Effect of Sugars on Selected Toxicant Yields in e-cigarettes

Transcription

1 CORESTA Congress, 11th October 2016, Berlin Effect of Sugars on Selected Toxicant Yields in e-cigarettes Jennifer Margham 1, Kevin McAdam 1 ST 31 BERLIN British American Tobacco, Group R&D, Southampton, U.K. 1

2 Introduction E-liquids are available in a variety of flavours, many of which focus on the sweet palate In 2015, Association Française de Normalisation (AFNOR), created a voluntary standard on e-liquids that included a restriction on the use of sugars and sweeteners 1 In cigarettes, sugars lead to the formation of carbonyls such as formaldehyde Some vapers prefer to manufacture their own liquids ( DIY ), often using natural extracts or food based ingredients 2 2

3 These ingredients often contain sugars Concern: thermal decomposition to produce carbonyls during the vaping process 3 This presentation summarizes the investigation undertaken on the effect of sugar content on the yields of selected carbonyls in e- cigarette aerosol, using sucrose as a model sugar Example of DIY e-liquid Blog 4 3

4 Thermal Decomposition of Sucrose: Summary Sucrose Hydrolysis 187ºC 5 Fructose 230ºC 5 Caramelisation Colour change Coil Gunking Glucose Volatiles Aroma Formaldehyde: IARC Group 1 carcinogen 6 Diacetyl: Respiratory toxicant 7 Carbonyls are compounds of concern for e-cigarette category BAT: Ingredients should not be added which increase the consumer s exposure to compounds of concern 8 4

5 Experimental Design Hypothesis: Increase in sucrose content in e-liquids will lead to an increase in carbonyl yields Image of Device 9 Device 80mL/3s/30s x 50 puffs Liquids Ingredient Percentage w/w range Glycerol 89.14% Water 8-9% Nicotine 1.86% Sucrose 0-1% Glucose 0 or 1.0% Fructose 0 or 1.0% Carbonyls 10 : formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, propionaldehyde, acrolein, isobutyraldehyde, 2-butanone, 3-Buten-2-one, n-butyraldehyde, crotonaldehyde, glycolaldehyde, acetol, acetoin, glyoxal, methyl glyoxal, diacetyl, 2,3-pentanedione, 2,3-hexanedione, 2,3-heptanedione 5

6 Findings 6

7 Overview 10W data: Formaldehyde Example 7

8 Overview 20W data: Formaldehyde Example 8

9 Effect of Sucrose on Carbonyl Yields Evaluating whether sucrose content has an significant impact on yields 10W: Five compounds showed similar trend to Formaldehyde 20W: Six compounds showed similar trend to Formaldehyde Below: 1-way ANOVA test evaluates differences in aerosol yields with sucrose content Compound P Value 10W P Value 20W Formaldehyde <0.001 <0.001 Glycolaldehyde <0.001 <0.001 Acetol <0.001 Glyoxal <0.001 <0.001 Methylglyoxal <0.001 <0.001 Diacetyl < ,3-Pentadione - <0.001 Conclusion: Sucrose inclusion increases yields of carbonyls in aerosol 9

10 Comparison with Control e-liquid T-Test conducted comparing the control to each spiked concentration to see whether there was a significant difference. Compound * Comparison could not be conducted Concentration (% w/w) where yield of compound was significantly different to the control liquid 10W 20W Formaldehyde Glycolaldehyde Acetol Glyoxal Methylglyoxal Diacetyl ,3-Pentadione*

11 Formaldehyde [µg/puff] Glycolaldehyde [µg/puff] Sucrose Compared to Glucose and Fructose 10 Watt Example Interval Plot of Formaldehyde [µg/collection] Interval Plot of Glycolaldehyde [µg/puff] 4 1-way ANOVA test evaluates differences in aerosol yields with different sugar Compound P Value Formaldehyde Acetol Methylglyoxal Diacetyl Glycolaldehyde Glyoxal Fructose Glucose sucrose Fructose Glucose sucrose 11

12 Observations Tanks and atomisers were reviewed after completion of the study Colour changes: Caramelisation of liquid (oligomerisation) Burnt smells & charring of wick: Thermal degradation Integrity of the wadding changed 0% 1%

13 Summary & Conclusions Examination of three sugars at levels equivalent to flavourings in e-cigarettes showed : Formation of gases: At the lowest level of inclusion, increases in the yields of several carbonyl including formaldehyde Caramelisation: Negative impact on device performance Information supports the AFNOR standard for restricted ingredients Acknowledgements Labstat International Team: chemical analysis and technical support Paul Hurle, Ian Gilmore, Ted Hartnell: Support device tear-down 13

14 Bibliography 1:AFNOR Standard XP D , Available from: 2: e-cigarette Forum: [Online]. Accessed Available from: 3: Baker, R. et al. The effect of tobacco ingredients on smoke chemistry. Part II: casing ingredients. Food Chem. Tox. 42, Reddit Blog. DIY ejiuce. [Online]. Accessed Available from: 5: Richards, G. Shafizadeh, F.. Mechanism of Thermal Degradation of Sucrose, A Preliminary Study. Aust. J. Chem. 31(8): : IARC Monograph Formaldehyde. [Online]. Accessed Available from: 7: NIOSH Comments to FDA. Electronic Cigarettes and the Public Health Workshop. FDA 2014 N [online]. Accessed available from: 8: Costigan, S. Meredith, C. An approach to ingredient screening and toxicological risk assessment of flavours in e-liquids. Reg. Tox. Pharm. 72(2): Image Aspire Nautilus Mini and istick 30W.. [Online]. Accessed Available from: Analysis conducted at Labstat International. Method reference TMS_0155. Method presented 2015 CORESTA Congress: ST 15 - Presented Mingliang Bao 14

15 Thank You 15