C. Little b, Claire A. Conway a, Lisa L.M. Welling a, Finlay
More informationUNCORRECTED PROOF ARTICLE IN PRESS
ENS-05479; No of Pages 8 1 Evolution and Human Behavior xx (2007) xxx xxx 2 Sensation seeking and men's face preferences 3 Benedict C. Jones a,, Lisa M. DeBruine a, Anthony C. Little b, Claire A. Conway
More informationVisual adaptation to masculine and feminine faces influences generalized preferences and perceptions of trustworthiness B
Evolution and Human Behavior 27 (2006) 381 389 Visual adaptation to masculine and feminine faces influences generalized preferences and perceptions of trustworthiness B Gavin Buckingham a, Lisa M. DeBruine
More informationWomen s own voice pitch predicts their preferences for masculinity in men s voices
Behavioral Ecology doi:10.1093/beheco/arq051 Advance Access publication 23 April 2010 Women s own voice pitch predicts their preferences for masculinity in men s voices Jovana Vukovic, a Benedict C. Jones,
More informationB.C. Jones a, *, A.C. Little b, L. Boothroyd c, L.M. DeBruine c, D.R. Feinberg c, M.J. Law Smith c, R.E. Cornwell c, F.R. Moore c, D.I.
Hormones and Behavior 48 (2005) 283 290 www.elsevier.com/locate/yhbeh Commitment to relationships and preferences for femininity and apparent health in faces are strongest on days of the menstrual cycle
More informationPreferences for symmetry in faces change across the menstrual cycle
Biological Psychology 76 (2007) 209 216 www.elsevier.com/locate/biopsycho Preferences for symmetry in faces change across the menstrual cycle Anthony C. Little a,b, *, Benedict C. Jones c, D. Michael Burt
More informationWhen facial attractiveness is only skin deep
Perception, 2004, volume 33, pages 569 ^ 576 DOI:10.1068/p3463 When facial attractiveness is only skin deep Benedict C Jones, Anthony C Little, D Michael Burt, David I Perrett School of Psychology, St
More informationThis article was published in an Elsevier journal. The attached copy is furnished to the author for non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the author s institution, sharing
More informationIN PRESS: PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, B
IN PRESS: PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, B Menstrual cycle, pregnancy and oral contraceptive use alter attraction to apparent health in faces BC Jones 1, DI Perrett 1, AC Little 1, L Boothroyd
More informationAuthor's personal copy
Personality and Individual Differences 47 (2009) 191 196 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Personality and Individual Differences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/paid Estimated hormones
More informationEvolution and Human Behavior
Evolution and Human Behavior 34 (2013) 193 200 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Evolution and Human Behavior journal homepage: www.ehbonline.org Original Article Environment contingent
More informationTitle: THE FACES OF LEADERS: SEXUAL DIMORPHISM, PERCEIVED TRAITS, AND VOTING IN CONTEXT
1 Title: THE FACES OF LEADERS: SEXUAL DIMORPHISM, PERCEIVED TRAITS, AND VOTING IN CONTEXT Running head: Leadership in faces Key words: Leadership, dominance, vote, masculinity/femininity, war-time/peace-time
More informationViewing attractive or unattractive same-sex individuals changes self-rated attractiveness and face preferences in women
ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR, 2006, 72, 981e987 doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.01.026 Viewing attractive or unattractive same-sex individuals changes self-rated attractiveness and face preferences in women ANTHONY C.
More informationFemale Condition Influences Preferences for Sexual Dimorphism in Faces of Male Humans (Homo sapiens)
Journal of Comparative Psychology Copyright 2003 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 2003, Vol. 117, No. 3, 264 271 0735-7036/03/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7036.117.3.264 Female Condition Influences
More informationIntersexual Competition
(in press, October 2012). In P. Whelan & A. Bolin (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell. Intersexual Competition Valerie G. Starratt, Nova Southeastern University, valerie.starratt@nova.edu
More informationJillian J. M. O Connor
Jillian J. M. O Connor 1 (519) 824-4120 x53851 joconn03@uoguelph.ca www.jillianoconnor.com ACADEMIC POSITIONS 2015- SSHRC Postdoctoral Fellow Barclay Lab for Experimental Evolutionary Psychology 2013-2014
More informationURL: <
Citation: Saxton, Tamsin, Little, Anthony, de Bruine, Lisa, Jones, Benedict and Roberts, S. Craig (2009) Adolescents preferences for sexual dimorphism are influenced by relative exposure to male and female
More informationImpressions of Dominance are Made Relative to Others in the Visual Environment
Evolutionary Psychology www.epjournal.net 2014. 12(1): 251-263 Original Article Impressions of Dominance are Made Relative to Others in the Visual Environment Daniel E. Re, Department of Psychology, University
More informationJudging a Man by the Width of his Face: The Role of Facial Ratios and Dominance in Mate Choice at Speed-Dating Events
Singapore Management University Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University Research Collection School of Social Sciences School of Social Sciences 3-2014 Judging a Man by the Width of his
More informationGaze Properties of Women Judging the Attractiveness of Masculine and Feminine Male Faces
Evolutionary Psychology www.epjournal.net 013. 1(1): 19-35 Original Article Gaze Properties of Women Judging the Attractiveness of Masculine and Feminine Male Faces Robert P. Burriss, Department of Psychology,
More informationBIRTH CONTROL, KISSING, AND ASSESSMENT OF MATE QULAITY 1. Running head: BIRTH CONTROL, KISSING, AND ASSESSMENT OF MATE
BIRTH CONTROL, KISSING, AND ASSESSMENT OF MATE QULAITY 1 Running head: BIRTH CONTROL, KISSING, AND ASSESSMENT OF MATE QUALITY Does Hormonal Birth Control Disrupt the Assessment of Mate Quality through
More informationURL: < >
Citation: Roberts, S. Craig, Kralevich, Alexandra, Ferdenzi, Camille, Saxton, Tamsin, Jones, Benedict, de Bruine, Lisa, Little, Anthony and Havlíček, Jan (2011) Body Odor Quality Predicts Behavioral Attractiveness
More informationlse.bol.ucla.edu/publications/pillsworthhaselton_06.pdf
The benefit of pursuing an EPC to obtain genetic benefits fo ffspring depends on the genetic quality of the primary mate: wit high genetic quality partner, the potential benefits of engaging an EPC might
More informationFacial resemblance increases the attractiveness of same-sex faces more than other-sex faces
Facial resemblance increases the attractiveness of same-sex faces more than other-sex faces Lisa M. DeBruine McMaster University Reactions to facial self-resemblance could reflect either specialized responses
More informationRelationship satisfaction and outcome in women who meet their partner while using oral contraception
Relationship satisfaction and outcome in women who meet their partner while using oral contraception S. Craig Roberts 1 *, Kateřina Klapilová 2, Anthony C. Little 1, Robert P. Burriss 1, Benedict C. Jones
More informationThis version was downloaded from Northumbria Research Link:
Citation: Burriss, Robert, Marcinkowska, Urszula and Lyons, Minna (2014) Gaze properties of women judging the attractiveness of masculine and feminine male faces. Evolutionary Psychology, 12 (1). pp. 19-35.
More informationNIH Public Access Author Manuscript Vision Res. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 January 25.
NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Published in final edited form as: Vision Res. 2010 January 25; 50(2): 149. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2009.11.003. New Golden Ratios for Facial Beauty Pamela M. Pallett 1,
More informationDiscrimination of Attractiveness and Health in Men s Faces: the Impact of Color Cues and Variation in Relation to Sex and Age of Rater
Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology (2017) 3:401 411 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40750-017-0081-0 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Discrimination of Attractiveness and Health in Men s Faces: the Impact of Color Cues and
More informationBody Odor Quality Predicts Behavioral Attractiveness in Humans
Arch Sex Behav (2011) 40:1111 1117 DOI 10.1007/s10508-011-9803-8 ORIGINAL PAPER Body Odor Quality Predicts Behavioral Attractiveness in Humans S. Craig Roberts Alexandra Kralevich Camille Ferdenzi Tamsin
More informationThis article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution
More informationDoes the Interaction Between Cortisol and Testosterone Predict Men s Facial Attractiveness?
Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology (2017) 3:275 281 DOI 10.1007/s40750-017-0064-1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Does the Interaction Between Cortisol and Testosterone Predict Men s Facial Attractiveness? Michal
More informationRELATIVE DIGIT LENGTHS PREDICT MEN S BEHAVIOR AND ATTRACTIVENESS DURING SOCIAL INTERACTIONS WITH WOMEN
RELATIVE DIGIT LENGTHS PREDICT MEN S BEHAVIOR AND ATTRACTIVENESS DURING SOCIAL INTERACTIONS WITH WOMEN James R. Roney and Dario Maestripieri The University of Chicago Recent evidence suggests that the
More informationSexual behavior and jealousy: An evolutionary perspective
Romanian Journal of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Hypnosis Volume 5, Issue 1-2, January June 2018 Theoretical Paper Sexual behavior and jealousy: An evolutionary perspective Irina Grigorovici Titu Maiorescu
More informationFemale Preferences for Male Vocal and Facial Masculinity in Videos
RESEARCH PAPER Female Preferences for Male Vocal and Facial Masculinity in Videos Jillian J. M. O Connor*, David R. Feinberg*, Paul J. Fraccaro*, Diana J. Borak*, Cara C. Tigue*, Daniel E. Re, Benedict
More informationThe Basic Cognition of Jealousy: An Evolutionary Perspective. Jon K. Maner. Florida State University. Todd K. Shackelford. Florida Atlantic University
Evolution, cognition 1 RUNNING HEAD: JEALOUSY AND COGNITION The Basic Cognition of Jealousy: An Evolutionary Perspective Jon K. Maner Florida State University Todd K. Shackelford Florida Atlantic University
More informationThe Influence of Women s Self-Esteem on Mating Decision Making
University of Dayton ecommons Honors Theses University Honors Program 4-2017 The Influence of Women s Self-Esteem on Mating Decision Making Kathleen D. Golterman Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.udayton.edu/uhp_theses
More informationThe Pennsylvania State University. The Graduate School. College of the Liberal Arts EFFECTS OF ACOUSTICAL MANIPULATIONS ON PERCEPTIONS OF
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of the Liberal Arts EFFECTS OF ACOUSTICAL MANIPULATIONS ON PERCEPTIONS OF FEMALE VOCAL ATTRACTIVENESS AND THREAT POTENTIAL A Thesis in Anthropology
More informationMENSTRUAL INFLUENCES ON PERSON PERCEPTION: MALE SENSITIVITY TO FLUCTUATING FEMALE FERTILITY
Johnston Person Perception et al. Social Cognition, Vol. 23, No. 3, 2005, pp. 279-290 MENSTRUAL INFLUENCES ON PERSON PERCEPTION: MALE SENSITIVITY TO FLUCTUATING FEMALE FERTILITY Lucy Johnston University
More informationPerceived health contributes to the attractiveness of facial symmetry, averageness, and sexual dimorphism
Perception, 2007, volume 36, pages 1244 ^ 1252 doi:10.1068/p5712 Perceived health contributes to the attractiveness of facial symmetry, averageness, and sexual dimorphism Gillian Rhodesô½, Sakiko Yoshikawa½
More informationSex-Specificity in the Reward Value of Facial Attractiveness. Amanda C Hahn 1, Lisa M DeBruine 1, Benedict C Jones 1. Corresponding author
Sex-Specificity in the Reward Value of Facial Attractiveness Amanda C Hahn 1, Lisa M DeBruine 1, Benedict C Jones 1 1 Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, UK. Corresponding
More informationConcordant preferences for opposite-sex signals? Human pheromones and facial characteristics
Received 18 September 2003 Accepted 17 November 2003 Published online 13 February 2004 Concordant preferences for opposite-sex signals? Human pheromones and facial characteristics R. Elisabeth Cornwell
More informationWomen s Fertility Status Alters Other Women s Jealousy and Mate Guarding
678859PSPXXX10.1177/0146167216678859Personality and Social Psychology BulletinHurst et al. research-article2016 Article Women s Fertility Status Alters Other Women s Jealousy and Mate Guarding Ashalee
More informationTo Poach or Not to Poach? Men are more Willing to Short-term Poach Mated Women who are more Attractive than their Mates
PROFESSIONAL ARTICLE EvoS Journal: The Journal of the Evolutionary Studies Consortium? Men are more Willing to Short-term Poach Mated Women who are more Attractive than their Mates Moran, J. B. 1, Kuhle,
More informationDifferential Viewing Strategies towards Attractive and Unattractive Human Faces
Differential Viewing Strategies towards Attractive and Unattractive Human Faces Ivan Getov igetov@clemson.edu Greg Gettings ggettin@clemson.edu A.J. Villanueva aaronjv@clemson.edu Chris Belcher cbelche@clemson.edu
More informationMate retention behavior modulates men's preferences for self-resemblance in infant faces
Evolution and Human Behavior 32 (2011) 118 126 Original Article Mate retention behavior modulates men's preferences for self-resemblance in infant faces Lisa L.M. Welling, Robert P. Burriss, David A. Puts
More informationResemblance to self increases the appeal of child faces to both men and women
Evolution and Human Behavior 25 (2004) 142 154 Resemblance to self increases the appeal of child faces to both men and women Lisa M. DeBruine* Department of Psychology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street
More informationI only have eyes for you: Ovulation redirects attention (but not memory) to attractive men
I only have eyes for you: Ovulation redirects attention (but not memory) to attractive men The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story
More informationRunning head: MATE RETENTION STRATEGIES p. 1. Solving the Problem of Partner Infidelity:
Running head: MATE RETENTION STRATEGIES p. 1 [in press, Personality and Individual Differences, February 2015] Solving the Problem of Partner Infidelity: Individual Mate Retention, Coalitional Mate Retention,
More informationSEX-DIFFERENCES IN PREFERENCE FOR LOOKING AT THE FACE OR BODY IN SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM MATING CONTEXTS
Evolution, Mind and Behaviour 13(2015), 1-17 DOI: 10.1556/2050.2015.0003 SEX-DIFFERENCES IN PREFERENCE FOR LOOKING AT THE FACE OR BODY IN SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM MATING CONTEXTS DANIELLE L. WAGSTAFF 1
More informationThis article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution
More informationThe voice and face of woman: One ornament that signals quality?
Evolution and Human Behavior 26 (2005) 398 408 The voice and face of woman: One ornament that signals quality? David R. Feinberg a, *, Benedict C. Jones a,b, Lisa M. DeBruine a,c, Fhionna R. Moore a, Miriam
More informationSex Differences in Attraction to Familiar and Unfamiliar Opposite-Sex Faces: Men Prefer Novelty and Women Prefer Familiarity
Sex Differences in Attraction to Familiar and Unfamiliar Opposite-Sex Faces: Men Prefer Novelty and Women Prefer Familiarity Anthony C. Little, Lisa M. DeBruine & Benedict C. Jones Archives of Sexual Behavior
More informationDo Women Pretend Orgasm to Retain a Mate?
Do Women Pretend Orgasm to Retain a Mate? Farnaz Kaighobadi 1,3, Todd K. Shackelford 2, and Viviana A. Weekes-Shackelford 2 1, 3 HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, Columbia University and
More informationFunctionality, Parsimony, Discovery, Avoiding Hamartia: How Evolutionary Perspectives are Changing Psychology
UNDERGRADUATE CONTRIBUTION EvoS Journal: The Journal of the Evolutionary Studies Consortium Functionality, Parsimony, Discovery, Avoiding Hamartia: How Evolutionary Perspectives are Changing Psychology
More informationPopulational differences in attractiveness judgements of male and female faces: Comparing British and Jamaican samples
Evolution and Human Behavior 25 (2004) 355 370 Populational differences in attractiveness judgements of male and female faces: Comparing British and Jamaican samples I. S. Penton-Voak a, *, A. Jacobson
More informationVoice pitch influences voting behavior
Evolution and Human Behavior xx (2011) xxx xxx Original Article Voice pitch influences voting behavior Cara C. Tigue, Diana J. Borak, Jillian J.M. O'Connor, Charles Schandl, David R. Feinberg Department
More informationHormones and Behavior
Hormones and Behavior 85 (2016) 76 85 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Hormones and Behavior journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/yhbeh Effects of exogenous testosterone and mating context
More informationChanges in salivary estradiol predict changes in women s preferences for vocal
1 2 3 4 Changes in salivary estradiol predict changes in women s preferences for vocal masculinity 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Katarzyna Pisanski a*, Amanda C. Hahn b, Claire I. Fisher b, Lisa M. DeBruine b, David
More informationFacial symmetry and the Ôbig-fiveÕ personality factors
Personality and Individual Differences 39 (2005) 523 529 www.elsevier.com/locate/paid Facial symmetry and the Ôbig-fiveÕ personality factors Bernhard Fink a, *, Nick Neave b, John T. Manning c, Karl Grammer
More informationSexual Selection on Human Faces and Voices
JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH, 49(2 3), 227 243, 2012 Copyright # The Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality ISSN: 0022-4499 print=1559-8519 online DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2012.658924 Sexual Selection on
More informationEvolutionary Psychology. by Elizabeth Anderson
Evolutionary Psychology by Elizabeth Anderson Questions! What, according to Evolutionary Psychologists, do humans look for in a mate?! How might rape be explained according to Evolutionary Psychology?
More informationSex-specific relationship between digit ratio (2D:4D) and romantic jealousy. The Netherlands
* Title page with author details 1 Running Head: 2D:4D AND JEALOUSY Sex-specific relationship between digit ratio (2D:4D) and romantic jealousy Justin H. Park a,*, Martijn B. Wieling a, Abraham P. Buunk
More informationMen s visual attention to and perceptions of women s dance movements
1 [in press, Personality and Individual Differences, May 2016] Men s visual attention to and perceptions of women s dance movements Susanne Röder 1,2*, Claus-Christian Carbon 1,2,3, Todd K. Shackelford
More informationChanges in Women s Mate Preferences Across the Ovulatory Cycle
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Copyright 2007 by the American Psychological Association 2007, Vol. 92, No. 1, 151 163 0022-3514/07/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.151 Changes in Women
More informationThe Effects of Four Voice Qualities on the Perception of a Female Voice
Wellesley College Wellesley College Digital Scholarship and Archive Faculty Research and Scholarship 2016 The Effects of Four Voice Qualities on the Perception of a Female Voice Andrea G. Levitt alevitt@wellesley.edu
More informationARTICLE IN PRESS. Evolution and Human Behavior xx (2008) xxx xxx. Original Article
Evolution and Human Behavior xx (2008) xxx xxx Original Article Women's voice attractiveness varies across the menstrual cycle R. Nathan Pipitone, Gordon G. Gallup Jr Department of Psychology, University
More informationARTICLE IN PRESS. Evolution and Human Behavior xx (2009) xxx xxx
Evolution and Human Behavior xx (2009) xxx xxx Menstrual cycle phases and female receptivity to a courtship solicitation: an evaluation in a nightclub Nicolas Guéguen Nicolas Guéguen, Université de Bretagne-Sud,
More informationWomen's body morphology and preferences for sexual partners' characteristics
Evolution and Human Behavior 29 (2008) 19 25 Women's body morphology and preferences for sexual partners' characteristics Boguslaw Pawlowski a,b,c,, Grazyna Jasienska d,e a Department of Anthropology,
More informationUNCORRECTED PROOF ARTICLE IN PRESS
ENS-05513; No of Pages 7 Q1 1 2 Original Article 3 Women's voice attractiveness varies across the menstrual cycle 4 R. Nathan Pipitone, Gordon G. Gallup Jr 5 Department of Psychology, University at Albany,
More informationThis manuscript ( Facial scarring enhances men s attractiveness for short-term
Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 213-217 doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.09.029 1 This manuscript ( Facial scarring enhances men s attractiveness for short-term relationships ) is identical in content
More informationInvestigating an imprinting-like phenomenon in humans Partners and opposite-sex parents have similar hair and eye colour
Evolution and Human Behavior 24 (2003) 43 51 Investigating an imprinting-like phenomenon in humans Partners and opposite-sex parents have similar hair and eye colour A.C. Little*, I.S. Penton-Voak, D.M.
More informationOvulatory Shifts in Women s Attractions to Primary Partners and Other Men: Further Evidence of the Importance of Primary Partner Sexual Attractiveness
to Primary Partners and Other Men: Further Evidence of the Importance of Primary Partner Sexual Attractiveness Christina M. Larson 1 *., Elizabeth G. Pillsworth 2., Martie G. Haselton 1,3. 1 Department
More informationReported jealousy differs as a function of menstrual cycle stage and contraceptive pill use: a within-subjects investigation
Evolution and Human Behavior 33 (2012) 395 401 Original Article Reported jealousy differs as a function of menstrual cycle stage and contraceptive pill use: a within-subjects investigation Kelly D. Cobey
More informationManuscript under review for Psychological Science. Oral Contraceptives Suppress Ovarian Hormone Production
Oral Contraceptives Suppress Ovarian Hormone Production Journal: Psychological Science Manuscript ID: PSCI-0-0.R Manuscript Type: Letter Date Submitted by the Author: Complete List of Authors: Fleischman,
More informationAdaptation to different mouth shapes influences visual perception of ambiguous lip speech
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2010, 17 (4), 522-528 doi:10.3758/pbr.17.4.522 to different mouth shapes influences visual perception of ambiguous lip speech BENEDICT C. JONES University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen,
More informationSymmetry, sexual dimorphism in facial proportions and male facial attractiveness
doi 10.1098/rspb.2001.1703 Symmetry, sexual dimorphism in facial proportions and male facial attractiveness I. S. Penton-Voak *, B. C. Jones, A. C. Little, S. Baker, B. Tiddeman, D.M.BurtandD.I.Perrett
More informationAQA A Level Psychology. Topic Companion. Joseph Sparks & Helen Lakin
AQA A Level Psychology Topic Companion Relationships Joseph Sparks & Helen Lakin Page 2 AQA A LEVEL Psychology topic COMPANION: RELATIONSHIPS Contents Topic Evolutionary Explanations 3 Attraction: Self-Disclosure
More informationIt s Not All about Her: Men s Mate Value and Mate Retention. Emily J. Miner. Florida Atlantic University. Valerie G. Starratt
Mate Value and Mate Retention - 1 - Running Head: MATE VALUE AND MATE RETENTION [in press, March 2009, Personality and Individual Differences] It s Not All about Her: Men s Mate Value and Mate Retention
More information[In press, Personality and Individual Differences, February 2008] Not all Men are Sexually Coercive:
Infidelity, desirability, and coercion - 1 - Running Head: INFIDELITY, DESIRABILITY, AND COERCION [In press, Personality and Individual Differences, February 2008] Not all Men are Sexually Coercive: A
More informationPERCEPTIONS OF FACIAL AND VOCAL ATTRACTIVENESS AND DOMINANCE
PERCEPTIONS OF FACIAL AND VOCAL ATTRACTIVENESS AND DOMINANCE THE INFLUENCE OF HUMAN FACIAL AND VOCAL FEATURES ON SOCIAL PERCEPTIONS OF ATTRACTIVENESS, DOMINANCE, AND LEADERSHIP ABILITY By CARA C. TIGUE,
More informationOther Papers. What does facial symmetry reveal about health and personality?
Other Papers Polish Psychological Bulletin 2016, vol. 47(3) 356 365 DOI - 10.1515/ppb-2016-0042 Domagoj Švegar * Abstract: Over the last two decades, facial symmetry has been intensively researched. The
More informationCopyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author
Wang, Hongyi (2017) The effects of attractiveness and underlying components on the motivational salience and the memorability of face photographs. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7880/ Copyright and
More informationJudging body weight from faces: The height ^ weight illusion
Perception, 2012, volume 41, pages 121 ^ 124 doi:10.1068/p7140 SHORT AND SWEET Judging body weight from faces: The height ^ weight illusion Tobias M Schneider, Heiko Hecht, Claus-Christian Carbonô½ Department
More informationANTHROPOLOGIE MARCO ANTONIO CORRÊA VARELLA, JAROSLAVA VALENTOVÁ, KAMILA JANAINA PEREIRA, RAUL ARAGÃO MARTINS, SANDRO CARAMASCHI
ANTHROPOLOGIE L/1 pp. 71 81 2012 MARCO ANTONIO CORRÊA VARELLA, JAROSLAVA VALENTOVÁ, KAMILA JANAINA PEREIRA, RAUL ARAGÃO MARTINS, SANDRO CARAMASCHI HOMOGAMY PREFERENCES FOR COGNITIVE SEX-TYPICALITY IN WOMEN
More informationSmelling human sex hormone-like compounds a ects face gender judgment of men
ED: Susan Koshy Op: Dini/Megha WNR: lww_wnr_1617 MOTOR SYSTEMS NEUROREPORT Smelling human sex hormone-like compounds a ects face gender judgment of men Gyula Kova cs, Bala zs Gulya s, 1,CA Ivanka Savic,
More informationAssortative mating for perceived facial personality traits
Personality and Individual Differences 40 (2006) 973 984 www.elsevier.com/locate/paid Assortative mating for perceived facial personality traits Anthony C. Little a, *, D. Michael Burt b, David I. Perrett
More informationAccepted author version posted online: 02 Mar 2015.
This article was downloaded by: [Universitätsbibliothek Bern] On: 05 March 2015, At: 04:40 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office:
More informationFriendship as a Relationship Infiltration Tactic during Human Mate Poaching
Evolutionary Psychology www.epjournal.net 2013. 11(4): 926-943 Original Article Friendship as a Relationship Infiltration Tactic during Human Mate Poaching Justin K. Mogilski, Department of Psychology,
More informationPreference for Facial Self-Resemblance and Attractiveness in Human Mate Choice
DOI: 10.1007/s10508-010-9723-z Archives of Sexual Behavior Preference for Facial Self-Resemblance and Attractiveness in Human Mate Choice Ferenc Kocsor, 1,2,3 Rita Rezneki, 1 Szabolcs Juhász, 1 and Tamás
More informationRunning head: STIGMA AND FACIAL JUDGMENT 1
Running head: STIGMA AND FACIAL JUDGMENT 1 Effects of Stigma on Facial Judgment Julia A. Ryan, Sharteedra J. Gracie, Helen C. Sowards, Alisha C. Turman, Taylor P. Yeazitzis, Deborah J. Nelson, Chloe E.
More informationSex, beauty, and the relative luminance of facial features
Perception, 2003, volume 32, pages 1093 ^ 1107 DOI:10.1068/p5101 Sex, beauty, and the relative luminance of facial features Richard Russell Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute
More informationNo evidence for ovulatory cycle shifts in women s preferences for men s behaviors in a pre-registered study
No evidence for ovulatory cycle shifts in women s preferences for men s behaviors in a pre-registered study Julia Jünger, Tanja M. Gerlach & Lars Penke, Department of Psychology & Leibniz ScienceCampus
More informationMen's voices as dominance signals: vocal fundamental and formant frequencies influence dominance attributions among men
Evolution and Human Behavior 28 (2007) 340 344 Men's voices as dominance signals: vocal fundamental and formant frequencies influence dominance attributions among men David Andrew Puts a,, Carolyn R. Hodges
More informationTHE EFFECTS OF EXOGENOUS TESTOSTERONE AND MATING CONTEXT ON MEN S PREFERENCES FOR FEMALE FACIAL FEMININITY. Brian M. Bird
THE EFFECTS OF EXOGENOUS TESTOSTERONE AND MATING CONTEXT ON MEN S PREFERENCES FOR FEMALE FACIAL FEMININITY by Brian M. Bird Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
More informationI like the way you move : how hormonal changes across the menstrual cycle affect female perceptions of gait
van der Zwan and Herbert BMC Research Notes 2012, 5:453 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access I like the way you move : how hormonal changes across the menstrual cycle affect female perceptions of gait Rick van
More information8162_Ch04_Geher_LEA 2/15/07 1:07 PM Page 103 III. Strategic Flexibility in Mating Intelligence
8162_Ch04_Geher_LEA 2/15/07 1:07 PM Page 103 III Strategic Flexibility in Mating Intelligence 8162_Ch04_Geher_LEA 2/15/07 1:07 PM Page 104 8162_Ch04_Geher_LEA 2/15/07 1:07 PM Page 105 Chapter 4 Intelligent
More informationTitle: Cross-cultural effects of color, but not morphological masculinity, on perceived attractiveness of men s faces
Title: Cross-cultural effects of color, but not morphological masculinity, on perceived attractiveness of men s faces Running Head: Cross-cultural color, masculinity and attractiveness Ian D Stephen 1,
More informationMate Attraction, Retention, and Expulsion. Emily J. Miner and Todd K. Shackelford. Florida Atlantic University
Mate Attraction, Retention, Expulsion - 1 - Running Head: MATE ATTRACTION, RETENTION, EXPULSION [in press, November 2009, Psichothema] Mate Attraction, Retention, and Expulsion Emily J. Miner and Todd
More information