VCE Psychology Unit 4. Year 2017 Mark Pages 45 Published Feb 10, 2018 COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 4 NOTES, By Alice (99.
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1 VCE Psychology Unit 4 Year 2017 Mark Pages 45 Published Feb 10, 2018 COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 4 NOTES, 2017 By Alice (99.45 ATAR)
2 Powered by TCPDF ( Your notes author, Alice. Alice achieved an ATAR of in 2017 while attending Shelford Anglican Girls Grammar School Currently studying Bachelor of Arts, majoring in Psychology at University of Melbourne Achievements: ATAR of (2017) Study scores of 50 in PSYCHOLOGY (2017) 50 in ENGLISH (2017) 46 in FURTHER MATHS (2017) 46 in HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT (2016) Dux of psychology at Shelford Girls' Grammar (2017) 41 IN BIOLOGY (2016) Dux of English at Shelford Girls' Grammar (2017) Alice says: My name is Alice and I graduated from Shelford Girls' Grammar School in I am I achieved an ATAR of and 2 perfect study scores in both English and psychology. After only starting starting psychology in Year 12, without having done the 1/2, I fell in love with the subject and now plan to continue my studies with it at the University of Melbourne doing a Bachelor of Arts. I was awarded the National Merit Scholarship by the University as a result of my VCE score. My psychology notes allowed me to achieve an overall 99% in Unit 3 and 98% in Unit 4, as well as a perfect study score without having done the subject before, and I am confident they will lead you on the same rewarding path. I am a big perfectionist so you can guarantee my notes are consistently formatted, colour coded, and match every dot point on the study design, as well as including tips and tricks to do well. They will save students time dramatically through eliminating the need to collate their own set of comprehensive notes, and this time can be dedicated to study or
3 MEASURING STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS Measurement of physiological responses (EEG, EOG, EMG, could measure heart rate/body temperature) Behavioural/cognitive measures (measurement of speed/accuracy on cognitive tasks and video monitoring) Self-report measures (sleep diaries) Electroencephalograph (EEG) EEG = detects, amplifies and record the electrical activity of the brain, in the form of brainwaves. Does this by monitoring the electrical activity of the brain (small voltages created by neuron activity), through symmetrically placing electrodes on the outside of the skull Changes in patterns of brainwave activity are indicative of changes in our state of consciousness Brainwave patterns: Frequency = number of brainwaves per second, measured in hertz (high frequency = high arousal) Amplitude = height of the peaks and troughs, measured in microvolts There are 5 broad types of brainwave activity. We don t produce just one brainwave at any one time; our brainwave patterns consist of a mixture of types. This varies from person to person, over time and between situations. Gamma waves: Beta waves: Alpha waves: Theta waves: Delta waves: Description Highest frequency Hz per second High frequency 12 40Hz per second Low amplitude Reasonably high frequency 8 12Hz Low amplitude Medium frequency 4 8Hz per second Mixed amplitude (some high, some Steady pattern of low frequency 1 4Hz High amplitude (small) (higher than beta, lower than theta) low) Brain activity Very high High Medium-high Some high, some low-medium Low Association with consciousness Hyper alert Involved in cognitive functions like memory and learning, processing information from different areas of the brain Seen in REM sleep Awake and alert Typical during NWC being attentive, anxious, paying selective attention Involved in conscious thought, logical thinking and problem solving Too much Anxiety, stress Anxiety, stress, panic attacks Too little ADHD, ADHD, depression depression Relaxed wakefulness Typical when very relaxed (drowsy, quiet thoughts) relaxation, mental coordination, calmness Seen in coma, NREM Dreamy state, inability to focus Anxiety, insomnia Other patterns/features (not very long-lasting) can occur during these brainwaves: Asleep (stage 2 NREM) Typical during early stages of sleep, may be present when day dreaming experiencing emotions and deep mediation ADHD, impulsivity Anxiety, stress, poor emotional awareness NREM deep sleep Typical during very deep relaxing and restorative sleep Very limited to no external awareness healing/regeneration Seen in babies and adults with brain tumours Brain injuries, inability to think Poor sleep, inability to revitalise body Type of brainwave pattern: Description: K-complexes Sharp rise and fall in amplitude, lasting about 2 seconds Occur during stage 2 NREM Indicate a person is responding to external stimuli in their environment
4 Sleep spindles Periodic bursts of rapid frequency brainwaves Occur during stage 2 NREM, thus indicative of the person being truly asleep Sawtooth waves Random, fast waves (slightly bigger than alpha), occur amongst beta-like waves Occur during REM dreaming Summary of alertness and associated brain waves: Dominant brainwave pattern: Degree of brainwave activity : Hyper-alert Gamma and beta Very high Awake and alert Beta High Awake and drowsy Alpha Medium-high Flow state (being in the zone, ideal Alpha-theta, some gamma Medium-high for optimal performance) REM sleep (typically dreaming) Beta-like High Stages 1 and 2 NREM Theta Medium (less than in waking and REM) Stages 3 and 4 NREM Delta Low Vegetative state (coma) Alpha Very reduced Electro-oculograph (EOG) EOG = detects, amplifies and records electrical activity of the muscles around the eye that allow eye movement. Measures changes in voltage as the eyes move and rotate in their sockets, through electrodes attached to areas on the face/around the eyes Helpful in determining if a person is in REM (burst of rapid movement) or NREM (limited eye movement) Electromyograph (EMG) EMG = detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of the muscles. Electrodes are attached to skin (chin) directly above muscles, indicates changes in muscle tension and tone Helpful in determining if a person is awake or asleep, and whether it is REM or NREM o Awake = readings vary between moderate and high o Sleep = moderate-low (NREM) with some mild spasms in light sleep, and non-existent (REM) as muscles are paralysed by the body
5 Polysomnogram = continuously moving chart integrating/comparing information from the EEG, EOG, EMG and more, useful in making more informed decisions about the state of consciousness. Behavioural and Cognitive Measurements Speed and accuracy with cognitive tasks: Involve administering tasks which measure thinking, problem solving, language and reasoning, monitoring speed and accuracy on the task, either overtime or within different states of consciousness o Inform us of the state of consciousness a person is currently in, and to what degree Controlled processing is slower than automatic processing, as we need to pay much more attention to learn the task, yet with practise we can perform it more quickly and efficiently Therefore, we can measure the speed and accuracy on performing the task overtime; as the task becomes more automatic, we become quicker/more accurate (selective (controlled) to divided attention (automatic)) Acquired brain damage: Caused by stroke/injury, can disrupt the way a person attends to the world and therefore affects the speed and accuracy of cognitive tasks o Studying such cases offer insights into our conscious experience Subjective Reporting Self-reports: Statements and answers to questions from the participant concerning their psychological experience (thoughts, feelings and behaviours) o Questionaries o Sleep diary entries (what time did you fall sleep, how long did you sleep for, how quickly did you fall asleep, did you wake up during the night, did you dream?) diagnose sleep disorders Indicates if a person is experiencing NWC or ASC Video monitoring: Provides insight into how we behave during different states of consciousness (both awake and asleep) Used in a sleep laboratory or in the participant s home Infrared cameras allow footage to be seen and taped in the dark without disturbing the patient Useful in assess sleep disorders such as sleepwalking, sleep talking, sleep apnoea and insomnia Research method: Advantages: Disadvantages: Physiological measurements (EEG, EOG, EMG) 1. Most objective and reliable means of indicating different states of consciousness, as data is stable and interpreted consistently 1. Cannot describe the person s private and personal conscious experience 2. Physiological changes may be due to Measurement of speed and accuracy on cognitive tasks Subjective measures (selfreports, sleep diaries) Video monitoring 1. More objective than self-reports (similar findings with different researchers) 2. Offers closer insight into the individual s conscious experience (thoughts behaviours) 1. Gives rich and important insight into actual thoughts, feelings and behaviours 1. Insight into observable behaviour during sleep 2. Can continuously monitor behaviour either at the time or later, and shown to participant 3. Can be undertaken in a home setting (more likely to sleep normally, realistic data) other reasons (eg. fever) 1. Cannot get inside a person s mind still requires recording observations and inferring what they mean 2. Affected by distractions, cognitive ability 1. Subjective, open to interpretation and is difficult to communicate/compare 2. Participant expected to be self-aware, truthful, complete it at required times 1. Data can be open to interpretation; requires clear definitions for specific behaviour 2. Participant s behaviour may be blocked from view of camera, or sleep poorly knowing they are being taped
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