11/10/13. Sex and Gender. ! Sex$refers$to$the$biological$differences$ between$male$and$female.$ SEX AND GENDER
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1 Sex and Gender! Sex$refers$to$the$biological$differences$ between$male$and$female.$ SEX AND GENDER! Gender refers to the social classification of masculine and feminine.! Gender is culturally constructed and extraordinarily diverse 1
2 HIJRAS OF INDIA! The hijras are an ambiguous gender role in India. HIJRAS OF INDIA! Hijras consider genital removal an act of devotion to the Hindu Mother Goddess (Parvati).! Not considered male or female but rather as a third gender! Their presence is required at weddings and at the birth of a child. BEYOND MALE AND FEMALE! Many societies recognize multiple genders! Mahu of Polynesia! Xanith of Oman on the Saudi Arabian peninsula! Two-spirit of Native American tribes! Kathoey of Thailand 2
3 GENDER NORMS! Women are more emotionally expressive.! Women are more sensitive to others' feelings.! Women are more obsessed with having children.! Women express their feelings without constraint, except for anger! Women pay more attention to body language! Women express more love, fear, and sadness! Men are more concerned with sex! Men are overwhelmed by women's expressions of emotion.! Men express more anger! Men are stoic! Men show emotion to communicate dominance. CULTURAL CONSTRUCTION OF GENDER! The idea that gender characteristics are not inborn but constructed within each culture.! A society s gender ideology is its totality of ideas about sex, gender and the natures of men and women, including their sexuality, and the relations between the genders. SEXUALITY AND CULTURE! Sexual norms affect sexual behavior.! Cultures differ in:! Age that sexuality begins and ends.! Ways people make themselves attractive.! Importance of sexual activity. Kayan woman from Burma 3
4 CULTURAL SEXUAL BEHAVIORS! Before the Tahitians learned to kiss from the Europeans, they began sexual intimacy by sniffing. SEXUAL BEHAVIORS! The Trobriand islanders inspected each other for lice if they felt fond of each other.! before Malinowski! ESKIMO KISSES! Eskimos kisses (kunik) is a form of greeting for all people who have affection for each other 4
5 HOMOSEXUALITY AND CULTURE! In the United States, consistent heterosexuality is considered essential to masculine identity.! Adolescent boys among the Sambia have homosexual relations as part of initiation but enter heterosexual marriages as adults. INIS BEAG (LITTLE ISLAND)! Fun facts:! Sexual activity is avoided unless for procreation! No sex education! Menstruation, menopause, breast feeding are all considered disgusting! Kissing or holding hands is considered too sexual! Married couples only have sex while wearing clothes! Bathing is also rare! Average age at marriage for men (36) and women (25) is one of the highest in the world! Dogs are beaten for licking genitals Mangaia$of$Polynesia$! Adolescent$boys$are$given$sexual$instruc=on$and$an$ experience$with$a$woman$in$the$village.$! 5
6 GENDER STRATIFICATION! The ways gendered activities and attributes are related to the distribution of resources, prestige, and power in a society.! In PATRIARCHIES men are identified with public, prestigious economic and political roles. GENDER RELATIONS Patriarchy! Male dominance, was considered initially considered almost universal Matriarchy! Female dominance, very rare in a pure form Foraging " Horticulture " Agriculture Egalitarian " Patriarchal GENDER RELATIONS IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY! In the United States, the view that women should be excluded from all but domestic and childrearing roles has been culturally dominant, and remains so among many Americans. 6
7 FEMALE GENITAL OPERATIONS! Approximately 100 million females in the world, mainly in Africa and the Middle East, undergo some form of female genital operations. FEMALE GENITAL OPERATIONS! The practices vary from a ritualized drawing of blood, to the removal of almost all of the genitals, stitching together the wound, and leaving only a small opening for urine and menstrual flow, sometimes called female genital mutilation. TYPES OF GENITAL OPERATIONS! Type 1 Partial removal of the clitoris! Type 2 Complete removal of clitoris! Type 3 Complete removal of all the labia minora and the labia majora is sewn shut with only a small opening for urine and menstrual fluid. (Infibulation)! Type 4 Scaring, burning, cutting external genitalia 7
8 FEMALE GENITAL OPERATIONS! Where traditionally practiced, female genital operations are viewed as essential gender rites.! They are intended to preserve a girl s virginity before marriage, to symbolize her role as a marriageable member of society, and to emphasize her moral and economic value to her patrilineage.! Scientific evidence demonstrates that female genital cutting raises the likelihood of a woman s death in childbirth by more than 50%. MAIN EMIC EXPLANATIONS! Because we have always done things this way! Because god/goddess/gods/goddesses told us to do it this way 8
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