Unit 1 Biological Diversity Topic 1.1 Examining Diversity. Text p. 3-15

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1 Topic 1.1 Examining Diversity. Text p Variation to the MAX! Biologists have identified over species of animals and over species of plants. The most successful life form is What is Biodiversity? The Species Distribution Species on this planet are not distributed evenly The greatest number of plant species can be found around the equator. Why? The greatest biodiversity is found in the The least amount of biodiversity is found in the Classifying Diversity Scientists classify animals based on and it follows a specific hierarchy. Classifying Diversity o Linnaeus developed a system in the 18 th century we still use today o Every scientist in the world uses this system so language is not a barrier o 2 words identify each organism o followed by o no two species have the same name Topic 1.2 Interdependence Text p Interdependence No species can Each species is dependent on many other species in its environment in order to survive and prosper represent different types of relationships between and among organisms with a particular environment

2 SYMBIOSIS Break it down sym meaning bios meaning An association between There are several different types of symbiosis which are determined by whether the organisms benefit from or are harmed by the relationship. 1. Commensalism One of the organisms E.g.: 2. Mutualism Both organisms E.g.: 3. Parasitism One organism The parasite usually doesn t kill the host because the host is the parasite s source of food E.g. Competition Happens when Helps Niche The It includes A niche for an eg: Niche occupied by a population in one area may not be the same as that in a different area because the food supply and competitors may be different Broad Niches (Generalists) Usually Organisms with broad niches can In Canada we have lots of broad niche species but not a lot of different kinds of species. Narrow Niches (Specialists) Usually occur in These organisms do not fare Many diverse species but There is less competition among these organisms because they have their own specialized niche.

3 Topic 1.3 Variation within species Text p Variation In order to have biological diversity we need variation. Variation is o immunity, hair colour, Extremely important if Why is VARIATION important? The Influenza Outbreak killed Canadians and over 25 million people worldwide. Why didn t it kill EVERYONE? Helps decrease the A more Improves the chances of The Trap of Specialization A specialist is The specialist species has However, these species Structural Adaptation: Behavioural Adaptation: Charles Darwin developed a theory of artificial selection happening naturally in the environment over time. He studied the Galapagos finches and came up with his Theory of Natural Selection and Evolution A major with natural selection is organisms -. Natural selection takes and does not grant organisms with what they need.

4 Topic 2.1 A Closer Look at Variation Text p Inherited vs. Non-Inherited Characteristics INHERITED Genetic material is combined during sexual reproduction Includes: NON-INHERITED Includes: Inherited traits can be either DISCRETE: CONTINUOUS Height, weight, shoe size, skin or hair colour Changing Genetic Information Mutagens are things that cause mutations to occur X-rays, UV rays, chemicals Mutations are not always bad, they increase variation within a species Nature vs. Nurture Some variations are influenced by NON-inherited Height or weight affected by diet Scars, injuries, clothing, hairstyle, cosmetic surgery change characteristics but don t change Asexual Reproduction Involves All offspring There are 4 types of asexual reproduction 1. Binary Fission A cell Only Bacteria, Topic 2.2 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction Text p

5 2. Budding Parent produces a 3. Spore Production Similar to seeds Produced by One parent Fungi, 4. Vegetative Reproduction Plant reproduction that Cuttings - cut of piece, Runners or suckers - grows Tubers - ALL of the offspring in ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION are to the parent Sexual Reproduction Usually involves Offspring have a Does not always Relies on Sexual Reproduction in Animals Male gametes - Female gametes - Sperm and egg unite to form a The zygote Embryo develops in one of two ways Inside Outside Reproduction in Plants Gametes are still involved Most plants produce Male gametes Female gametes

6 Fertilization or pollination can occur in TWO ways 1. SELF-pollination: 2. CROSS-pollination Cross fertilization happens when a grain of pollen forms a long tube which goes down into the style and into the ovary This usually happens inside a seed and Plants produced by cross-fertilization are not identical to either parent Advantages of Asexual Reproduction Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction In what type of conditions would asexual reproduction be best? Advantages of Sexual Reproduction Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction Some plants reproduce BOTH sexually AND asexually! Plants: Aphid females produce female young asexually during growing season and near end of the season they reproduce sexually and lay eggs

7 Topic 3.1 DNA -Transmitter Text p DNA: The Secret of Life Deoxyribonucleic acid ALL living organisms DNA is the material Looks like a ladder that is Sides of the ladder made of Rungs (most important part) are made of four compounds Guanine (G), A always pairs with T G always pairs with C Their arrangement Approximately 3 billion pairs in a human s DNA Chromosomes Because there are so many It is WAY too long to be efficiently used in one piece Imagine you went to a library and instead of a number of small books there was just one long book! What would some problems with this library be? The DNA is arranged into Human cells have Not all organisms have the same number (dogs - 78, cats - 38, gold fish - 94, cauliflower - 18) Genes What does a gene do? (Think back to recessive / dominant) Pairing of Located Can be different from one another Each chromosome Remember Topic 3.2 Cell Division Text p Cell Division Recall : Asexual Reproduction What is the final product in asexual reproduction? An individual who is But if you split an organism in half, won t each cell only have ½ the genetic material when they need ALL of it? Before they split, the DNA is, allowing each cell to have the full amount of DNA in a process called

8 A type of cell division that produces The daughter cells retain the same as the parent cell Mitosis Mitosis A type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells from one parent cells The daughter cells retain the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parent cell Different Autosomal body cells But that doesn t work for humans! If we had two cells come together (eggs and sperm) and both contained 46 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would there be? There is another process that allows the eggs and sperm to have Meiosis Meiosis A type of cell division that produces cells with only This type of cell division The daughter cells retain only HALF the number and kinds of the mother cell There are Topic 3.3 Patterns of Inheritance Text p How do we know which traits will get passed on from which parent? Since there are TWO gametes each trait is paired up Each gamete carries information stored in an allele Genes are classified as either 2 dominant 2 recessive 1 dominant & 1 recessive Gene Code Trait that Shows Up Frequency Frequency Frequency DOES NOT indicate whether a trait is dominant or recessive Dwarfism is a DOMINANT trait and yet is very infrequent Brown hair is DOMINANT and occurs quite often

9 Patterns of Inheritance Definitions Purebred: Rhino that carries only genes for brown is a purebred brown rhino Hybrid: Purebred brown rhino breeds with a purebred blue rhino Examples b b B bb BB B All the baby rhinos will be Two hybrid rhinos are mated: B B b Bb Bb b The baby rhinos will be On Your Own 1. Draw the Punnet Square for a Hybrid (Bb) and a Purebred Dominant (BB) Mating. What are the possible offspring? 2. Draw the Punnet Square for a Purebred Recessive (bb) and a purebred recessive (b) mating. What are the possible offspring? Sometimes you have incomplete Red flower mates with a white flower to form a pink flower

10 Topic 4.1 Reduction of Biological Diversity Text p Extinction: What are some natural causes the extinction of species? o o o Extirpation: Extinction and extirpation When an organism disappears locally or globally many other species are affected What are some human activities that may cause a species to become extinct? 1. Destroying habitats through: 2. Health effects caused by 3. Introduction of species 4. Over-hunting A helps us to determine on an ecosystem The Population Explosion The Earth population is growing at a rapid rate The impact is not shared equally around the globe Hardest hit Topic 4.2 Selecting Desirable Traits Text p Technology & Genetics After human beings began to understand more about DNA they began Long before the science of genetics,. They did this by only allowing certain organisms ( ) to reproduce. It was not always successful but eventually they

11 Artificial Selection The process of individuals with to produce offspring with desired traits. Only those individuals who have the trait are Not only animals, plants too The main difference between artificial selection and natural selection. What kind of attributes would you want to artificially select for in a plant? New technology in Artificial Selection: reproducing cells to grow into identical copies artificially joining the male and female gametes directly altering the DNA of the organism. Topic 4.3 Reducing Our Impact on Biological Diversity Text p Protected Areas National and Restoration of Ecosystems and Species Canada has developed The Role of Zoos in Preserving Biodiversity We have one of the finest zoos in Alberta The Calgary Zoo It is home to over including endangered species such as the whooping crane and Amur Tiger (remember the Planet Earth Video!) Zoos attempt to protect and. Preserving the Biodiversity of Plants o o is one of the largest in the world. Preserve the of many plant species.