The Respiratory System
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1 The Respiratory System If you have not done so already, please print and bring to class the Laboratory Practical II Preparation Guide. We will begin using this shortly in preparation of your second laboratory Practical. 1. Introduction Respiration Definitions A. Cellular Respiration B. External Respiration C. Internal Respiration D. Ventilation (Breathing) Page 1
2 i. Inspiration Expiration 2. Primary Functions A. Gas Exchange 3. Secondary Functions A. Sound Production B. Air Pumps C. Emotional Expression D. ph Regulation 4. Respiratory Anatomy A. Nose (see diagram in text and know locations) i. Internal and external Nares Nasal Bones / Cartilage a. Nasal Bones b. Frontal Bone Frontal Sinus Page 2
3 c. Ethmoid Bone Ethmoidal Cells (or Sinuses) Cribriform Plate and Olfactory Foramina (See handout) * Note also Septal Cartilage Perpendicular Plate of Ethmoid * Note also Septal Cartilage Superior and Middle Nasal Chonchae d. Inferior Nasal Chonchae d. Vomer e. Sphenoid Bone Sphenoid Sinus Page 3
4 f. Maxilla Maxillary Sinus Palatine process of Maxilla g. Palatine Bone Horizontal Plate of Palatine bone Page 4
5 Hard Palate i iv. Soft Palate Nasal Mucosa a. Epithelia of Nasal Mucosa B. Pharynx (see diagram in text and know locations) i. Nasopharynx Eustachian (Auditory) Tube Oropharynx Fauces i Laryngopharynx Page 5
6 iv. Tonsils (see diagram in text and know locations) a. Lingual Tonsils b. Palatine Tonsils c. Pharyngeal Tonsils C. Larynx i. Structure a. Thyroid Cartilage (Adam s apple) b. Cricoid Cartilage c. Arytenoid Cartilage i Epiglottis Vocal Cords a. Glottis b. Vocal Cords iv. Sound Production D. Trachea E. The Respiratory Tree Conducting Portion Respiratory Portion i. Primary Bronchi a. Lung Page 6
7 Secondary (or Lobar) Bronchi a. Lobes of Lung i Tertiary ( or Segmental) Bronchi a. Bronchopulmonary Segments of Lobes iv. Bronchioles a. Terminal Bronchioles b. Respiratory Bronchioles v. Alveolar Ducts vi. Alveoli a. Alvolar Sac b. Septal Cells (Pull out your handout on Surfactant ) Lung Surfactant Alveolar Surface Tension c. Alveolar Macrophages F. Lungs: Lobes and Pleurae i. Location Thorax Anatomy a. Lungs Apex and Base Right Lung Page 7
8 * Superior, Middle, and Inferior Lobes Left Lung * Superior and Inferior Lobes * Cardiac Notch b. Lobes c. Bronchopulmonary Segments d. Lobules i Pleural Cavity a. Visceral Pleura b. Parietal Pleura Lubricant Lower air pressure (Pull out your handout on Lung Inflation ) c. Collapsed Lung 5. Nerve System A. Parasympathetic System B. Sympathetic System 6. Blood Supply Page 8
9 Right Ventricle Left Atrium 7. Breathing Mechanics Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing) A. Muscular Control of Breathing i. Inspiration a. Diaphragm and External Intercostal b. Diaphragm Contracts, Lowers Diaphragm c. Abdominal Muscles Expiration, Passive a. External Intercostals & Diaphragm b. Extrinsic Elastic Recoil c. Intrinsic Elactic Recoil i Forced Expiration, Active a. Internal Intercostal Muscles b. Abdominal Muscles 8. Volumes of Air in the Lungs Respirometer A. Residual volume B. Tidal Volume Page 9
10 C. Inspiratory Reserve Volume D. Expiratory Reserve Volume. E. Pulmonary Capacities F. Inspiratory Capacity G. Functional Residual Capacity H. Vital Capacity I. Total Lung Capacity J. Anatomical Dead Space 9. Factors Affecting Gas Movement and Solubility A. Partial Pressure (Dalton s Law of Partial Pressure) (See Handout) 10. Gas Exchange Facilitation A. Partial Pressure i. External Respiration Internal Respiration B. Surface Area C. Membrane Thickness D. Solubility and Size of the Molecules 11. Transport of Oxygen in the Blood Hemoglobin (Hg) Oxyhemoglobin (HbO ) 2 A. Temperature Effect (See graph in text) Page 10
11 B. Increased CO 2 and Acid Effect (See graph in text) Note Effect of CO 2 on ph CO 2 + H2O H 2 CO 3 H + + HCO Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood (See handout) A. Plasma B. Carbaminohemoglobin C. Bicarbonate Ion i. Chloride Shift 13. Carbon Monoxide 14. Control of Ventilation Eupnea A. Medullary Rhythmicity Area (See downloadable handout!! ) i. Inspiratory Area Expiratory Area C. Chemical Control i. Auto-regulation of Alveoli Carotid and Aortic Bodies Page 11
12 i iv. Sensors and reflexes Pulmonary Stretch receptors 15. Other Activities of the Respiratory System A. Coughing Reflex B. Sneeze C. Hiccup D. Snoring Page 12
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