Name: CQ4 DP1 What actions are needed to address Australia s health priorities?
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1 Name: CQ4 DP1 What actions are needed to address Australia s health priorities? health promotion based on the five action areas of the Ottawa Charter levels of responsibility for health promotion the benefits of partnerships in health promotion, eg government sector, non-government agencies and the local community how health promotion based on the Ottawa Charter promotes social justice the Ottawa Charter in action argue the benefits of health promotion based on: individuals, communities and governments working in partnership the five action areas of the Ottawa Charter investigate the principles of social justice and the responsibilities of individuals, communities and governments under the action areas of the Ottawa Charter critically analyse the importance of the five action areas of the Ottawa Charter through a study of TWO health promotion initiatives related to Australia s health priorities
2 The National Tobacco Strategy C/$File/National%20Tobacco%20Strategy% pdf The nine priority areas are: 1. Protect public health policy, including tobacco control policies, from tobacco industry interference 2. Strengthen mass media campaigns to: motivate smokers to quit and recent quitters to remain quit; discourage uptake of smoking; and reshape social norms about smoking 3. Continue to reduce the affordability of tobacco products 4. Bolster and build on existing programs and partnerships to reduce smoking rates among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people 5. Strengthen efforts to reduce smoking among populations with a high prevalence of smoking 6. Eliminate remaining advertising, promotion and sponsorship of tobacco products 7. Consider further regulation of the contents, product disclosure and supply of tobacco products and alternative nicotine delivery systems 8. Reduce exceptions to smoke-free workplaces, public places and other settings 9. Provide greater access to a range of evidence-based cessation services to support smokers to quit.
3 2014 HSC 4 Which of the following is an example of reorienting health services as specified in the Ottawa Charter? Redirecting services from cure to prevention Redirecting services from private to public health care Allowing health service professionals to focus on curing ill health Supporting individuals to identify personal networks and services 2014 HSC 10 For a health promotion strategy to be classified as strengthening community action, it must Focus on a targeted health promotion for those most at risk. Focus policy direction and public discussion on the health promotion strategy. Facilitate participation from all government departments for the health promotion strategy. Facilitate the funds and infrastructure for the health promotion strategy to be carried through successfully. HSC In which action area of the Ottawa Charter does the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) belong? Developing personal skills Reorienting health services Building healthy public policy Strengthening community action HSC Members of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities are trained to deliver Quit Smoking programs. Which action area of the Ottawa Charter is most likely being addressed? Developing personal skills Reorienting health services Building healthy public policy Strengthening community action HSC From December 2012, the Australian Government required all tobacco products to be sold in plain packaging. Why did the government do this? To increase costs at the point of sale To increase taxation on tobacco products To provide a mix of strategies aimed at developing personal skills To implement a health promotion strategy directed at changing behaviour NSWPDHPETA 2012 Trial 5. Which of the following initiatives best represents the Ottawa Charter s action area Strengthening Community Action? Limiting visibility of tobacco products Distribute Quit materials promoting the Quitline Legislation banning smoking in workplaces Local council poster promoting Quit month
4 8. Health promotion is most effective when strategic partnerships are formed between organisations that are responsible for health promotion. What is the most beneficial outcome of these partnerships? Ensuring that individuals, communities and governments continue to have a responsibility to promote health Having more money to spend on health promotion All organisations are actively involved in decision making, are committed and have a higher success rate on achieving desired outcomes Improved health promotion campaigns are produced NSWPDHPETA 2011 Trial 6 Which action area did BreastScreen Australia demonstrate when it set up a screening clinic in the lingerie department of a Myer store in Parramatta? The use of better public policy to support health promotion The acknowledgement of personal skills developed by women who shopped in that store The strengthening of community action by addressing the diversity of women in Parramatta The creation of a supportive environment that provided improved access for women HSC A driver education course is an example of which area of the Ottawa Charter? Developing personal skills Building healthy public policy Strengthening community action Creating supportive environments HSC A doctor prescribes nicotine patches as a strategy to help patients stop smoking. Which action area of the Ottawa Charter is the doctor implementing? Building public policy Developing personal skills Re-orienting health services Creating a supportive environment HSC Which of the following is a clear example of social justice principles in action? Providing children and infants with priority health care in all instances Providing public health policies that are passed by government officials Providing health materials and services that are delivered in a variety of languages Providing incentives for people of higher socioeconomic status to use private health care facilities HSC Which of the following is a government strategy that promotes the social justice principle of diversity? Involving community groups in the planning of their local area health services Increasing the amount of funding to address the health needs of ATSI peoples Road safety education programs that target behaviours of adolescents Legislation to ban smoking in the workplace and public spaces
5 HSC What is Medicare? Australia s main private health care provider Australia s tax-funded national health care system Australia s provider of publicly subsidised medication Australia s health insurance provider for the disadvantaged 9 Which of the following initiatives is an example of building healthy public policy as characterised by the Ottawa Charter? Students walking or cycling to school Financial grants for community sport teams PDHPE classes for all children in Years K 10 A doctor prescribing exercise for patients at risk of diabetes HSC 2014 Question 24 (8 marks) Explain why individuals, communities and governments should work in partnership on health promotion initiatives. Provide examples. Answers could include: Increases the potential effectiveness of the health promotion initiative by: Sharing responsibility for health promotion initiatives increases access to expertise and resources - Stakeholders needs and interests being addressed in the health promotion initiative - Empowering individuals and communities to participate in the development and delivery of health promotion initiatives Increasing resources available: finance, expertise, time, physical resources More cost effective Increased capacity to address complex health problems
6 NSWPDHPETA 2013 Trial Question 24 (8 marks) Analyse the importance of the action areas of the Ottawa Charter to a health promotion initiative related to Australia s health priorities. A suggested response may look like: The Ottawa Charter action areas include Building healthy Public Policy, Creating Supportive environments, Strengthening Community Action, Developing Personal skills and Reorienting Health services. The Fresh Tastes at school initiative came into effect in It is designed to support the nutritional messages addressed through the PDHPE curriculum, encourage the development of healthy eating habits and provide an environment in which healthy food choices can be made more easily and help eliminate poor diet as a risk factor of CVD. The first action of the Ottawa Charter is Building healthy Public Policy. This area involves legislation, fiscal measures, taxation and social policies to increase health equity and create a healthier community. This may include identifying the impact of policies on health, influencing policy and deciding where to spend the money. The allocation of funds to develop and implement the strategy stemmed from the Obesity Summit, and government departments such as NSW Health and DEC had major roles in devising and advancing the initiative. The decision by DEC to adopt the initiative as a matter of policy for all government schools clearly demonstrates this healthy public policy in action. Another action area of the Ottawa Charter is to Create Supportive environments. This action area involves creating an environment that supports healthy choices and healthy living. This may involve personal support networks and community services and the consideration of the sociocultural, physical, political and economic influences. Through The Fresh tastes at School initiative, establishing canteens that only offered food options in the healthy part of the food spectrum, created an environment which strongly supported healthy behaviours. A supportive environment such as a healthy canteen supports those people who wish to make healthy choices, and it also encourages others to take healthy options by limiting the potential for them to make unhealthy choices. A further action area is Strengthening Community Action. This action area involves empowering communities to take action and giving them ownership and control of their health. For example through the development and establishment of a canteen committee which included representatives of key stakeholders within the school such as students, school executive, parents and school canteen. As a result, this enabled all stakeholders to take ownership and control of their health. The fourth action area of the Ottawa Charter is Develop Personal skills. This action area involves giving people the power to control their health by providing them with the necessary information and skills. This includes modifying personal behaviour and gaining access to information and support for individuals. The action area of developing personal skills is clearly seen as the Fresh tastes at School initiative helps school students take the knowledge and skills that they have learnt in the PDHPE classroom and practically apply them in their own eating habits. They become more familiar with identifying healthy and unhealthy foods and are more able to make informed decisions about food choices. The final action area is Reorient Health services. This action area involves sharing the responsibility for health among individuals, community groups, health professionals and governments. This includes a range of services and facilities and gaining access to these services. It encourages these groups to work more in prevention than cure. In regards to reorienting health services the Fresh Tastes at School initiative was developed and established by NSW Health in response to childhood obesity. NSW Health expanded its charter in to the education spectrum and began to take on an important role in leading preventative approaches to ill health. The funding allocation emphasises its commitment to reorienting the NSW Health department to play a greater role in prevention, as well as its role in providing curative services.
7 NSWPDHPETA 2011 Trial Question 24 (8 marks) Justify the use of the Ottawa Charter as a way of promoting the principles of social justice in the delivery of a health promotion initiative related to Australia s health priorities. Students would be expected to produce a persuasive argument in support of using the Ottawa Charter to promote the principles of social justice. They should be able to relate the use of some of the five action areas to positive social justice outcomes for a health promotion initiative. The body of the response might include The National Tobacco Strategy has been a highly effective health promotion strategy, contributing to a consistent and significant reduction in tobacco use by Australians over several decades. The OC action area of creating supportive environments has been employed to entrench smoke free zones in all public buildings and areas such as schools and trains. This has become an accepted feature of Australian society as it protects all Australians from tobacco smoke and directly implements the principle of social justice of the same name supportive environments. The OC action area of strengthening community action has also been effective in addressing tobacco use, especially in culturally diverse communities. When higher rates of tobacco use were identified in Turkish and Vietnamese communities, anti tobacco campaigns were rolled out in community language publications and Quit programs were promoted heavily amongst doctors and health professionals within those communities. This helped to reduce tobacco use in these communities, based on the social justice principle of diversity. The OC action area of Building Healthy Public Policy has been extremely effective in reducing tobacco use by implementing strategies relating to taxation, advertising and point of sale regulations. Strategies such as these, using tax receipts to fund health promoting initiatives, and legislating to reduce access to cigarettes across the entire population, are good examples of the principle of equity.
8 HSC 2013 Question 24 (8 marks) How do the five action areas of the Ottawa Charter address the principles of social justice? Include examples in your answer. Sample answer: Social Justice Principles (SJP) (participation, equity, access and rights) are an essential foundation for Health Promotion (HP) strategies and are strongly linked in the Ottawa Charter. Developing Personal Skills (DPS) individuals use knowledge and skills to make informed decisions and positively influence those around them. SJP linked to DPS are EQUITY and ACCESS; ACCESS to the education and information necessary to develop the skills and EQUITY to ensure access is not limited by economic status, gender, race etc (NSW compulsory education until 17 yrs). Creating Supporting Environment (CSE) increases a person s chances of making changes to benefit their health. SJP of PARTICIPATION relates to CSE by encouraging individuals and communities to participate in strategies which will benefit/improve their health (using QUIT helpline). Strengthening Community Action (SCA) HP is more effective when communities get involved/support. SJP of EQUITY and RIGHTS is reinforced by valuing an individual s/community s culture which will strengthen the success of the HP strategy (Relay for Life). Reorient Health Services (RHS) encourages health professionals to move beyond traditional medicine and employ diverse treatment methods. EQUITY is addressed in RHS to ensure health services cater for all, irrespective of culture, race, SE (alternative therapies). In addition, the SJP of ACCESS and RIGHTS is used to ensure every Australian has access to our health system (Medicare). Answers could include: Developing personal skills Creating supportive environments Reorienting health services Developing healthy public policy Strengthening community action Equity Diversity Supportive environments
9 HSC 2011 Question 23 (8 marks) Evaluate the effectiveness of health promotion initiatives based on the Ottawa Charter in promoting the principles of social justice. Answers could include: In this context, social justice refers to eliminating inequity in health, promoting the inclusiveness of diversity, and establishing supportive environments for all Australians. The four principles of social justice as they relate to health are: equity fair allocation of resources and entitlement without discrimination access the availability of health services, information and education participation the empowerment of individuals and communities to be involved in planning and decisionmaking for good health rights equitable opportunities for all individuals to achieve good health. Social justice key terms equity, diversity and supportive environments Examples of health promotion initiatives could include Oxfam Australia s Close the Gap, which aims to: increase Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders access to health services (access) address critical social issues, such as poor housing, nutrition, employment and education (access), among Indigenous Australians build Indigenous control and participation in the delivery of health and other services (participation) get governments at the state and national level to work in partnership with Indigenous Australian communities, health organisations and experts to develop and monitor a plan to tackle the Indigenous health crisis in Australia (participation). Developing personal skills can only occur if education is assured for all individuals. Staying on at school until at least Year 10 will undoubtedly positively effect a person s ability to make informed health decisions. So for equity to be achieved, access to education is imperative. An example of this would be PDHPE lessons, in which information and issues around smoking are discussed. Diversity is about ensuring that information is relevant to all people, irrespective of their age, gender, culture, geographic location, sexuality or socioeconomic status. This is where the one size fits all approach to health promotion reaps little success. Programs must be able to be personalised in order to target all individuals. Consider a pamphlet that describes how to conduct breast self-examinations in order to detect the early signs of breast cancer. This pamphlet would develop the skills of a greater group of women if it was available in many different languages and included self-explanatory graphics that could be understood by all women, regardless of their level of education. It is crucial for an individual to develop their personal skills if they are going to overcome any negative influence their environment may have on them. Developing personal skills supports the notion of supportive environments by empowering individuals through the teaching of knowledge and skills, which they can pass on to others in their environment. If a parent is educated about healthy food habits, they will provide nutritious foods for their children, which will reduce the chance of them developing a diet-related illness such as diabetes. Creating supportive environments Any health promotion initiative that addresses and acknowledges the influence of a person s environment will have an increased chance of success. If a local council improves the lighting and security of the local bicycle track, it will increase the chance of the track being used by people either in the early hours of the morning or later in the evening. This increased level of availability may encourage members of the community to use the track and therefore improve their physical fitness. This is how a community can assume some responsibility for promoting health.
10 Reorienting health services In order for equity to be achieved, health services must be culturally sensitive and respect the diverse needs of all people, irrespective of their cultural backgrounds. Doctors should be aware of how their patients backgrounds may influence their health choices, rather than just addressing the symptoms that patients are displaying. All individuals, irrespective of educational background, should have equal opportunities to train in the promotion of health as well as the provision of health services, in order to increase the health outcomes of their own community and those of others. This would uphold the social justice principle of equity. The benefit of research into health conditions is that it can improve health outcomes for all groups of people, particularly if it encourages change in negative lifestyle behaviours. This aspect of reorientating health services addresses diversity and equity, as all people in the future can reap the positives outcomes of important research, whether it is scientific or social. Building healthy public policy Through implementing legislation, policies and fiscal measures, governments can work towards creating equity among individuals and across different populations. Laws can ensure that all people are treated fairly, irrespective of their social markers. For example: All workplaces have government-enforced smoking bans that protect both blue-collar and white-collar workers. The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) is an example of how the social justice principle of equity is addressed by the Commonwealth Government. The government recognises that not all people can afford the cost of prescription drugs, so it subsidises the cost of medication to assist people from low socioeconomic backgrounds in order to create equal access for everyone. The no hat, no play policy in primary schools promotes a supportive environment for the good health of children. Since wearing a hat during breaks is compulsory, this protects children from exposure to UV and reduces the chance of them developing skin cancer. [If students take a look through an initiative such as the National Tobacco Strategy and then link examples from that strategy to equity, diversity and supportive environments, that is also a reasonable method to take.]
11 HSC 2015 Question 22 (4 marks) Explain how health services in Australia have been reoriented to address ONE health promotion initiative. Sample answer: Health services in Australia have been reoriented to address lung cancer as seen by the introduction of the National Tobacco Strategy. This initiative has implemented policies such as age restrictions (no cigarettes sold to those under 18 years), plain packaging laws, smoke free zones (creating supportive environments) and building healthy public policy. Also the initiative supplies classes and pamphlets to educate and empower individuals to stop smoking. Due to the points stated above this demonstrates a shift from a curative (cure) driven approach, to a preventative approach to address the promotion initiative, National Tobacco Strategy. Doctors are also encouraged to explain effects of smoking and prescribe nicotine patches to prevent further smoking. Answers could include: Health services focused on prevention and early intervention rather than cure, eg doctors using lifestyle scripts, doctors referring patients to the Quitline Australian Health Promotion Initiatives Breastscreen NSW National Tobacco Campaign Measure Up Campaign Slip, Slop, Slap Close the Gap
Name: CQ4 DP1 What actions are needed to address Australia s health priorities?
Name: CQ4 DP1 What actions are needed to address Australia s health priorities? health promotion based on the five action areas of the Ottawa Charter levels of responsibility for health promotion the benefits
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