The Respiratory System

Transcription

1 The Respiratory System By Mr. Danilo Villar Rogayan Jr. Instructor I, Department of Natural Sciences RMTU San Marcelino

2 Introduction Function Move air in an out of lungs (ventilation) Delivers oxygen (O 2 ) Removes carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) CO 2 External respiration Occurs in the lungs O 2 O 2 Lungs CO 2 CO 2 Internal respiration Occurs in the hemoglobin O 2

3 Organs of the Respiratory System Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchial tree Lungs

4 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) Nasal cavity Nasal septum divides the cavity into right and left portions Nares openings of the nose Nasal conchae extend from walls of nasal cavity Mucous membrane warms and moistens the air Cilia help eliminate particles

5 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) Paranasal sinuses Air-filled spaces within the skull bones Open into the nasal cavity Reduce the weight of the skull Equalizes pressure Gives the voice its certain tone Skull bones with sinuses include: Frontal Sphenoid Ethmoid Maxillae bones

6 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) Pharynx Larynx Serves both the respiratory and digestive system Also called the voice box Moves air in and out of the trachea and produces voice Composed of three cartilages: Thyroid cartilage Epiglottic cartilage Cricoid cartilage

7 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) Vocal cords Stretched between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage Upper false cords Lower true vocal cords Glottis the opening between the vocal cords Stretch = pitch of voice Posterior Portion of Tongue Glottis False Vocal Cords True Vocal Cords

8 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) Trachea Referred to as the windpipe Tubular organ made of rings of cartilage and smooth muscle Extends from the larynx to the bronchi Lined with cells possessing cilia (microscopic hair-like projections) Trachea Cilia move mucus up to the throat, where it is swallowed. Smoking destroys cilia.

9 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) Bronchial tree Bronchi First branches off trachea Bronchioles Secondary branches Bronchi Alveoli Thin sacs of cells surrounded by capillaries Secrete surfactant Bronchioles

10 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) Bronchial tree Alveoli Thin sacs of cells surrounded by capillaries Secrete surfactant Fatty substance Helps maintains the inflation of the alveoli between inspirations

11 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) Lungs Cone-shaped organs Right lung three lobes Left lung two lobes Pleura membranes surrounding the lungs The lungs contain connective tissue, the bronchial tree, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and blood vessels.

12 Apply Your Knowledge Which of the following sites would be the most lethal if obstructed by a foreign body? ANSWER: a. Right bronchus b. Left bronchus c. Trachea

13 The Mechanisms of Breathing Inspiration Expiration Air rich in O 2 enters the lungs from the atmosphere The diaphragm contracts or flattens The intercostal muscles raise the ribs Air rich in C0 2 exits the lungs The diaphragm relaxes The intercostal muscles lower the ribs Breathing, or pulmonary ventilation, consist of inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation).

14 The Mechanisms of Breathing (cont.) Respiratory center of the brain Medulla oblongata controls rhythm and depth of breathing Pons controls the rate of breathing Other factors CO 2 levels in the blood ph of the blood Fear and pain Inflation reflex

15 The Mechanisms of Breathing (cont.) Causes of altered breathing patterns Coughing Sneezing Laughing Crying Hiccups Yawning Speaking

16 The Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood Most of the oxygen binds to hemoglobin Oxyhemoglobin Bright red in color Some oxygen remains dissolved in plasma If CO 2 combines with hemoglobin at O 2 sites, it forms carboxyhemoglobin

17 The Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood Carbon dioxide gets into the bloodstream Reacts with water in plasma and forms carbonic acid Carbonic acid ionizes and releases hydrogen and bicarbonate ions Bicarbonate ions attach to hemoglobin Exhaled as waste product in the lungs

18 Apply Your Knowledge Describe what happens to carbon dioxide in the blood. ANSWER: Carbon dioxide can combine with hemoglobin and form carboxyhemoglobin. Most reacts with water in plasma to form carbonic acid. The carbonic acid ionizes and releases hydrogen and bicarbonate ions. The bicarbonate ions then attach to hemoglobin and are exhaled as a waste product from the lungs. Super!

19 Respiratory Volumes Different volumes of air move in and out of lungs with different intensities of breathing Measured to assess health of respiratory system

20 Respiratory Volumes (cont.) Tidal Volume Amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs during a normal breath Inspiratory Reserve Volume Expiratory Reserve Volume Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled following a normal inhalation Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled following a normal exhalation

21 Respiratory Volumes (cont.) Residual Volume Vital Capacity Volume of air that always remains in the lungs even after a forceful exhalation Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after the deepest inhalation possible Total Lung Capacity The total amount of air the lungs can hold

22 Snoring Due to vibration of soft tissues when muscles of the palate, tongue, and throat relax Affects approximately 50% of men and 25% of women over the age of 40 Causes daytime sleepiness May be associated with obstructive sleep apnea Common Causes Enlargement of tonsils or adenoids Being overweight Alcohol consumption Nasal congestion Deviated nasal septum

23 Snoring (cont.) Mayo Clinic s Sleep Disorders Center rating of snoring: Heard from close proximity Heard from anywhere in the bedroom Heard from just outside the bedroom door with door open Heard outside the bedroom door with the door closed

24 Snoring (cont.) Lifestyle modifications to reduce snoring Lose weight Change sleeping position Avoid using alcohol or medications that induce sleep Use nasal strips to widen the nasal passages Use dental devices to keep airways open Treatments CPAP Surgery (uvulotomy) Laser surgery

25 Common Diseases and Disorders Disease Allergic Rhinitis Asthma Atelectasis Bronchitis Description Hypersensitivity reaction to various airborne allergens A condition in which the tubes of the bronchial tree become obstructed due to inflammation Collapsed lung Inflammation of the bronchi often follows a cold; one type of COPD

26 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Emphysema Influenza Description A group of lung disorders that limit airflow to lungs and usually cause enlargement of the alveoli A chronic condition associated with smoking that damages the alveoli; one type of COPD A viral disease that attacks the respiratory system; commonly called the flu

27 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease Laryngitis Legionnaire s Disease Lung Cancer Pleural Effusion Description An acute inflammation of the larynx causing hoarseness (dysphonia) Acute bacterial pneumonia caused by Legionnaire bacteria that usually grows in the standing water of air conditioning systems Cancer closely associated with smoking and exposure to second-hand smoke; four types of lung cancers A buildup of fluid in the pleural cavity

28 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease Pleuritis / Pleurisy Pneumoconiosis Pneumonia / Pneumonitis Description Inflammation of the membranes that cover the lungs, known as pleura Lung diseases that result from years environmental or occupational exposure to different types of dust; three types An inflammation of the lungs that is most often caused by a a bacterial, or viral, or fungal infection

29 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease Pneumothorax Pulmonary Edema Pulmonary Embolism Description A collection of air in the chest around the lungs, which may cause atelectasis A condition in which fluids fill spaces within the lungs, making it very difficult for the lungs to oxygenate the blood A blood clot (embolism) that travels usually from the legs and blocks an artery in the lungs

30 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Sinusitis Description Syndrome in which a lack of surfactant in the lungs allows the alveoli to collapse on exhalation, resulting in poor oxygenation A viral respiratory disease that is very contagious and sometimes fatal An inflammation of the membranes lining the sinuses of the skull

31 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) Tuberculosis Upper Respiratory (Tract) Infection (URI) Description A syndrome without characteristic signs or symptoms; usually a baby with this disorder simply goes to sleep and never wakes up Primarily a respiratory disease caused by various strains of the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis Coryza, or the common cold

32 ~Edith Wharton