Reproduction of Organisms

Transcription

1 Reproduction of Organisms Asexual Reproduction What do you think? Read the three statements below and decide whether you agree or disagree with them. Place an A in the Before column if you agree with the statement or a D if you disagree. After you ve read this lesson, reread the statements to see if you have changed your mind. Before Statement After Key Concepts What is asexual reproduction, and why is it beneficial? How do the types of asexual reproduction differ? 4. Cloning produces identical individuals from one cell. 5. All organisms have two parents. 6. Asexual reproduction occurs only in microorganisms. What is asexual reproduction? In asexual reproduction, one parent organism produces offspring without meiosis and fertilization. Offspring produced by asexual reproduction inherit all of their DNA from one parent. Therefore, they are genetically the same as each other and their parent. You have seen the results of asexual reproduction if you have ever seen mold on bread or fruit. Mold is a type of fungus (FUN gus) that can reproduce either sexually or asexually. Asexual reproduction is different from sexual reproduction. Recall that sexual reproduction involves two parent organisms and the processes of meiosis and fertilization. Offspring inherit half of their DNA from each parent, resulting in genetic variation among the offspring. Types Of Asexual Reproduction There are many different types of organisms that reproduce asexually. Not only fungi, but also bacteria, protists, plants, and animals can reproduce asexually. Discuss Read the first two paragraphs about asexual reproduction. Then take turns with a partner saying something about what you learned. Repeat this process with the other paragraphs in this lesson. Key Concept Check 1. Describe What is asexual reproduction? Reading Essentials Reproduction of Organisms 61

2 Make the following six-celled chart, then use it to compare types of asexual reproduction. Fission Animal regeneration Mitotic cell division Vegetative reproduction Budding Cloning Fission Recall that a prokaryotic cell, such as a bacterial cell, has a simpler cell structure than a eukaryotic cell. A prokaryote s DNA is not contained in a nucleus. For this reason, mitosis does not occur. Cell division in a prokaryote is a simpler process than in a eukaryote. Cell division in prokaryotes that forms two genetically identical cells is known as fission. Cell wall Cell membrane 2. Recognize What happens to the original cell s chromosome during fission? Chromosome Copies of chromosome Daughter cells Reading Check 3. Evaluate What advantage might asexual reproduction by fission have compared to sexual reproduction? Fission begins when a prokaryote s DNA is copied, as shown in the figure above. Each copy attaches to the cell membrane. Then the cell begins to grow longer. The two copies of DNA are pulled apart. At the same time, the cell membrane starts to pinch inward along the middle of the cell. Finally the cell splits and forms two new identical offspring. The original cell no longer exists. Fission makes it possible for prokaryotes to divide rapidly. Mitotic Cell Division Many unicellular eukaryotes, such as amoebas, reproduce by mitotic cell division. In this type of asexual reproduction, an organism forms two offspring through mitosis and cell division. The nucleus of the cell divides by mitosis. Next, the cytoplasm and its contents divide through cytokinesis. Two new amoebas form. Budding In budding, a new organism grows by mitosis and cell division on the body of its parent. The bud, or offspring, is genetically identical to its parent. When the bud is large enough, it can break from the parent and live on its own. Organisms such as yeasts, which are fungi, reproduce through budding. Sometimes the bud stays attached to the parent and starts to form a colony. Corals are animals that form colonies through budding. 62 Reproduction of Organisms Reading Essentials

3 Original planarian is divided into two pieces. 4. Describe What happens to a planarian when it is cut into two pieces? The head end regenerates a new tail. The tail end regenerates a new head. Animal Regeneration Another type of asexual reproduction, regeneration, occurs when an offspring grows from a piece of its parent. Animals that can reproduce asexually through regeneration include sponges, sea stars, and planarians. Producing New Organisms The figure above shows how a planarian reproduces through regeneration. If the planarian is cut into two pieces, each piece of the original planarian becomes a new organism. If the arms are separated from the parent sea star, each of these arms has the potential to grow into a new organism. To regenerate a new sea star, the arm must have a part of the central disk of the parent. If conditions are right, one fivearmed sea star can produce five new organisms. As with all types of asexual reproduction, the offspring are genetically the same as the parent. Producing New Parts Some animals, such as newts, tadpoles, crabs, hydras, zebra fish, and salamanders, can regenerate a lost or damaged body part. Even humans are able to regenerate some damaged body parts, such as the skin and the liver. This type of regeneration is not considered asexual reproduction. It does not produce a new organism. Vegetative Reproduction Plants can also reproduce asexually in a process similar to regeneration. Vegetative reproduction is a form of asexual reproduction in which offspring grow from part of a parent plant. Strawberries, raspberries, potatoes, and geraniums are other plants that can reproduce this way ACADEMIC VOCABULARY potential (noun) possibility Reading Check 5. Specify What is true of all cases of asexual reproduction? Reading Essentials Reproduction of Organisms 63

4 6. Locate Circle the offspring of the strawberry plant in the figure. SCIENCE USE V. COMMON USE culture Science Use the process of growing living tissue in a laboratory Common Use the social customs of a group of people 7. Synthesize Do all cloned plants have the same genetic makeup? Why or why not? The strawberry plant shown in the figure above sends out long stems called stolons. Wherever a stolon touches the ground, it can produce roots. Once a stolon grows roots, a new plant can grow, even if the stolon breaks off from the parent plant. Each new plant grown from a stolen is genetically identical to the parent plant. Roots, leaves, and stems are the structures that usually produce new plants. Cloning Cloning is a type of asexual reproduction performed in laboratories. It produces identical individuals from a cell or from a cluster of cells taken from a multicellular organism. Farmers and scientists often clone cells or organisms that have desirable traits. Plant Cloning Some plants can be cloned from just a few cells using a method called a tissue culture. Tissue cultures make it possible for plant growers and scientists to make many copies of a plant with desirable traits. The new plants are genetically the same as the parent plant. Also, cloning produces plants more quickly than vegetative reproduction does. A plant might be infected with a disease. To clone such a plant, a scientist can use cells from the meristem of the plant. Cells in meristems are disease-free. Therefore, if a plant becomes diseased, it can be cloned using meristem cells. Animal Cloning In addition to cloning plants, scientists have been able to clone many animals. All of a clone s chromosomes come from one parent, the donor of the nucleus. This means that the clone is genetically the same as its parent. The first mammal cloned was a sheep named Dolly. Steps in Cloning Dolly The first step in cloning Dolly was to remove cells from a sheep, as shown in the figure on the next page. DNA was then removed from an unfertilized egg of a second sheep. In a laboratory, the cells were fused, or combined, and the new cell had the DNA from the first sheep. The cell developed into an embryo. The embryo was then placed in a third sheep. The cloned sheep developed inside the third sheep and was later born. 64 Reproduction of Organisms Reading Essentials

5 Sheep X Sheep Z Remove cell from sheep X. Fuse cells. Remove unfertilized egg cell from sheep Z. Remove DNA from egg cell. New cell contains only DNA from sheep X. Cell develops into embryo in the laboratory. 8. Identify Circle the two sheep that are genetically identical. Sheep Z Embryo is implanted in sheep Z. Dolly Clone of sheep X Cloning Issues Scientists are working to save some endangered species from extinction by cloning. Some people are concerned about the cost and ethical issues of cloning. Ethical issues include the possibility of human cloning. Advantages of Asexual Reproduction One advantage of asexual reproduction is that an organism can reproduce without a mate. Recall that finding a mate takes time and energy. Another advantage is that some organisms can quickly produce a large number of offspring. For example, crabgrass reproduces by underground stolons. This enables one plant to spread and colonize an area in a short period of time. Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction Asexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically the same as the parent. This results in little genetic variation within a population. Genetic variation can give organisms a better chance of surviving if the environment changes. Imagine that all of the crabgrass plants in a lawn are genetically the same. If a weed killer can kill the parent plant, then it can kill all of the crabgrass plants in the lawn. This might be good for the lawn, but it is a disadvantage for the crabgrass. Another disadvantage involves genetic changes called mutations. A harmful mutation passed to asexually reproduced offspring could affect the offspring s ability to survive. Key Concept Check 9. Compare and contrast the different types of asexual reproduction. Key Concept Check 10. State the advantages of asexual reproduction. Reading Essentials Reproduction of Organisms 65

6 Mini Glossary asexual reproduction: a form of reproduction in which one parent organism produces offspring without meiosis and fertilization budding: a form of asexual reproduction that occurs when a new organism grows by mitosis and cell division on the body of its parent cloning: a type of asexual reproduction performed in a laboratory that produces identical individuals from a cell or from a cluster of cells taken from a multicellular organism fission: cell division in prokaryotes that forms two genetically identical cells regeneration: a form of asexual reproduction that occurs when an offspring grows from a piece of its parent vegetative reproduction: a form of asexual reproduction in which offspring grow from a part of a parent plant 1. Review the terms and their definitions in the Mini Glossary. Write a sentence that compares regeneration and vegetative reproduction. 2. Fill in the spider map below with the different types of asexual reproduction. Use terms from the Mini Glossary. fission What do you think Reread the statements at the beginning of the lesson. Fill in the After column with an A if you agree with the statement or a D if you disagree. Did you change your mind? Asexual Reproduction 3. How did discussing what you learned from each paragraph with another student help you learn about asexual reproduction? ConnectED budding Log on to ConnectED.mcgraw-hill.com and access your textbook to find this lesson s resources. END OF LESSON 66 Reproduction of Organisms Reading Essentials