1 Introduction to Polyethylene Terephthalate Recycling... 1

Transcription

1 Contents 1 Introduction to Polyethylene Terephthalate Recycling Overview of the World Market for Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate Introduction Overview of the General Plastics Market and Recycling Markets Situation in the UK Situation in Europe Global Situation Overview of the Market for Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate Situation in Europe Global Situation Brief History of the Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate Introduction Situation in Europe Situation in the US and Other Parts of the World Use of Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate in Food Contact Products Impact of Bioplastics and Oxobiodegradable Additives The Future... 72

2 Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate 4 Regulations and Guidance Documents from the European Union and US Food and Drug Administration Introduction General Compositional Requirements Tests to show Compliance with Migration and Specific Compositional Requirements Good Manufacturing Practice Regulations and Guidelines Set by the European Union Introduction European Union Regulations and Policies for Recycling Regulations That Cover Food Contact Materials Set by the European Union Framework Regulation (EC) 1935/ The Good Manufacturing Practice Regulation (EC) 2023/ Regulations Set by the European Union That Apply to Plastics European Union Plastics Regulation (EU) 10/ European Union Recycled Plastics Regulation (EC) 282/ National Regulations for Food Contact in the European Union Guidance Documents for Recycling Food Contact Plastics in the European Union US Regulations and Guidelines x

3 Contents Introduction Recycling Regulations in the US Food Contact Regulations in the US Guidance Documents for Recycling Food-Grade Plastics in the US Separation and Sorting Technologies Introduction Sorting and Separation Technologies for Plastics Spectroscopic Separation Technologies Other Types of Sorting Technologies Density-Based Techniques Sink Float Methods Elutriators and Other Variations of Sink Float Methods Windshifting Techniques Hydrocyclone Methods Electrostatic Separation Removal of Non-Plastics from the Recycling Stream Separation of Black and Highly Coloured Plastic Introduction Developments in Spectroscopic Systems Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy Raman Spectroscopy Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy/Laser-Induced Plasma Spectroscopy Photoacoustic Spectroscopy xi

4 Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate Novel Black Pigments that are Near-Infrared Detectable Physical Techniques that do not involve Spectroscopy-Based Methods Triboelectric Charging Tack Separation Use of Marker Compounds Fluorescent Additives Taggants Radio-Frequency Identification Other Developments in Detection and Sorting Systems Recycling Technologies for Polyethylene Terephthalate Introduction Mechanical Recycling Processes Chemical Recycling Processes Removal of Contamination from Post-Consumer Polyethylene Terephthalate Washing of Polyethylene Terephthalate Melt Filtration Quality Control of Recycling Processes Quality Control of Low-Molecular Weight Contaminants Quality Control of the Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate in the Melt-State Testing and Characterisation of Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate Products Introduction xii

5 Contents 7.2 General Standards and Characterisation Tests for Recycled Materials and Products Tests to Characterise and Assess the Quality of Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate Tests on Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate Material and Products Intended for Food Contact Applications Decontamination of Post-Consumer Polyethylene Terephthalate by the Recycling Process Existing Quality Standards and Test Methods for Food Contact Materials Contaminants and Potential Migrants in Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate Heavy Metals Substances Formed due to the Decomposition of Polyethylene Terephthalate Substances Absorbed by Polyethylene Terephthalate during Use Flavour Compounds and Other Species from Foodstuffs Substances Present as a Result of the Misuse of Polyethylene Terephthalate Products Substances Picked Up by the Polyethylene Terephthalate during Recycling Operations General Studies Migration Studies Influence of Contaminants on Ageing of Polyethylene Terephthalate Summary of the Contaminants Detected in Polyethylene Terephthalate xiii

6 Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate 7.6 Development of New Analytical Methods for Determining Contaminants in Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate FSA Research Project FS Analytical Method SuperCleanQ EU FP7 Project Analytical Methods Method for Determining Contaminants in Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate Materials and Products In Support of the European Food Safety Authority Challenge Test for Food-Grade Polyethylene Terephthalate Recycling Processes In Support of the Tests to Assess the Quality and Regulatory Compliance of Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate In Flake, Granule or Final Product Form Method for Detecting Contaminants in Recycled Polyethylene Processing Lines by Inline Monitoring Food-Grade Products Made From Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate Introduction Bottles Large Drinks Containers xiv

7 Contents 8.4 Trays and Bowls Film and Sheet Use of Non-Food-Grade Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate in Food Contact Products Cosmetics and Heathcare Products Other Products Manufactured from Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate Introduction Use in Construction Products Wind Turbines Automotive Products Clothing Products, Fabrics and Fibres Thermoset and Thermoplastic Polyester Resins Coating Products Printing Paper Use in Adhesives Medical and Pharmaceutical Products Use in Plastic Blends and Composites Use in Rubber Products Low-Molecular Weight Intermediate Products Fuel Products Miscellaneous Products Modification of Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate to Improve Properties Recovery of Metals, Inorganic and Organic Compounds from Functionalised Polyethylene Terephthalate Products Conclusion Abbreviations xv

8 Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate Index xvi