Principles of Genetics Biology 204 Marilyn M. Shannon, M.A.
|
|
- Andrew Howard
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Principles of Genetics Biology 204 Marilyn M. Shannon, M.A. Introduction Nature versus nurture is a topic often informally discussed. Are world-class musicians that good because they inherited the right genes, or is it only because of excellent training and diligent practice? In most cases it s a combination of genetic inheritance ( nature ) together with lifestyle practices ( nurture ). But not always. Blue eyes or brown eyes, naturally curly hair or straight hair have little to do with lifestyle and everything to do with inheritance. Actually, many characteristics that are inherited are simply too complex to easily categorize. For example, you may have a higher or lower risk than average for a particular disease, but so many genes affect that risk that only generalities may be made. The term polygenic is used to refer to traits that are determined by many different genes. Many things about your body are determined in a complex way by polygenic inheritance your height, your body build, your skin color, even your tendency to put on weight or not. Again, lifestyle choices diet, exercise, sleep, stress management, and so forth-- also impact many complexly inherited characteristics. On the other hand, certain normal and abnormal traits (characteristics) are inherited in a simple enough way that we can use them to learn basic principles of genetics. Objectives Our goal is to gain understanding of (1) inheritance of male or female sex; (2) dominant versus recessive gene inheritance; (3) co-dominance; (4) multiple genes for the same trait; and (5) sex-linked traits. Suggested reading: Genetics, pages Review The nucleus of human cells houses the genetic material, DNA, which contains the genetic code. DNA strands are composed of a specific sequence of subunits called nucleotides which code for all the amino acids of all the proteins that any cell could make. The chromosomes are the DNA molecules wrapped compactly around protein molecules (Fig. 3.14, p. 54). Human Chromosomes Ordinary human cells have 46 chromosomes, half (23) inherited from the mother and half from the father. However, the 23 chromosomes that a person received from the mother at fertilization are not identical to the 23 that he or she received from the father. They do contain genes that code for the same traits, but the specific details of that trait may vary for example, brown eyes versus blue eyes, dimples versus no dimples, and so forth. For convenience, the first 22 chromosomes are numbered from 1 to 22 and the similar pairs from each parent are called homologous chromosomes. 1
2 Chromosomes 1-22 are known as autologous chromosomes. The last pair are the sex chromosomes (Fig , p. 579). If they are both similar, they are a pair of the X chromosomes, and the embryo will develop as a female. If one is an X chromosome and the other is a very small chromosome called Y, the embryo will develop as a male. 2 Meiosis It s necessary for the male and female gametes, the sperm and ovum, to be haploid cells; that is, with only one set of 23 chromosomes. Why? When sperm meets ovum at fertilization, the newly conceived individual, called a zygote, receives 23 chromosomes from the mother and 23 chromosomes from the father, and now has the diploid number of chromosomes 23 pairs (46 total chromosomes). To become haploid cells with only 23 chromosome, the original diploid cells, spermatogonium and and oogonium, undergo a special cell division called meiosis to generate the sperm and ovum. Each sperm and each ovum ends up with only 23 single chromosomes. These chromosomes are randomly assorted from their own male and female parents genetic material. The process will be taught in lecture. Mitosis Do not confuse meiosis with mitosis, which is the ordinary cell division that occurs during development and throughout life. During mitosis, cells which already have 23 pairs of chromosomes, the diploid number of the human species, divide in such a way that the two resulting cells are also diploid. (The exceptions, of course, are the male and female gametes.) Determination of Sex When the sex chromosomes are both X (XX), the offspring will develop as a female. If the sex chromosomes are XY, the offspring develops as a male (Fig , p. 580). Worksheet Item 1: Make a Punnett square to determine the probability of a couple having boy versus girl children. Dominant Versus Recessive Trait Inheritance The genotype is the record of the genes that the person has for a particular trait. The phenotype is the physical expression of the genotype that which you can observe. Different genotypes can give the same phenotype due to the masking effect of one of a gene pair over another. As a simplified example, you may inherit a gene for blue eyes from one parent and a gene for brown eyes on the homologous (similar) chromosome of the other parent. These different possibilities for the same trait are called alleles, and they actually are found at the same location (locus) on the pair of homologous chromosomes.
3 If the person has an identical pair of genes for the same trait; for example, for brown eyes, he or she is said to be homozygous for the brown-eye trait. If he or she has both genes at that locus for blue eyes, he or she is said to be homozygous for the blue-eye trait. If he or she has inherited one gene for blue eyes and one gene for brown eyes, he or she is heterozygous for eye color. Often the presence of one allele masks the presence of another. If so, the one that is expressed and masks the other is said to be dominant, and the masked trait is recessive. The recessive trait will only be expressed in the phenotype if the person is homozygous for the recessive trait that is, he or she has inherited copies of the recessive trait on both homologous chromosomes. Several genetic errors that cause physical problems or diseases are recessive traits. Albinism is an example of a recessive trait. It is caused by the inherited inability to make the pigment melanin in the skin, eyes, and hair. This inability to make melanin is due to an error in the gene that codes for the enzyme which makes melanin. Without the correct genetic information, the enzyme is nonfunctional. Recall that genes are the segments of DNA that code for one protein, and that all enzymes are proteins (Fig.3.22, p. 60). If a person has the normal allele for normal melanin, it is dominant over the allele for albinism. Why? One gene for making the required enzyme is enough for cells that produce melanin. To have the albinism phenotype, the individual must inherit two recessive genes for albinism, one from each parent (Fig , p. 581). By convention the dominant allele is given a capital letter, such as A. The recessive allele is given the lower-case letter, a. The heterozygous person, who does not have the albino phenotype (appearance), is called a carrier. He or she would have the genotype Aa. He or she carries one recessive gene, which is not expressed. Worksheet Item 2: Try several Punnet squares with parents with different genotypes to find out the probability of their offspring having the trait, carrying the trait, or neither having nor carrying the trait. AA x AA AA x aa AA x Aa Aa x Aa Aa x aa aa x aa Phenylketonuria and cystic fibrosis are two rare, serious, but treatable genetic disorders that are inherited in the same way that albinism is, as recessive traits. Phenylketonuria is the result of an inheritable genetic mutation that makes a particular liver enzyme nonfunctional. Cystic fibrosis is the result of a genetic mutation in a channel protein that normally transports chloride ion out of cells. (See Clinical Impact: Cystic Fibrosis, p. 51) Again, since genes code for proteins, the genetic errors result in poor- or nonfunctioning proteins. But one normal gene is enough for a person to be be free of the disease, though a carrier. 3
4 4 Worksheet Item 3: For phenylketonuria, make a Punnett square that shows how two parents without phenylkeonuria can have a child that has the disease, and the probability that such parents will have a child with the disease. Use P for the normal allele, and p for the abnormal allele. For cystic fibrosis, make a Punnett square showing one parent who does not have the disease but is a carrier, and one parent that is a normal non-carrier. What is the probability that they will have children who are non-carriers, carriers, or who have the disease themselves? Use C for the normal gene and c for the gene that carries this genetic defect. Co-dominance In some cases, both alleles are expressed in the phenotype; that is, one allele does not dominate the other. The A and B of blood types are a good example. A and B stand for particular antigens on the surface of red blood cells. If a person inherits the gene for A from one parent and the gene for B from the other, his red blood cells will have both A and B antigens, and he will have AB blood (Fig , p. 309). Worksheet Item 4: Make a Punnett square with two parents with AB blood. What is the probability that their children will have A, B, or AB blood? Multiple Alleles At one locus, a person can only have two alleles, one inherited from each parent on the homologous chromosomes. But in the human population, there may be more than two possible alleles for that trait. ABO blood grouping is an example of three possible alleles for a locus. Moreover, even though A and B are co-dominant, both A and B are each dominant over O. Worksheet Item 5: What is the phenotype for the following? AA, AB, BB, AO, BO, OO Make a Punnett square for two parents, one AO and the other BO. What are the phenotypes that are possible in their children? What is the probability of each phenotype?
5 Sex-linked Inheritance You may be aware that red-green color-blindness is more common in males than in females. This is true because it is a sex-linked trait. Like most sex-linked traits, it is recessive and is on the X chromosome. The allele for normal vision, C, dominates the allele for color-blindness, c. Therefore a female, with two X chromosomes, must inherit alleles for color-blindness from both parents. In the male, the small Y chromosome does not have a matching locus for the allele. Thus, in the male, if c, the recessive color-blindness allele, is carried on the X chromosome, it will be expressed in the phenotype of color-blindness, since there is no other X chromosome to mask it. Worksheet Item 6: Using a Punnett square, try the following matings. Find the probability of children of each sex having color-blindness, being carriers, or being noncarriers with normal vision. 5 XCXC x XCY XCXC x XCY XCXC x XCY XCXC x XcY XCXC x XCY XCXC x XcY Classic hemophilia is also a sex-linked, recessive trait (Fig , p. 581). Are there any genes on the Y chromosome? Yes, the genes that express male development are on the Y chromosome. Polygenic Inheritance As stated in the introduction, many traits involve the expression of several different genes on different chromosomes. Skin color (Fig , p. 582) is one example. Just for Fun Some common genetic traits are thought to be simply inherited as dominant or recessive though like so many other traits, be aware that these may actually be polygenic.. Refer to the photographs of these traits provided in lab. Dominant Dimples Widow s peak Straight thumb Unattached ear lobes Recessive no dimples straight hairline curved thumb attached ear lobes See if your classmates demonstrate these traits.
Genes and Inheritance (11-12)
Genes and Inheritance (11-12) You are a unique combination of your two parents We all have two copies of each gene (one maternal and one paternal) Gametes produced via meiosis contain only one copy of
More informationNormal enzyme makes melanin (dark pigment in skin and hair) Defective enzyme does not make melanin
Genetics Supplement (These supplementary modules, a Genetics Student Handout, and Teacher Preparation Notes with suggestions for implementation are available at http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/sci_edu/waldron/#genetics.
More information2. Circle the genotypes in the table that are homozygous. Explain how the two different homozygous genotypes result in different phenotypes.
Genetics Supplement (These supplementary modules, a Genetics Student Handout, and Teacher Preparation Notes with background information are available at http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/sci_edu/waldron/#genetics.
More informationGENETICS NOTES. Chapters 12, 13, 14, 15 16
GENETICS NOTES Chapters 12, 13, 14, 15 16 DNA contains the genetic code for the production of PROTEINS. A gene is a segment of DNA, which consists of enough bases to code for many different proteins. The
More informationGenetics and Diversity Punnett Squares
Genetics and Diversity Punnett Squares 1 OUTCOME QUESTION(S): S1-1-12: How are the features of the parents inherited to create unique offspring? Vocabulary & Concepts Allele Dominant Recessive Genotype
More informationGenetics Practice Questions:
Genetics Practice Questions: 1. Define the following Vocabulary Words: Fertilization fusion of a haploid nucleus of an egg cell and a haploid nucleus of a sperm cell haploid-- a nucleus containing a single
More informationHuman Inheritance Lesson 4
Human Inheritance Lesson 4 May 10 6:55 PM What are some patterns of human inheritance? What are the functions of the sex chromosomes? May 10 6:56 PM 1 I. What are some patterns of human inheritance A.
More informationMeiosis and Genetics
Meiosis and Genetics Humans have chromosomes in each cell What pattern do you notice in the human karyotype (a technique that organizes chromosomes by type and size)? Humans are diploid 1 Gametes are produced
More informationGenetics 1 by Drs. Scott Poethig, Ingrid Waldron, and. Jennifer Doherty, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Copyright, 2011
Genetics 1 by Drs. Scott Poethig, Ingrid Waldron, and. Jennifer Doherty, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Copyright, 2011 We all know that children tend to resemble their parents in appearance.
More informationLecture 13: May 24, 2004
Lecture 13: May 24, 2004 CH14: Mendel and the gene idea *particulate inheritance parents pass on discrete heritable units *gene- unit of inheritance which occupies a specific chromosomal location (locus)
More informationMendelian Genetics and Beyond Chapter 4 Study Prompts
Mendelian Genetics and Beyond Chapter 4 Study Prompts 1. What is a mode of inheritance? 2. Can you define the following? a. Autosomal dominant b. Autosomal recessive 3. Who was Gregor Mendel? 4. What did
More informationHeredity and Genetics (8%)
I. Basic Vocabulary a. G Phase Heredity and Genetics (8%) M G2 i. Chromosomes: Threadlike linear strands of DNA and associated proteins in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells that carry the genes and functions
More informationGuided Notes: Simple Genetics
Punnett Squares Guided Notes: Simple Genetics In order to determine the a person might inherit, we use a simple diagram called a o Give us of an offspring having particular traits Pieces of the Punnett
More informationChapter 17 Genetics Crosses:
Chapter 17 Genetics Crosses: 2.5 Genetics Objectives 2.5.6 Genetic Inheritance 2.5.10.H Origin of the Science of genetics 2.5.11 H Law of segregation 2.5.12 H Law of independent assortment 2.5.13.H Dihybrid
More informationName Date Class. Main Idea. Human traits are controlled by single genes with two alleles, single genes with... a. b. c.
Modern Genetics Name Date Class Modern Genetics Guided Reading and Study Human Inheritance This section explains some patterns of inheritance in humans. It also describes the functions of the sex chromosomes
More informationIntroduction to Genetics and Heredity
Introduction to Genetics and Heredity Although these dogs have similar characteristics they are each unique! I. Early Ideas About Heredity A. The Theory of Blending Inheritance Each parent contributes
More informationTwo copies of each autosomal gene affect phenotype.
UNIT 3 GENETICS LESSON #34: Chromosomes and Phenotype Objective: Explain how the chromosomes on which genes are located can affect the expression of traits. Take a moment to look at the variety of treats
More informationGENETICS PREDICTING HEREDITY
GENETICS PREDICTING HEREDITY INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS Genetics is the scientific study of heredity Heredity is essentially the study of how traits are passed from parents to their offspring. GREGOR MENDEL
More informationHuman Genetic Disorders
Human Genetic Disorders HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES Human somatic cells have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes 23 are inherited from the mother and 23 from the father HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES Autosomes o Are
More information40 Bell Work Week 8 5/12 41 Genetic Notes 5/12 42 Bill Nye Video & Questions 5/12
40 Bell Work Week 8 5/12 41 Genetic Notes 5/12 42 Bill Nye Video & Questions 5/12 1. I am available after school on Wed. and Thurs. this week. 2. Quiz Friday over genetic material 3. Last day to turn in
More informationMONOHYBRID CROSSES WITH DOMINANT TRAITS
HEREDITY WORKSHEET Name: MONOHYBRID CROSSES WITH DOMINANT TRAITS 1. The table below indicates dominant and recessive traits in corn plants. Refer to this information for questions 1 7. Dominant Tall (T)
More informationPatterns of Inheritance
Patterns of Inheritance Mendel the monk studied inheritance keys to his success: he picked pea plants he focused on easily categorized traits he used true-breeding populations parents always produced offspring
More informationUNIT IV. Chapter 14 The Human Genome
UNIT IV Chapter 14 The Human Genome UNIT 2: GENETICS Chapter 7: Extending Medelian Genetics I. Chromosomes and Phenotype (7.1) A. Two copies of each autosomal gene affect phenotype 1. Most human traits
More informationGenetics 1. How do genes influence our characteristics?
Genetics 1 This activity will focus on the question: How do genes contribute to the similarities and differences between parents and their children? This question can be divided into two parts: How do
More informationHow do genes influence our characteristics?
Genetics Supplement 1 This activity will focus on the question: How do genes contribute to the similarities and differences between parents and their children? This question can be divided into two parts:
More informationInheritance. Children inherit traits from both parents.
Have you ever been told you have your mother s eyes or your father s smile? Have you ever noticed you share your grandfather s eye color or possibly your grandmother s curly hair, and yet your parents
More informationUNIT 6 GENETICS 12/30/16
12/30/16 UNIT 6 GENETICS III. Mendel and Heredity (6.3) A. Mendel laid the groundwork for genetics 1. Traits are distinguishing characteristics that are inherited. 2. Genetics is the study of biological
More informationChapter 11 Introduction to Genetics
Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics 11.1 Gregor Mendel Genetics is the scientific study of heredity How traits are passed from one generation to the next Mendel Austrian monk (1822) Used Pea Plants (crossed
More informationPREDICTING INHERITED TRAITS & PUNNETT SQUARE ANALYSIS
PREDICTING INHERITED TRAITS & PUNNETT SQUARE ANALYSIS GENETICS TERMS AND VOCABULARY DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid. It is the molecule that codes for our traits. CHROMOSOME - A structure found in the nucleus
More informationB-4.7 Summarize the chromosome theory of inheritance and relate that theory to Gregor Mendel s principles of genetics
B-4.7 Summarize the chromosome theory of inheritance and relate that theory to Gregor Mendel s principles of genetics The Chromosome theory of inheritance is a basic principle in biology that states genes
More informationSemester 2- Unit 2: Inheritance
Semester 2- Unit 2: Inheritance heredity -characteristics passed from parent to offspring genetics -the scientific study of heredity trait - a specific characteristic of an individual genes -factors passed
More informationCodominance. P: H R H R (Red) x H W H W (White) H W H R H W H R H W. F1: All Roan (H R H W x H R H W ) Name: Date: Class:
Name: Date: Class: (Exceptions to Mendelian Genetics Continued) Codominance Firstly, it is important to understand that the meaning of the prefix "co is "together" (i.e. cooperate = work together, coexist
More informationMeiotic Mistakes and Abnormalities Learning Outcomes
Meiotic Mistakes and Abnormalities Learning Outcomes 5.6 Explain how nondisjunction can result in whole chromosomal abnormalities. (Module 5.10) 5.7 Describe the inheritance patterns for strict dominant
More informationThe Genetics of Parenthood
The Genetics of Parenthood Introduction Why do people, even closely related people, look slightly different from each other? The reason for these differences in physical characteristics (called phenotype)
More informationDetermination of Genotypes from Phenotypes in Humans
Determination of Genotypes from Phenotypes in Humans NAME DATE An organism can be thought of as a large collection of phenotypes. A phenotype is the appearance of a trait and it determined by genes (genotype).
More informationMendelian Genetics. Activity. Part I: Introduction. Instructions
Activity Part I: Introduction Some of your traits are inherited and cannot be changed, while others can be influenced by the environment around you. There has been ongoing research in the causes of cancer.
More informationBIOL 109L Laboratory five Fall 2018
BIOL 109L Laboratory five Fall 2018 Understanding Genetics and Inheritance Student full name: Introduction: Chromosomes are like a set of books that provide instructions for building and operating an individual.
More informationPedigrees: Genetic Family History
Pedigrees: Genetic Family History - Women are represented with a. - Men are represented with a. - Affected individuals are (individuals who express the trait). C B A D If this is you who are The other
More informationMendelian Genetics. Gregor Mendel. Father of modern genetics
Mendelian Genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern genetics Objectives I can compare and contrast mitosis & meiosis. I can properly use the genetic vocabulary presented. I can differentiate and gather data
More informationGenetic Variation Junior Science
2018 Version Genetic Variation Junior Science http://img.publishthis.com/images/bookmarkimages/2015/05/d/5/c/d5cf017fb4f7e46e1c21b874472ea7d1_bookmarkimage_620x480_xlarge_original_1.jpg Sexual Reproduction
More informationHuman Genetics Notes:
Human Genetics Notes: Human Chromosomes Cell biologists analyze chromosomes by looking at. Cells are during mitosis. Scientists then cut out the chromosomes from the and group them together in pairs. A
More informationReview Packet for Genetics and Meiosis
Name: Date: Block: 1 Review Packet for Genetics and Meiosis Directions: Answer the questions and where indicated, draw a Punnett square and show all work! 1. Who was Gregor Mendel? Where did he live and
More informationMENDELIAN GENETICS. Punnet Squares and Pea Plants
MENDELIAN GENETICS Punnet Squares and Pea Plants Introduction Mendelian laws of inheritance are statements about the way certain characteristics are transmitted from one generation to another in an organism.
More informationLab Activity 36. Principles of Heredity. Portland Community College BI 233
Lab Activity 36 Principles of Heredity Portland Community College BI 233 Terminology of Chromosomes Homologous chromosomes: A pair, of which you get one from mom, and one from dad. Example: the pair of
More informationUnit 5: Genetics Notes
Unit 5: Genetics Notes https://goo.gl/fgtzef Name: Period: Test Date: Table of Contents Title of Page Page Number Date Warm-ups 3-4 Mendelian Genetics Notes 5-6 Mendelian Genetics Lets Practice 7 Monohybrid
More informationChapter 10 Notes Patterns of Inheritance, Part 1
Chapter 10 Notes Patterns of Inheritance, Part 1 I. Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) a. Austrian monk with a scientific background b. Conducted numerous hybridization experiments with the garden pea, Pisum sativum,
More informationWeek 4 Day 1 Lab: MENDELIAN TRAITS and INHERITANCE
Week 4 Day 1 Lab: MENDELIAN TRAITS and INHERITANCE Part 1: Mendelian Traits Alleles are alternative versions of one gene. Alleles are found at the same locus on homologous chromosomes, but may code for
More informationUnit 5 Review Name: Period:
Unit 5 Review Name: Period: 1 4 5 6 7 & give an example of the following. Be able to apply their meanings: Homozygous Heterozygous Dominant Recessive Genotype Phenotype Haploid Diploid Sex chromosomes
More informationUNIT III (Notes) : Genetics : Mendelian. (MHR Biology p ) Traits are distinguishing characteristics that make a unique individual.
1 UNIT III (Notes) : Genetics : endelian. (HR Biology p. 526-543) Heredity is the transmission of traits from one generation to another. Traits that are passed on are said to be inherited. Genetics is
More informationScience Olympiad Heredity
Science Olympiad Heredity Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. A Punnett square shows you all the ways in which can combine. a.
More information1. A homozygous yellow pea plant is crossed with a homozygous green pea plant, Knowing that yellow is the dominant trait for pea plants:
Genetics Homework Bio 120 1. A homozygous yellow pea plant is crossed with a homozygous green pea plant, Knowing that yellow is the dominant trait for pea plants: Y = yellow y = green B) Genotype of yellow
More informationThe Genetics of Parenthood Data Sheet
The Genetics of Parenthood Data Sheet Parents and Child's gender Child's name Fill in data table as you determine each trait described in the Guidebook. Do not simply flip the coin for all traits before
More informationLesson Overview. Human Chromosomes. Lesson Overview. Human Chromosomes
Lesson Overview Karyotypes A genome is the full set of genetic information that an organism carries in its DNA. A study of any genome starts with chromosomes, the bundles of DNA and protein found in the
More informationLabrador Coat Color Similar to coat color in mice: Black lab is BxEx Yellow lab is xxee Chocolate lab is bbex Probable pathway:
Honors Genetics 1. Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) German monk at the Augustine Abbey of St. Thomas in Brno (today in the Czech Republic). He was a gardener, teacher and priest. Mendel conducted experiments
More informationCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 6 Patterns of Inheritance
Chapter 6 Patterns of Inheritance Genetics Explains and Predicts Inheritance Patterns Genetics can explain how these poodles look different. Section 10.1 Genetics Explains and Predicts Inheritance Patterns
More informationNames: Period: Punnett Square for Sex Chromosomes:
Names: Period: Human Variations Activity Background A large variety of traits exist in the human population. The large number of combinations of these traits causes individuals to look unique, or different,
More informationHeredity By Cindy Grigg
Name: Heredity By Cindy Grigg What makes children look like their parents? Sometimes people who are related look very much alike. For example, parents who are tall and red- headed will have children who
More informationGenes and Inheritance
Genes and Inheritance Variation Causes of Variation Variation No two people are exactly the same The differences between people is called VARIATION. This variation comes from two sources: Genetic cause
More informationMitosis and Meiosis. See Mitosis and Meiosis on the class web page
Mitosis and Meiosis Mitosis and Cellular Reproduction. A cell s hereditary material (DNA) is located on chromosomes in the cell s nucleus. In the process called mitosis, a cell s hereditary material is
More informationGenetics. The study of heredity. Father of Genetics: Gregor Mendel (mid 1800 s) Developed set of laws that explain how heredity works
Genetics The study of heredity Father of Genetics: Gregor Mendel (mid 1800 s) Developed set of laws that explain how heredity works Father of Genetics: Gregor Mendel original pea plant (input) offspring
More informationDate Pages Page # 3. Record the color of your beads. Are they homozygous or heterozygous?
1 Patterns of Inheritance Process and Procedures Date Pages 645-650 Page # 3. Record the color of your beads. Are they homozygous or heterozygous? 6. Record the colors of the two beads. Are they homozygous
More informationChapter 9. Patterns of Inheritance. Lectures by Gregory Ahearn. University of North Florida. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 9 Patterns of Inheritance Lectures by Gregory Ahearn University of North Florida Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 9.1 What Is The Physical Basis Of Inheritance? Inheritance occurs when genes
More informationMEIOSIS: Genetic Variation / Mistakes in Meiosis. (Sections 11-3,11-4;)
MEIOSIS: Genetic Variation / Mistakes in Meiosis (Sections 11-3,11-4;) RECALL: Mitosis and Meiosis differ in several key ways: MITOSIS: MEIOSIS: 1 round of cell division 2 rounds of cell division Produces
More informationName period date assigned date due date returned. Human Traits Lab. Introduction Follow the instructions on the power point to complete this activity.
Name period date assigned date due date returned Introduction Follow the instructions on the power point to complete this activity. phenotype (which one do you have) dominant or recessive? possible genotype
More informationGenetics Honors NOtes 2017 SHORT p2.notebook. May 26, 2017
Do Now A man and woman want to predict the chances of their offspring having dimples. The woman is heterozygous for dimples and the man does not have dimples. What is the chance of having a child with
More informationMendelian Genetics. 7.3 Gene Linkage and Mapping Genes can be mapped to specific locations on chromosomes.
7 Extending CHAPTER Mendelian Genetics GETTING READY TO LEARN Preview Key Concepts 7.1 Chromosomes and Phenotype The chromosomes on which genes are located can affect the expression of traits. 7.2 Complex
More informationGenetics & Heredity 11/16/2017
Genetics & Heredity Biology I Turner College & Career High School 2017 Fertilization is the fusion of an egg and a sperm. Purebred (True breeding plants) are plants that were allowed to selfpollinate and
More information12 Biology Revision Notes - Term 3
QCE Biology Year 2016 Mark 0.00 Pages 21 Published Jan 24, 2017 Revision Notes - Term 3 By Sophie (1 ATAR) Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) Your notes author, Sophie. Sophie achieved an ATAR of 1 in 2016
More informationGenetics Test Review
Name: Period: Heterozygous a genotype with 2 different alleles ex:(a) Homozygous a genotype with 2 of the same alleles ex:(, or aa) Dominant lleles that are expressed more often and can cover up another
More informationStudy of genes and traits and how they are passed on.
Mendel Single Trait Experiments _ Genetics _ Biology.mp4 Heredity Study of genes and traits and how they are passed on. Meet the Super Cow [www.keepvid.co Law of Segregation Alleles pairs separate during
More informationSection Objectives: Pedigrees illustrate inheritance. Pedigrees illustrate inheritance
What You ll Learn You will compare the inheritance of recessive and dominant traits in humans. You will analyze the inheritance patterns of traits with incomplete dominance and codominance. You will determine
More information14.1 Human Chromosomes pg
14.1 Human Chromosomes pg. 392-397 Lesson Objectives Identify the types of human chromosomes in a karotype. Describe the patterns of the inheritance of human traits. Explain how pedigrees are used to study
More informationChapter 15 Review Page 1
hapter 15 Review Page 1 1 ased on the results of this cross, you determine that the allele for round eyes is linked to the allele for no tooth. round eyes are dominant to vertical eyes, and the absence
More informationHope you all had a wonderful weekend! Today we are finally getting into Genetics!
Hope you all had a wonderful weekend! Today we are finally getting into Genetics! To prepare for class today, please do the following: Grab one of the activity worksheets off the front table. Widow s Peak
More informationWhat creates variation in the offspring of sexually reproducing organisms?
What creates variation in the offspring of sexually reproducing organisms? 1. genetic recombination during fertilization 2. mitotic division in body cells 62% 3. crossing over in mitosis 4. homologous
More informationStudy of genes and traits and how they are passed on.
Mendel Single Trait Experiments _ Genetics _ Biology.mp4 Heredity Meet the Super Cow [www.keepvid.co Study of genes and traits and how they are passed on. Law of Segregation Alleles pairs separate during
More informationWhat You ll Learn. Genetics Since Mendel. ! Explain how traits are inherited by incomplete dominance
Genetics Since Mendel GLE 0707.4.4 Predict the probable appearance of offspring based on the genetic characteristics of the parents. What You ll Learn! Explain how traits are inherited by incomplete dominance!
More informationLABORATORY #8 -- BIOL 111 Genetics and Inheritance
LABORATORY #8 -- BIOL 111 Genetics and Inheritance You have seen chromosomes in the onion root tip slides we used to examine the cell cycle. What we cannot see are the individual genes on these chromosomes.
More informationGENETICS - NOTES-
GENETICS - NOTES- Warm Up Exercise Using your previous knowledge of genetics, determine what maternal genotype would most likely yield offspring with such characteristics. Use the genotype that you came
More informationGenetics, Mendel and Units of Heredity
Genetics, Mendel and Units of Heredity ¾ Austrian monk and naturalist. ¾ Conducted research in Brno, Czech Republic from 1856-1863 ¾ Curious about how traits were passed from parents to offspring. Gregor
More information12.1 X-linked Inheritance in Humans. Units of Heredity: Chromosomes and Inheritance Ch. 12. X-linked Inheritance. X-linked Inheritance
Units of Heredity: Chromosomes and Inheritance Ch. 12 12.1 in Humans X-chromosomes also have non genderspecific genes Called X-linked genes Vision Blood-clotting X-linked conditions Conditions caused by
More informationReproduction Review YOU ARE EXPECTED TO KNOW THE MEANING OF ALL THE FOLLOWING TERMS:
Reproduction Review YOU ARE EXPECTED TO KNOW THE MEANING OF ALL THE FOLLOWING TERMS: CHROMOSOME GENE DNA TRAIT HEREDITY INTERPHASE MITOSIS CYTOKINESIS ASEXUAL BINARY FISSION CELL CYCLE GENETIC DIVERSITY
More informationName Class Date. Review Guide. Genetics. The fundamental principles of genetics were first discovered by. What type of plant did he breed?.
Name Class Date Review Guide Genetics The fundamental principles of genetics were first discovered by. What type of plant did he breed?. True-breeding parental plants are called the generation. Their hybrid
More informationNeatness 0 1 Accuracy Completeness Lab Class Procedure Total Lab Score
New Paltz High School Science Department Name:... Due Date:... Lab Title:Human Inheritance.&.Pedigree.Analysis..Lab #... Lab Partners: Your Lab Score will be based on the following: Neatness: All labs
More informationGenotype to Phenotype Simulation Booklet. Combining germ cells to create a new baby human
Genotype to Phenotype Simulation Booklet Combining germ cells to create a new baby human 1 A Genetic Simulation Making A Face: Converting Genotype Into Phenotype by Simulating Meiosis and Fertilization
More informationGenetics WS Part 7 Name Part 7: Incomplete Dominance or Codominance
Genetics WS Part 7 Name Part 7: Incomplete Dominance or Codominance In Four o clock flowers the alleles for flower color are both equal therefore neither dominates over the other. We call this condition
More informationMendelian Genetics. Biology 3201 Unit 3
Mendelian Genetics Biology 3201 Unit 3 Recall: Terms Genetics is a branch of biology dealing with the principles of variation and inheritance in animals and plants. Heredity the passing of traits from
More information9/25/ Some traits are controlled by a single gene. Selective Breeding: Observing Heredity
Chapter 7 Learning Outcomes Explain the concept of a single-gene trait Describe Mendel s contributions to the field of genetics Be able to define the terms gene, allele, dominant, recessive, homozygous,
More informationNOTES: : HUMAN HEREDITY
NOTES: 14.1-14.2: HUMAN HEREDITY Human Genes: The human genome is the complete set of genetic information -it determines characteristics such as eye color and how proteins function within cells Recessive
More informationGenetics. by their offspring. The study of the inheritance of traits is called.
Genetics DNA contains the genetic code for the production of. A gene is a part of DNA, which has enough bases to make for many different proteins. These specific proteins made by a gene decide the of an
More informationExtra Review Practice Biology Test Genetics
Mendel fill in the blanks: Extra Review Practice Biology Test Genetics Mendel was an Austrian monk who studied genetics primarily using plants. He started with plants that produced offspring with only
More informationLab Activity Report: Mendelian Genetics - Genetic Disorders
Name Date Period Lab Activity Report: Mendelian Genetics - Genetic Disorders Background: Sometimes genetic disorders are caused by mutations to normal genes. When the mutation has been in the population
More informationChapter 28 Modern Mendelian Genetics
Chapter 28 Modern Mendelian Genetics (I) Gene-Chromosome Theory Genes exist in a linear fashion on chromosomes Two genes associated with a specific characteristic are known as alleles and are located on
More informationName Lab 5-B. Phenotype refers to the expression (what you can see) of a person s genotype.
Name Lab 5-B Lab Objectives: Define the following terms: phenotype, genotype, punnet square, autosomal, dominant and recessive, sex linked, Investigate some common phenotypes and discuss the potential
More informationGenetics. the of an organism. The traits of that organism can then be passed on to, on
Genetics DNA contains the genetic code for the production of. A gene is a segment of DNA, which consists of enough bases to code for many different proteins. The specific proteins produced by a gene determine
More informationYour Vocabulary words-- write into your journal:
HUMAN INHERITANCE Your Vocabulary words-- write into your journal: 1. Multiple alleles: three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait. 2. Sex chromosomes: these carry genes that determine
More informationBiology 12. Mendelian Genetics
Mendelian Genetics Genetics: the science (study) of heredity that involves the structure and function of genes and the way genes are passed from one generation to the next. Heredity: the passing on of
More informationNCEA Science 1.9 Genetic Variation AS 90948
NCEA Science 1.9 Genetic Variation AS 90948 Achievement Criteria Biological ideas relating to genetic variation are limited to concepts and processes connected with: the continuity of life based on the
More informationREVIEW SHEET: Units 11 Meiosis, Fertilization, & Genetics
REVIEW SHEET: Units 11 Meiosis, Fertilization, & Genetics ACP BIOLOGY Textbook Reading: Meiosis & Fertilization (Ch. 11.4, 14.1-2) and Classical Genetics (Ch. 11.1-3) Handouts:! NOTES Meiosis & Fertilization!
More informationUnit 3. Intro. Genetics The branch of biology that deals with variation (differences) and inheritance. Genetics. Sep 6 5:24 PM.
Unit 3.notebook June 03, 2014 Unit 3 Genetics Sep 6 5:24 PM Intro Genetics The branch of biology that deals with variation (differences) and inheritance. Feb 27 1:30 PM Intro Heredity The passing of genetic
More information