Sleep and Dreaming Notes December 14, 2015

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2 an altered state of consciousness Sleep serves as a restorative process of the body Scientists know the neurochemical melatonin plays a role in sleep and body restoration and repair. A definite cause effect relationship between this chemical and control over sleep is unknown Evolution played a role in why humans now sleep Our ancestors who were diurnal (active and awake during the day) survived to pass on their genes. Our nocturnal(active and awake at night) ancestors were more likely to encounter death before doing so. Sleep helps us remember THEORY #3 Sleep serves some function in the restoring, consolidation and rebuilding of our current and fading memories. THEORY #4 Sleep is connected to growth During sleep the pituitary gland releases a growth hormone. Older people may appear to sleep less because the release of this hormone for them is in much smaller amounts.

3 biological clocks Seasonal variations in sleep length and mood. Seasonal affective disorder results in an overextention of the winter season in humans. A woman's fertility cycle is based on a day average. Most commonly referred to as a 28 day cycle. The human cycle of alertness, body temperature and growth. If all time cues were eliminated this cycle has been extended to being more like a 25 hour cycle. The cycle of the various sleep stages.

4 Sleep and Dreaming Notes December 14, 2015 WHAT INITIATES OUR 24 HOUR CYCLE? Light initiates our 24 hour cycle by activating light sensitive retinal proteins within the eye which triggers signals to the brain to begin or end our alertness cycle. In the brain, the hypothalamus (suprachiasmatic nucleus) signals the pineal gland to alter melatonin production {production goes down in the morning and up in the evening}. Exposure to artificial light extends this cycle thus making more like 25 hours.

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6 The hypnogogic stage fantastic images, free floating feelings seems like dreams. Mycloniasoccur (sharp jump or flinch). Breathing slows and brain waves become irregular beta ( waves) Skeletal muscles relax. Sleep spindles occur (bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain activity followed by k complexes or large slow brain waves. The transitional phase from the relaxation of stage 2 to the deeper sleep of 4. Delta waves of brain activity occur which are slow and deep. Sleep walking and talking happen in the transition between this stage and stage 4. This stage is characterized by the consistent presence of delta waves. People are difficult to wake up in this stage of sleep. Also known as paradoxical sleep, many of our body systems are very active during this stage of sleep and brain waves resemble the alpha waves of when we are awake. Vivid dreams happen here

7 lasts up to 5 minutes lasts about 20 minutes lasts about 10 minutes lasts about 30 minutes occurs for about 10 minutes occurs for about 1 to 2 minutes REM sleep for 10 minutes

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11 Loss is tolerable. Loss is difficult to adapt to. Concentration becomes difficult. Loss causes illusions and hallucinations. Loss leads to paranoia and other psychological disturbances.

12 loss brain damage/index.html?hpt=hp_t2 PBS special on teens and sleep

13 engineer in fatal metro northderailment has serious sleep disorder/ north commuter train derails in the bronxmultiple injuries/

14 Reggie White

15 ESSAYS FOR CHAPTER 7 1. Be able to explain in theory and then offer an analysis of a SPECIFIC dream using these three dream theories: 1) Freud's wish fulfillment MUST include a discussion of both dream contents 2) Information processing 3) Activation synthesis 2. Be able to explain what a psychoactive drug is and know the three classifications of psychoactive drugs with examples of each.