Human Reproduction. Male & Female Systems & Menstration

Transcription

1 Human Reproduction Male & Female Systems & Menstration

2 Make a Sperm & Ovum

3 Female Mons Pubis Labia Urethra Perineum Vagina Cervix Uterus Endometrium Fallopian tubes Ovaries Ovum Male Scrotrum Testicle Sperm Epididymis Vas Deferens Seminal Vesicles Prostate Gland Cowper s Gland Ejaculation Semen Seminal Fluid Uretha Urinary Bladder Penis

4 A five year old girl asked the question that every parent dreads, Mommy, how are babies made? The mom did her best to explain, but the daughter still looked confused. But what about kittens? she asked. Well, it is exactly the same way. Mom said. Wow! she said excitedly, My Daddy can do anything!

5 Male Reproductive Organs Male reproductive organs are for intercourse, reproduction, and urination. Bladder Seminal Vesicles Vas Deferens Prostate Cowper s Gland Urethra Epididymis Testicle

6 Male Timeline Infancy Erections begin Ages Secondary sex characteristics appear Ages Sperm produced in adult amounts (puberty) Late teens Peak sexual urges for boys Throughout life If good health is present, there is the sex urge and ability to father children

7 Scrotum (7) A sac-like pouch located behind the penis that holds each testes and helps regulate temperature for sperm production.

8 Testicles or Testes The two testes are small organs that lie in the scrotum and produce sperm and the male hormone testosterone. The testicles are the male sex gland. The testicles are outside the body because the male sperm that is manufactured in the testes need coolerthan-body temperature for normal growth and development. They are the counterpart to the female ovary. Loss of one does not impair the function of the other. Four to five billion sperm cells are produced each month.

9 Testosterone The male reproductive hormone made by the testicles which causes the changes of puberty. This hormone causes secondary sex characteristics, production of sperm and sexual urge. It is produced in the testicles and enters the bloodstream at a fairly constant rate.

10 Sperm The microscopic cells produced by the male's testicles which can fertilize the female's ovum. They are tiny, living cells 100 times smaller than a pencil dot. (the smallest cell in a mans body Enough sperm would fit on the head of a pin to re-populate the earth if each sperm fertilized an egg. It is destroyed by warm body temperature, acidic environment. It can survive in a women s body for 5-8 days. Any sperm not ejaculated are passed in the urine.

11 Swimming for Your Life A sperm is a tiny package with a big responsibility to fertilize the egg and create a human life. So that tiny package is loaded with gear for its important journey. A few facts: Daily sperm production by a healthy man: 10 million to 50 million Contents of average ejaculation: 50 million sperm; 25 million moving; 20 million deformed Maturation: 72 hours Average swimming speed of a sperm: 8 inches per hour

12 Epididymis The structure that forms a mass over the back and upper part of each testes. Sperm are stored there for as long as six weeks while they ripen to maturity.

13 Vas Deferens two long, thin tubes that serve as a passageway for sperm and a place for sperm storage. The contraction of the vas deferens along with the action of the cilia help transport the sperm through the vas deferens.

14 Seminal Vesicles two small glands that secrete a fluid that nourishes and enables the sperm to move.

15 Prostate Gland surround the urethra beneath the bladder. The gland secretes an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acid found in the male urethra and the female reproductive tract. Without the action of the secretions of the prostate gland, many sperm would die and fertilization of an ovum would be impossible.

16 Cowper s Gland Two small pea-sized glands located beneath the prostate gland on both sides of the base of the penis. They secrete a clear, sticky fluid that helps to neutralize the acidity of the urethra.

17 Urethra A dual purpose tube that both semen and urine pass through to leave the body. Semen and urine never mix. Special muscles or sphincters surround the urethra. During urination, one sphincter will relax so that the pressure from the bladder will push urine out from the body. During ejaculation, another sphincter will relax so that semen can flow through the urethra to the outside of the body.

18 Penis The male organ for sexual intercourse, reproduction, and urination. The reproductive purpose of the penis is to deposit semen in the vagina during sexual intercourse. The head of the penis or glans contains many nerve endings. At birth the glans is covered by a loosely fitting skin called the foreskin.

19 Semen: a combination of fluid that is produced in the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowper's gland. This fluid nourishes and helps sperm move through the urethra. Ejaculation: the passage of sperm from the penis, a result of a series of muscular contractions

20 Female Timeline Ages 9-12 Secondary sex characteristics appear Ages Menstrual cycle begins Late s Peak sexual urges Ages Menopause: cycle stops, but sex urge continues

21 Female Reproductive System Female reproductive organs are for intercourse, urination, pregnancy, and childbirth.

22 Female Reproductive Organs Fallopian tube Ovary Uterus Cervix Bladder Pubic bone Urethra Vagina Rectum Vaginal opening

23 Ovaries Two solid egg-shaped structures They are attached to the uterus by ligaments. They are the counterpart of the male testicles. Ovaries have two main functions: 1. Store and release the ova or female egg cell. Some of the ova disappear; others are dormant until each is ripened and released after puberty. 2. Produce female sex hormones ESTROGEN and PROGESTERONE

24 Ova The female reproductive cell. They are the largest cells in the female body. (about the size of a grain of sand.) The female baby is born with all the ova she will ever have (about 200,000 in each ovary). About ova mature and are released over a lifetime

25 Estrogen & Progesterone Estrogen is responsible for the secondary sex characteristics and the sex drive in females. It spurs the onset of puberty and is responsible for OVULATION. Progesterone builds up the lining of the uterus called the endometrium in preparation for the fertilized ovum

26 Ovulation When the egg is released from the ovary. At the age of puberty The ovum moves to the surface of the ovary in bursts out The ova falls into the fallopian tube and waits for fertilization This happens every 28 days It happens at about the 14 th day of the cycle

27 Fallopian Tubes (Oviducts) Two tubes attached on either side of the uterus. They are about four inches long and 3/16 inch in diameter (the size of a cooked spaghetti noodle). The oviducts carry egg cells toward the uterus and sperm cells toward the egg cell. Fertilization takes place in the upper third of the oviduct.

28 Uterus A hollow, muscular organ (shaped somewhat like an upside-down pear, about the size of a fist). The uterus is lined with endometrium (a blood lining) The uterus has one main function to protect and nourish a fetus The walls of the uterus have the ability to stretch to the size of a small watermelon. After childbirth the uterus shrinks back to the original shape in 6-8 weeks, but it can take up to nine months for the uterus to fully recover.

29 Cervix The neck or opening of the uterus. A normal healthy cervix is the strongest muscle in the body. It dips down about half an inch into the vagina. It is normally plugged by mucus. It stays tightly closed during pregnancy, but thins and opens for the delivery of the baby. How big does it need to dilate to for birth?

30 Vagina Female organ used for intercourse, it is an empty passageway leading from the vaginal opening to the uterus. The vaginal walls are made of many small folds of membrane that stretch greatly to accommodate a baby during birth.

31 Urethra The opening to the bladder

32 Endometrium The lining of the uterus. During menstruation, it is what sloughs off. During pregnancy it thickens and provide the place of implantation for the fertilized ova.

33 Fertiliztion/Conception The end purpose for the ova and the sperm When the sperm penetrates the surface of the ova and enters inside. The 23 chromosomes from each sex cell combine and begin to multiply to begin to form a new human being!!!

34 Menstrual Cycle Day 1 Menstruation begins (bleeding) Day 1-5 Bleeding Continues Day Ovum is maturing and endometrial lining is thin Day Endometrial lining thickens and hormones rise. Around Day 14 Ovum bursts out of the ovary Day 15 After 24 hours the egg is done Day Egg travels down to thickened lining and either is implanted or it dissolves Day 26 In the absence of fertilization, hormone levels drop and the endometrial lining breaks down Day 28 Menstruation prepares to begin again.

35 During Menstruation: Days 1-5 Menstruation occurs and the lining of the uterus, with a small amount of blood, leaves the body. At this time, another egg is maturing in the ovary.

36 After Menstruation: Days 6-15 The lining of the uterus repairs itself and once again prepares for a fertilized egg. Around days an egg is released from an ovary. This is called OVULATION

37 Before Menstruation: Days If the egg is fertilized by the male sperm cell, it embeds itself in the wall of the uterus (endometrial lining). If the egg is not fertilized, the blood vessels in the wall of the uterus shrinks and breaks down. The menstruation cycle begins again.

38 Related Menstrual Terms Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FHS): a substance which brings to life a few of the ovum in one of the ovaries. Luteinizing Hormone (LH): causes the follicle to burst, and allows ovum to fall into the opening of the fallopian tube. Ova plural, Ovum singular: the female reproductive cell. Ovaries: organs holding a woman s eggs. Estrogen: the hormone responsible for secondary sex characteristics and for the sex drive in females. The egg producing hormone. Progesterone: builds up the lining of the uterus to prepare it for the fertilized ovum.; the egg-setting hormone. Ovulation: time when the egg is released from the ovary.

39 Other Related Concerns D&C: dilation and curettage, a common minor operation on women. Endometriosis: fragments of the endometrium in abnormal places. Dysmenorrhea: painful menstruation Hysterectomy: surgical removal of uterus. Tubal Ligation: an operation for sterilization of women. PMS: premenstrual syndrome. Menstrual Cycle: the process of passing the blood and tissue lining of the uterus from the body. Toxic Shock Syndrome: caused by bacteria that live in the vagina, which then multiply and causes infection. Menopause: the remaining ova no longer ripen or develop.

40 Check your answers Male 1. Seminal Vesicle 2. Prostate Gland 3. Cowper s Glands 4. Penis 5. Urethra 6. Testes 7. Scrotum 8. Vas Deferens 9. Epididymis Female 1. Ovaries 2. Fallopian Tubes 3. Uterus 4. Cervix 5. Vaginal Opening 6. Urethra 7. Vagina SEYMOUR and OLIVIA STORY