Response'of'Corn%to#Starter&Fertilizer&!# Research(Update#
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1 Purdue&University&Department&of&Agronomy& Soil%Fertility%Update% & 16&March&2016& URL:& Response'of'Corn%toStarter&Fertilizer&! Research(Update AgronomyDepartment,PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,IN% Starterfertilizeristheplacementoffertilizernearorwiththeseedatplanting. Traditionalstarterfertilizerplacementhasbeentwoinchesbelowandtwoinchestothe sideoftheseedandistermed2x2placement.wheninthisposition,theseedlingroots encounterthefertilizershortlyafteremergence.differentstarterfertilizerplacements, positionedbothverticallyandhorizontallyfromtheseed,arepossible.inofurrowfertilizer, oftenreferredtoaspopoup,isanalternativeto2x2placementthatinvolveslesshardware, cost,andloweramountsoffertilizer.placementwiththeseedmayresultinearliernutrient utilizationbytheplantthan2x2placement. Inpreviousresearch,starterfertilizeroftenacceleratedtheearlygrowthofcorn, resultingintallercornandmoredrymatter.sometimesearlygrowthresponsesresultedin increasedgrainyield,butsometimestheydidnot.grainmoisturewassometimeslower withstarterfertilizerthanwithout,evenwhengrainyieldwasunaffected. Somesuggestthatstarterfertilizerismostlikelytoincreasecornyieldunderthe followingconditions:noorlimitedtillage,earlyplantingintocoldsoils,hybridswithslowo growingroots,cornfollowingcornoranothercropleavingbehindlargeamountsoflow nitrogen(n)residue,lowsoillevelsofnutrients[nandphosphorus(p)inparticular],and highyieldconditions(perhapsunderirrigation).unfortunatelyevenwiththeseconditions apositiveandprofitableresponsetostarterfertilizerisnotensured.itislikelysomeofthe factorsinfluencingcornresponsetostarterfertilizerareyetunknown. Our&research&question& Theobjectiveofourresearchistounderstandhowstarterfertilizersaffectcrop growthanddevelopmentandtheimpactofearlyoseasonbenefitsofstarterfertilizerson grainyield.additionallywewanttobetterdefinethesoil,weather,andmanagement factorsthataffectcorngrainyieldresponsetostarterfertilizerandtoquantifythe frequencyandmagnitudeoftheresponse. WegratefullyacknowledgetheIndianaCornMarketingCouncilforpartialfundingsupportofthisproject,thePurdue CropDiagnosticTraining&ResearchCenterforgraduatestudentsupport,DuPontPioneerfordonationoftheseed,and A&LGreatLakesLaboratoriesfordiscountedsoilandplantanalyses.WearealsothankfultoourPurdueAgCenter personnelfortheirexcellentassistanceinconductingthefieldresearch.
2 How&we&did&our&trials& Weconductedstarterfertilizertrialsin2014(3)and2015 (3)atseveralPurdueAgriculturalcenters(circledatright). Ourtreatmentswerenostarterfertilizer(Control),popOup (PU),25pounds(lbs.)ofactualNperacrein2X2placement (LoSt),PU&LoStforatotalof25lbs.ofactualNperacre,and50 lbs.ofactualnperacrein2x2placement(hist).thepopoup fertilizersourcewas3gallonsperacreofammonium polyphosphate(app;10o34o0)equalto3.4lbs.actualn.the2x2 fertilizersourcewasacombinationofureaammoniumnitrate (UAN;28O0O0)andAPPresultinginananalysisof19O17O0or21O 11O0dependentonlocation. TheapplicationrateofsidedressNwasadjustedfortheamountofNappliedat plantingsothatthetotalamountofnappliedwasthesameacrossalltreatments,butp fertilizerrateswerenotadjusted.soiltestplevelswereadequateateachlocation, rangingfrom27to34ppmbray1op.hybridsadaptedtoeachlocationwereseededat 33,000plantsperacreusingcommercialcornplantersequippedwithboth2x2and popupfertilizerapplicatorattachments. Individualplotswere12rows(30Oinchspacing)wideand350to2,000feetlongand replicated4to6timesdependentonthefieldsizeateachlocation.plotswere sidedressedusingcommercialapplicatorsbeforetheplantsexceeded20inchestall.plots wereharvestedwithcommercialcombinesandgrainyieldandmoisturewereestimated withcalibratedyieldmonitorsatalllocations. In2015wealsodocumentedtheearlyOseasoncropresponsebydetermininggrowth stageeveryweekto10daysuptosilkinganddeterminingcropheight,drymatter,and nutrientuptakeataboutthev7growthstagejustbeforesidedressing. What&we&found& Cropgrowthresponsestostarterfertilizerwere similaratalllocations.plantheightanddrymatter increasedbyanaverageof49and140%respectivelywhen comparingthecontrolwithhisttreatment.otherstarter fertilizertreatmentswereintermediateintheireffectson heightanddrymatter.theaerialphotofromsepac illustratesthevisibledifferencesingrowthfromstarter fertilizertreatmentsonjune23(8to9leafcollars). Starterfertilizeracceleratedtheappearanceofleaf collarsfromasearlyas2collaredleavesthroughlate vegetativegrowth.sepacisshownasanexample(fig.&1), butalllocationshadsimilarresponses.differencesin collaredleavesamongstarterfertilizertreatments continuedtoincreasethroughoutthesamplingperiod. & StarterFertilizer Page2
3 Figure&1.&Starter&fertilizer&effects&on&the&average&number&of&leaf&collars&at&SEPAC&in& 2015.&Starter&fertilizer&treatments&had&statistically&greater&leaf&collar&number&at&all& sampling&dates.&similar&results&were&obtained&at&the&other&locations.& WhenplantsintheControlhadabout10O12leafcollars,theHiSttreatmentwas approximately2leafcollarsmoreadvanced(fig.&2).theotherstarterfertilizertreatments hadintermediateeffectsontherateofleafcollarappearance. Figure&2.&Starter&fertilizer&effects&on&the&average&number&of&leaf&collars&at&three& Purdue&Agricultural&Centers&(PACs)&on&the&second&to&last&sampling&date&in&2015.& Within&a&PAC,&bars&topped&by&the&same&letter&are&statistically&similar.&& & StarterFertilizer Page3
4 Asaresultofthefasterleafcollarappearance,plantswithstarterfertilizerreached tasseling(vt)andsilking(r1)earlierthenplantswithoutstarter(fig.&3).differences amongthetreatmentsvariedtosomeextentbylocation,butgenerallythepu&lostand HiSttreatmentshadthegreatestpercentageofplantsatVT/R1,LoStwasintermediate,and thecontrolandputreatmentshadthelowestpercentage. Fig.&3.&&Starter&fertilizer&effects&on&the&percentage&of&plants&with&tassels&(VT)&and/or& silks&(r1)& at& three& Purdue& Agricultural& Centers&(PACs)& in& 2015.& Within& a& PAC,& bars& topped&by&the&same&letter&are&statistically&similar. Grainmoistureatharvestaveraged0.5,1.1,1.6,and1.7percentagepointsdrierthan thenostartercontrolinthepu,lost,pu&lost,andhisttreatments,respectively (averagedoveralllocationsin2014and2015).thedriergrainatharvestwaslikelydueto thoseplotsmaturingsomewhatearlierinthefallwhenthetemperatureswerealsoslightly warmer,bothofwhichfavormorerapidfielddrydownofgrain. Althoughstarterfertilizerproducedconsistentenhancementsofearlyseasongrowth anddevelopmentanddriergrain,apositivegrainyieldresponseoccurredatonlyone locationeachyear(fig.&4). AtSEPAC2014,HiSthadthehighestyield(215bu/ac)ofalltreatments.Grainyield wasgreaterwithlost(208bu/ac)andpu&lost(209bu/ac)thanwithpu(198bu/ac)or thecontrol(196bu/ac).thepuandcontroltreatmentyieldsdidnotdiffer.inthesecond yearatsepac(2015),starterfertilizerdidnotincreasegrainyield(avg.of203bu/ac) despitetheacceleratedgrowth,earliersilking,andlowergrainmoistureatharvestseenin AtNEPAC2015,grainyieldwasincreasedbyallstarterfertilizertreatmentsin comparisontothecontrol(162bu/ac).yieldwas168,172,174,and177bu/acforpu, LoST,PU&LoSt,andHiSt,respectively,withPUdifferingfromHiStbutnodifferences amongtheothertreatments. StarterFertilizer Page4
5 Fig.& 4.&& Starter& fertilizer& effects& on& grain& yield& at& three& Purdue& Agricultural& Centers& (PACs)&in&2014&and&2015.&Within&a&year&and&a&PAC,&bars&topped&by&the&same&letter,&or& by&no&letter,&are&statistically&similar.& & StarterFertilizer Page5
6 Summary& Starterfertilizertreatments,comparedtoanostarterControl,consistentlyincreased earlyoseasonplantheightanddrymatterandacceleratedplantdevelopmentresultingin earliersilkinganddriergrainatharvest.theseeffectsweresimilaracrosslocations varyingintillage,plantingdate,andyieldlevel.theeffectivenessofthestartertreatments increasedintheorderofincreasingnandpapplicationrates, PU<LoSt PU&LoSt<HiSt. Despitetheconsistentincreasesinplantgrowthanddevelopmentandgrainmoisture atalllocationsresultingfromstarterfertilizer,increasedyieldonlyoccurredat2of6 locations.bothresponsivelocations(sepac2014andnepac2015)werenootillage. However,cornyieldatthesameSEPAClocationin2015(samefield,samenoOtillage,same hybrid)didnotrespondtostarterfertilizer. Future&intentions& Factorsthoughttoinfluencecornresponsetostarterfertilizerincludesoil temperature,thedifferencebetweenairandsoiltemperature,soilnutrientlevel,soil strength,hybridrootingpatternandvigor,seasonalrainfall,irrigation,andgeneralyield level.wewillconductadditionalstudiesoverthenextfewyearstobetterquantifyand understandthevariationincornresponsetostarterfertilizer. It is the policy of the Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service that all persons have equal opportunityandaccesstoitseducationalprograms,services,activities,andfacilitieswithoutregardtorace, religion, color, sex, age, national origin or ancestry, marital status, parental status, sexual orientation, disabilityorstatusasaveteran.purdueuniversityisanaffirmativeactioninstitution.thismaterialmaybe availableinalternativeformats. StarterFertilizer Page6
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