Beyond our eyes: the non-visual impact of light

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1 Beyond our eyes: the non-visual impact of light Christian Cajochen, PhD Centre for Chronobiology Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Switzerland Workshop Intelligent Efficient Human Centric Lighting Muttenz/Basel 12.. December 2016

2 Thomas Edison was maybe wrong!

3 Light is the most important Zeitgeber! Buttgereit, Smolen, Coogan, Cajochen, Nat Rev Rheumatol, 2015

4 Plasma Melatonin (pmol/l) Light and human circadian rhythms Melatonin as the best circadian marker in humans Induction of a Phase Delay in the Human Circadian Melatonin Rhythm by Light ( lux for 6.5 h) Midpoint 4:45 Midpoint 8: Light Time of Day Sleep period Khalsa et al., J Physiol (London) 2003

5 Phase shift (h) Light and circadian phase Phase-Response Curve Initial Phase (time relative to DLMO=0) 6.7 hours lux polychromatic white Retina light Khalsa, et al., J Physiol (London) 2003

6 «Light impacts on our circadian rhythms more powerfully than any drug» Charles Czeisler «Casting light on sleep deficiency» Nature, 2013

7 Suppression of melatonin in a totally blind person with bright light 300 Sighted Person Plasma Melatonin (pmol/liter) Core Body Temperature ( C) Time of Day (h) Blind Person Plasma Melatonin (pmol/liter) Time of Day (h) Core Body Temperature ( C) Czeisler et al., New Engl Med 1995

8 Correct Answer (%) Light is more than vision non-visual / non-image forming light effects Light can be «seen» without conscious vision «Forced choice» test in a totally blind person 100 * Wavelength (nm) Nach Zaidi et al., Curr Biol, 2007

9 Non-classical Photoreceptor intrinsic photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (iprgs, Melanopsin) SCN (circadian Pacemaker) Eye A dual sensory organ Rods Retina Cones Hattar et al. Science, 2002 Berson et al. Science, 2002

10 Phase shift (h) Light and circadian phase Phase-Response Curve Initial Phase (time relative to DLMO=0) 75 % of the resetting response 6.7 hours lux polychromatic white Retina light 6.5 hours blue light (480 nm) 11.8 μwcm 2, 11.2 lux) Khalsa, et al., J Physiol (London) 2003 Rüger, et al., J Physiol (London) 2013

11 Relative Contribution Relative Contribution Why is this relevant: Light bulb versus LED Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm)

12 Smartphone use in adolescents (14-20 years) Use of smartphones 1 hour prior bedtime Where do you keep your smartphone during night? 99 % Ja nicht beantwortet 23% 14% irgendwo in der Wohnung irgendwo im Zimmer auf dem Nachttisch 99% yes 60% im Bett nicht beantwortet 97% in bedroom How often do you use your smartphone after «Lights off» 49% 10% 25% 15% nie selten gelegentlich häufig nicht beantwortet Strube et al. Somnologie, % occasionally-often

13 Light has also «non-circadian» acute effects Light suppresses the soporific hormone melatonin within minutes (Gronfier et al., 2002) Light inhibits sleep-promoting GABA neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area in the hypothalamus (VLPO, Tsai et al., 2009) Light activates wake-promoting orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (McGregor et al., 2011)

14 Sleep Response (min) Acute sleep induction by light in nocturnal mice 60 Lights ON Lights OFF Wildtype Melanopsin knockout 30 Melanopsin adta Time elapsed from light onset (h) According to Muindi et al., Front Syst Neurosci, 2014

15 more alert Acute alerting effects of light in diurnal humans Subjective Alertness lux! Illuminance (lux) Cajochen et al., Beh Brain Res. 2000

16 Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) % Sleepiness Change 0 = pre-light Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) The human alerting response to light is blue-shifted Monochromatic light Energy Saving Lamps Computer Screens Cajochen et al., Sleepiness and human impact assessment Book chapter, Springer, 2014

17 slower Relative Reaction Time (%) faster Baseline Dark Adaptation Sustained Attention and Response Control (Go/noGo Task) Letter W : go Letter M : no-go LED Screen Non-LED Screen Monitor: F 1,11 =12.2; p<0.04 Time of day: F 11,44 =7.8; p<0.02 Monitor x Time: F 12,132 =3.0; p= :15 19:15 20:15 21:15 22:15 23:15 00:15 Time of Day (h) * * * P <0.05 Cajochen et al., J Appl Physiol. 2011

18 % Declarative Learning (Word pairs) Correctly identified old word pairs Correctly identified new word pairs * LED Screen Non-LED * P <0.05 Cajochen et al., J Appl Physiol. 2011

19 Light is not just for vision Cortex Thalamus Hypothalamus Brainstem - Locus coeruleus Limbic system - Amygdala - Hippocampus Modified from Vandewalle et al. Trends Cogn Sci, 2009

20 Light has many non-visual biological effects in humans (only peer reviewed data) Synchronization of circadian rhythms Suppression of the «darkness hormone» melatonin Alerting and enhancing of cognitive performance Regulation of pupil size Enhancing mood (antidepressant) Enhancing physical performance in top athletes Light color modulates mental effort

21 Conclusion Light rules our body via its non-visual effects Blue wavelengths -- which are beneficial during daylight hours because they boost attention, reaction times, mood, and physical performance -- are most disruptive at night The proliferation of electronics with screens, as well as energy-efficient lighting, is increasing our exposure to blue wavelengths, especially after sundown

22 Non-visual lighting solutions should be: Dynamic Intensity and duration Spectral composition According to time of day Individual Age Gender Chronotype (early vs.late people)

23 Wanted Intelligent human centric lighting to adapt our illuminated surroundings such that we do not jeopardize quality of life and health but positively influence our sleep, circadian physiology, cognition and well-being Human Centric Lighting the room by enter Human centric lighting supports your health and promotes

24 Centre for Chronobiology Acknowledgements Antoine Viola, PhD Christina Schmidt, PhD Mirjam Münch, PhD Sarah Chellappa, PhD Vivien Bromundt, PhD Jakub Späti, PhD Sylvia Frey, PhD Virginie Gabel Micheline Maire Carolin Reichert Stephanie van der Lely Swiss Federal Office for Public Health Daimler-Benz Foundation EU IP

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