Chapter 4. Objective & Research Methodology of the Study
|
|
- Emil White
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 4 Objective & Research Methodology of the Study 4.1] Introduction The current chapter details about research methodology used in the present study to arrive at desired results. This chapter includes in detail about statement of research problem, objectives, research design, sampling and sampling criteria, variables considered, hypothesis formulation, measures and statistical testing tools used. There are numerousmain questions that require importantdeliberation by individual who do research. These question can range from How to What type of Research? But the answers can be only one to all questions i.e. Why research? Multiple reasons can be assigned why researchers are doing research and why they have selected any topic based on various methodologies i.e. qualitative, quantitative or combination of both. Research consists of 1. Redefining or defining research problems 2. Hypothesis formulation 3. Collecting information or data 4. Arranging, organizing, analyzing and evaluating data or information 5. Making inferencesor assumption and completing or reaching conclusions;
2 6. In the last, careful test of conclusions and to see whether they are in sync with hypothesis. As per Kothari, research process follows below steps. (1) Statement of the research problems: Formulating (2) Widespread survey of literature (3) Hypothesis Design and development (4) Preparation and design for the research (5) Determination and Definingdesign for sample (6) Data Collection (7) Project execution (8) Data analysis (9) Testing of hypothesis (10) Interpreting and generalization,and (11) Report or presentation preparation of findings and results i.e. reaching conclusion The objective of the current chapter is to provide detail understanding of all the previously discussed issues and processes. This chapter will provide broad framework and way forward for analysis of data for thesis.
3 4.2] Aim of the Study The fundamental aim, purpose and target of this study are to compare, examine and measure the emotional intelligence level of alcoholics & drug addicts with non-alcoholics & non-drug addicts. It also tries to find the personality of both categories i.e. alcoholics & drug addicts and non-alcoholics & non-drug addicts. 4.3] Statement of Research Problem The formulation and construction of research problem is indeed is the first step towards scientific enquiry. This consists of thoroughly understanding problem and rephrasing in meaningful terms which can be further taken for testing and analysis. Hernon & Metoiyer-Duran, in 1993 had found 9characteristics that respondents related with statement of problem or problems. 1. Clarity and precision (a well-written statement does not make sweeping generalizations and irresponsible statements); 2. Identification of what would be studied, while avoiding the use of value-laden words and terms; 3. Identification of an overarching question and key factors or variables; 4. Identification of key concepts and terms; 5. Articulation of the study's boundaries or parameters; 6. Some generalizability;
4 7. Conveyance of the study's importance, benefits, and justification (regardless of the type of research, it is important to address the so what question and to demonstrate that the research is not trivial); 8. No use of unnecessary jargon; and 9. Conveyance of more than the mere gathering of descriptive data providing a snapshot. The research problem of the current study is - A comparative study of emotional intelligence and personality of alcoholics & drug addicts and non-alcoholics and non-drug addicts. 4.4] Objective of the Study It is extremely important to clearly specify the objective of the study as it generally describe the researcher s goal which he/she want to attain in the study and inform the reader accordingly. The objectives of the present research are: 1) To measure the status of emotional intelligence among alcoholics& drug addicts and nonalcoholics & non-drug addicts. 2) To assess the personality among alcoholics& drug addicts and non-alcoholics & non-drug addicts.
5 3) To observe at the factors affecting the emotional intelligence & personality in the drug addicts & alcoholics. 4.5] Hypothesis of the Study The next important step, after objective and research problem is the formulation of working hypothesis. Working hypothesis is cautiousstatementprepared which can be tested for its empirical and logical consequences. The manner in which formulation and construction of hypothesis is taken place is very crucial as it provide central focus to problem of research and also decide quality of data and its analysis tools. This also charts out future plan of action. The working hypothesis should be very precise and concentrate only on research problem. Various stages have been provided in literature for testing of Hypothesis or Hypotheses.. Stage(A):Formulation ofhypotheses: We assume a value for null hypothesis, which is true. And stating alternative hypothesis if we assume null hypothesis is wrong. Null Hypothesis is indicated by H 0 : It is normal assumption for no relationship, no variations, no change etc. In against Null Hypothesis, Alternative Hypothesis is indicated by H 1 : It is assumption for existence of relationship, variations, change etc.
6 Stage(B):Decision Making Criteria: for this decide the level of significanceto testhypothesis. This is the one of the criterion to judge the value and decide results acceptance. It is the statistical measures, using this one hypothesis (Null or Alternative) is rejected or accepted. This values normally is set at 5% significance level. Stage (C):Test-Statistic Calculation and Computation. This is to decide whether resultant outcomes should be rejected or accepted for Null Hypothesis. Stage(D):DecisionMaking: We can decide on null hypothesis by using the value of test statistic The following are the five main hypotheses formulated in the present study. 1) Emotional intelligence of drug addicts & alcoholics would be significantly lower than that of non alcoholics & non drug addicts. 2) The alcoholics & drug addicts would score high on Neuroticism as compared to the non alcoholics & non drug addicts. 3) The alcoholics & drug addicts would score low on Extraversion as compared to the non alcoholics & non drug addicts.
7 4) The alcoholics & drug addicts would score high on Psychoticism as compared to the non alcoholics & non drug addicts. 5) The personality development would be better in non-addicts than addicts. Fifth hypothesis is qualitative in nature and will draw support from the results obtained from above mentioned four hypotheses. In this hypothesis, we will conclude analysis and results of previous four hypotheses. Operational Hypothesis of the Current Study As explained earlier, hypothesis is divided into two segment 1) null hypothesis and 2) alternative hypothesis. Our hypothesis are defined as below Hypothesis 1] Null Hypothesis (H 0 ): There is no difference in the emotional intelligence levels of drug addicts & alcoholics and emotional intelligence levels of non-drug addicts & non-alcoholics. Alternative Hypothesis (H 1 ): Emotional intelligence of drug addicts and alcoholics would be significantly lower than that of non alcoholics & non-drug addicts. Hypothesis 2] Null Hypothesis (H 0 ): There is no difference between score onneuroticism of alcoholics & drug addicts and score onneuroticism of non alcoholics & non-drug addicts.
8 Alternative Hypothesis (H 1 ): The alcoholics & drug addicts would score high on Neuroticism as compared to the non alcoholics & drug addicts. Hypothesis 3] Null Hypothesis (H 0 ): There is no difference between score onextraversion of alcoholics & drug addicts and score onextraversion of non alcoholics & non-drug addicts. Alternative Hypothesis (H 1 ): The alcoholics & drug addicts would score low on Extraversion as compared to the non alcoholics & drug addicts. Hypothesis 4] Null Hypothesis (H 0 ): There is no difference between score onpsychoticism of alcoholics & drug addicts and score onpsychoticism of non alcoholics & non-drug addicts Alternative Hypothesis (H 1 ): The alcoholics & drug addicts would score high on Psychoticism as compared to the non alcoholics &non drug addicts. Hypothesis 5] Null Hypothesis (H 0 ): There is no difference between personality development of alcoholics & drug addicts and non-alcoholics & non-drug addicts.
9 Alternative Hypothesis (H 1 ): The personality development would be better in non-alcoholics & nondrug addicts than alcoholics & drug addicts. 4.6] Methodology of the Present Study This section tries to explain the research methodology adopted for the current study in detail which includes research design, sampling, operation definition of sample, sample selection criteria, measuring tools, variables considered and statistical tools used ] Research Design This is the most critical part of the methodology and detail about research design adopted for this study has been presented. Polit & Hungler (1999) described the research design as a blueprint, or outline, or conducting the study in such a way that maximum control will be exercised over factors that could interfere with the validity of the research results. Designing a study helps researchers to plan and implement the study in a way that will help them obtain the intended results, thus increasing the chances of obtaining information that could be associated with the real situation (Burns & Grove, 2001). In present study, researcher has used the 2x2 Factorial Research Design. Factorial research designs are used in experiments where the effects of varying more than one factor are to be determined (Kothari, 2004).
10 4.6.2] Sampling Sampling is the procedure of choosing units from a larger set of population in the area of our research. This is done in order to generalize results for entire population. For quantitative part of this study, the purposive sampling method has been used for sample selection. For the current study, 50 (fifty) samples for each category i.e. drug addicts, alcoholics, nonalcoholics and non drug addicts has been considered i.e. in total of 200 sample considered. In the current research, the demographic characteristics of non-alcoholics & non-drug addicts and alcoholics & drug addicts are presented in selection criteria. Sample Selection Criteria Selection of sample has followed below mentioned criteria. Gender: For gender, sample of only male has been considered. Qualification: Only Graduates and above (degree holder) have been considered Employment: The entire sample selected was working either for Government sector or non-government or private sector.
11 Age limit: The age limit for the both category would be years. Location: Sample has been collected from the various rehabilitation centers and hospitals with psychiatric setup along with de-addiction centre in Mumbai, Thane and Pune. Socio-Economic Background: Entire sample is selected from Upper Middle Class Following table showing the short summary of sample:- Table 4.1: Sample Categories and Sample Size Sample Substance (S) Alcoholic (S1) Drug (S2) Total Category (C) Addicts (C1) Non-Addicts (C2) Total While the prime focus of the current research is to estimate the significance level of variation in average score for emotional intelligence and personality between addicts (alcoholics & drug addicts) and non-addicts (non alcoholics &non drug addicts), the analysis has also covered to find out whether there is any significant variation between types of substance (alcohol and drugs) use or not.
12 The definition of alcohol & drug addiction and substance dependence are given below for illustrative purpose. Alcohol addiction: Habitual intoxication, prolonged & excessive intake of alcohol which may lead to breakdown in psychological & physiological health. Drug addiction:it is the obsessive use of a drugs or substance in spite its negative or hazardous psychological effects. It says that the individualrequires drug to normally act and function if not then it will lead to withdrawal symptoms. Substance dependence: When personcontinuesto use alcohol or some other drugs in spite of problem related to use of substance, then substance dependence may be identified. Poly-substance: It refers to a type disorder in wherein person uses at least 3multiple classes of substances in discriminately. It s not having any preferred drug which is eligible for dependence on its own 4.6.3] Operational Definition of Sample 1. Addicts Alcohol: Who was consuming excessive quantity of alcohol since last five years on a regular basis is considered as Alcohol Addict (Alcoholics).
13 Drugs: Who was consuming excessive quantity of drugs (ploy-substance) since last five years on a regular basis is considered as Drug Addict. 2. Non-Addicts Alcohol: Who have taken alcohol for some time in their life and left is considered as Non Alcoholics (Non Alcohol Addicts). Drugs: Who have taken drugs (ploy-substance) for some time in their life and left is considered as Non Drug Addicts ] Variables under the Study Following variables under the study in research A) Independent Variable:- 1. Alcoholics & drugs addicts 2. Non alcoholics & non-drugs addicts B) Dependent Variable:- 1. Emotional Intelligence Score 2. Personality Score 4.6.5] Measuring Tools In the current study, two scales have been used to estimatethe emotional intelligence level and personality of alcoholics & drug addicts and non-alcoholics & drug-addicts.
14 1) Mangal Emotional Intelligence Inventory (MEII) 2) Eysenck Personality Questionnaire - Revised (EPQ-R) 1) Mangal Emotional Intelligence Inventory (MEII) In order to measure and assess the emotional intelligence among drug addicts & alcoholics and non-alcoholics & non-drug addicts, Mangal Emotional Intelligence Inventory scale has been used. It is a hundred questions survey to measure the emotional intelligence level in people. Mangal Emotional Intelligence Inventory has been developed by Dr. S.K. Mangal (M.D. University, Rohtak) and Mrs. Shubhra Mangal (C.R.S. College of education, NOIDA). Emotional Intelligence Inventory has been designed for the male and female for the measurement of their Emotional Intelligence (total as well as separately) in respect of four areas or aspects of Emotional Intelligence namely, Intra-Personal Awareness (knowing about one s own emotion) Inter-Personal Awareness (knowing about others emotion), Intra-Personal Management (managing one s own emotion) and Inter-Personal Management (managing others emotion). Each area/aspect has 25 items each and 100 in total. Reliability of test is 0.92 (Test Retest method) and validity of this test are 0.71 from inter-validity formula. The mode of response to each of the item of the inventory is in the form of a forced choice i.e. either YES or NO, indicating complete agreement or disagreement with the proposed statement respectively. In the present Emotional Intelligence Inventory, thus, there are item where the
15 responses YES is indicative of the presence of Emotional Intelligence and NO for the lack of Emotional Intelligence. Similarly, there are items where NO responses provides clue for the presence of Emotional Intelligence and YES for its absence. Table 4.2: Aspects of Mangal Emotional Intelligence Inventory Sr. No Aspects No. of Items Intra-Personal Awareness (Knowing about one s own emotions) - Part 1 Inter-Personal Awareness (Knowing about others emotions) - Part 2 Intra-Personal Management (Managing one s own emotions) - Part 3 Inter-Personal Management (Managing others emotions) - Part 4 5 Total items
16 Table 4.3: Scoring Scheme of Emotional Intelligence Inventory Sr. No. of Items Mode of Response Score Where YES response shows presence of Emotional Intelligence 6, 18, 19, 20, 23 to 25, 27 to 29, 31, 41 to 44, 51 to 56, 58 to 68, 70, 71, 73 to to 82, 84, 88 to 90, 96, 99 Where NO response shows presence of Emotional Intelligence 1 to 5, 7 to 17, 21, 22, 26, 30, 32 to 40, 45 to 50, 57, 69, 72, 77, 78, 83, 85 to 87, 91 to 95, 97, 98, 100 YES 1 NO 0 NO 1 YES 0 Scoring can be done by hand or with the help of stencil. For scoring one mark is to be provided for the response indicating presence of Emotional Intelligence and zero for the absence of Emotional Intelligence. Subject s scores denoting his level of emotional intelligence may also be interpreted (area wise as well as total).
17 Table 4.4: Classification of Emotional Intelligence in Terms of Categories
18 Table 4.5: Classification of Emotional Intelligence in Terms of Categories in Four Areas
19 2) Eysenck Personality Questionnaire - Revised (EPQ-R) Further, to assess the personality of drug addicts & alcoholics and controlled group, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire - Revised (EPQ-R) will be used. The EPQ measures the traits of personality: Psychoticism (P),(Extraversion),Neuroticism (N)and Lie (L). Reliability ranges are 0.80 to 0.90 and validity of test is satisfactory. Psychoticism: It describes the personality as looking and liking abnormal, odd and unfamiliar things, aggressive to others sensation, lacking in sensation and responsiveness, cruel, troublesome and solitary. Neuroticism: It describes the personality as his or her obligation to neurotic collapse under stress, his or her emotional over-responsiveness and as a general emotional liabilityof an individual. Extraversion: It describes personality as sociable pro-clivition of individual, uninhibited,outspoken and out-going. EPQ-R contains 90 items and covers all the four categories above mentioned. Scoring of EPQ-R can be done manually or with the help of stencils. 1 mark for each response correct responses according to scoring key of EPQ-R.
20 Table 4.6 Scoring Key of EPQ-R Scale Mode of Response Sr. No. of Items Score PSYCHOTICISM NO 2, 6, 9, 11, 18, 53, 57, 61, 71, 90 YES 22, 26, 30, 33, 43, 46, 50, 65, 67, 74, 76, 79, 83, 87 1 NO Nil NEUROTICISM YES 3, 7, 12, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31, 34, 37, 38, 41, 47, 54, 58, 62, 66, 68, 72, 75, 77, 80, 84, 88 1 EXTRAVERSION LIE SCALE NO 21, 29, 42 YES NO 1, 5, 10, 14, 17, 25, 32, 36, 40, 45, 49, 52, 56, 60, 64, 70, 82, 86 4, 8, 16, 24, 28, 39, 44, 48, 51, 59, 63, 69, 73, 81, 85 YES 13, 20, 35, 55, 78, After calculation of raw scores of P E N L, there is a conversion table to convert raw scores into Sten Scores.
21 Table 4.7: Conversion of Raw Scores into Sten Scores STEN P E N L The score of 5-6 denotes average strength of the factor (PENL), score above 6 i,e from 7-10,express gradually the greater strength of the factor and score below 5, i.e from 1-4, indicates gradual decrease of strength.
22 4.6.6] Statistical Techniques for Data Analysis Scores of both scales (Mangal Emotional Intelligence Rating Scale and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire - Revised (EPQ-R)) has been calculated for alcoholics & drug addicts and non alcoholics & non drug addicts, using recommended methods. These results & findings are then compared with various other findings available in literature. Further, in the current research, 2x2 Factorial ANOVA technique and t-test will be used for data analysis. The statistical analysis has been done in the SPSS statistical software. The detailed technical explanation of 2x2 Factorial ANOVA and t-test has been presented in technical appendix.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE & PERSONALITY OF ALCOHOLICS & DRUG ADDICTS AND NON-ALCOHOLICS & NON-DRUG ADDICTS
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE & PERSONALITY OF ALCOHOLICS & DRUG ADDICTS AND NON-ALCOHOLICS & NON-DRUG ADDICTS Introduction A number of research articles and studies have examined the relationship
More informationChapter 3. Research Methodology. This chapter mentions the outline of research methodology and gives
Chapter 3 Research Methodology This chapter mentions the outline of research methodology and gives comprehensive explanations of research methods. This study comprises a review of methodology and its utilities.
More informationIt was hypothesized that the male subjects would show a low level of emotional intelligence as compared to the female subjects.
CHAPTER 6 SUMMARY CHAPTER 6 Summary Emotional intelligence enables a person to learn how to acknowledge and understand feelings in oneself and in others. It also makes oneself to appropriately respond
More informationCHAPTER 3 METHOD AND PROCEDURE
CHAPTER 3 METHOD AND PROCEDURE Previous chapter namely Review of the Literature was concerned with the review of the research studies conducted in the field of teacher education, with special reference
More informationCHAPTER 3 DATA ANALYSIS: DESCRIBING DATA
Data Analysis: Describing Data CHAPTER 3 DATA ANALYSIS: DESCRIBING DATA In the analysis process, the researcher tries to evaluate the data collected both from written documents and from other sources such
More informationCHAPTER VI RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER VI RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 6.1 Research Design Research is an organized, systematic, data based, critical, objective, scientific inquiry or investigation into a specific problem, undertaken with the
More informationCHAPTER - 6 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS. This chapter discusses inferential statistics, which use sample data to
CHAPTER - 6 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 6.1 Introduction This chapter discusses inferential statistics, which use sample data to make decisions or inferences about population. Populations are group of interest
More informationCHAPTER- III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER- III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Statement of the Problem 3.3 Objectives 3.4 Hypotheses 3.5 Variables 3.6 Operational Definitions of Variables 3.7 Selection of the Sample 3.8 Research
More informationHow was your experience working in a group on the Literature Review?
Journal 10/18 How was your experience working in a group on the Literature Review? What worked? What didn t work? What are the benefits of working in a group? What are the disadvantages of working in a
More informationPTHP 7101 Research 1 Chapter Assignments
PTHP 7101 Research 1 Chapter Assignments INSTRUCTIONS: Go over the questions/pointers pertaining to the chapters and turn in a hard copy of your answers at the beginning of class (on the day that it is
More informationTraits & Trait Taxonomies
Traits & Trait Taxonomies Chapter 3 Three fundamental questions guide those who study traits: How should we conceptualize traits? How can we identify which traits are the most important from among the
More informationClinical Research Scientific Writing. K. A. Koram NMIMR
Clinical Research Scientific Writing K. A. Koram NMIMR Clinical Research Branch of medical science that determines the safety and effectiveness of medications, devices, diagnostic products and treatment
More informationCHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research methodology explains the activity of research that pursuit, how it progress, estimate process and represents the success. The methodological decision covers the
More informationChapter 5 Analyzing Quantitative Research Literature
Activity for Chapter 5 Directions: Locate an original report of a quantitative research, preferably on a topic you are reviewing, and answer the following questions. 1. What characteristics of the report
More informationa) Only literate delinquents and non-delinquents were taken into the sample who could read words printed in Hindi or Punjabi.
The primary objective of the present study was to find the relationship of delinquency with learning disabilities, personality and family environment. Therefore the data was collected keeping in view the
More informationCHAPTER-III METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER-III METHODOLOGY Statement of Problem Objectives Hypotheses Methodology Sample Variables Research Design Research Tests Description of tests Procedure of Data collection Statistical Analysis This
More informationExtraversion and Neuroticism in Contact Athletes, No Contact Athletes and Non-athletes: A Research Note
September, 2003 Volume 5, Issue 3 Extraversion and Neuroticism in Contact Athletes, No Contact Athletes and Non-athletes: A Research Note Stuart J. McKelvie, Patrice Lemieux, and Dale Stout Department
More informationCHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 3.1 Methodology 3.1.1 Research Design 3.1. Research Framework Design 3.1.3 Research Instrument 3.1.4 Validity of Questionnaire 3.1.5 Statistical Measurement
More information2 Critical thinking guidelines
What makes psychological research scientific? Precision How psychologists do research? Skepticism Reliance on empirical evidence Willingness to make risky predictions Openness Precision Begin with a Theory
More informationEmpirical Knowledge: based on observations. Answer questions why, whom, how, and when.
INTRO TO RESEARCH METHODS: Empirical Knowledge: based on observations. Answer questions why, whom, how, and when. Experimental research: treatments are given for the purpose of research. Experimental group
More informationSurvival Skills for Researchers. Study Design
Survival Skills for Researchers Study Design Typical Process in Research Design study Collect information Generate hypotheses Analyze & interpret findings Develop tentative new theories Purpose What is
More informationCritical Thinking Assessment at MCC. How are we doing?
Critical Thinking Assessment at MCC How are we doing? Prepared by Maura McCool, M.S. Office of Research, Evaluation and Assessment Metropolitan Community Colleges Fall 2003 1 General Education Assessment
More informationPsychology Research Process
Psychology Research Process Logical Processes Induction Observation/Association/Using Correlation Trying to assess, through observation of a large group/sample, what is associated with what? Examples:
More informationInferences: What inferences about the hypotheses and questions can be made based on the results?
QALMRI INSTRUCTIONS QALMRI is an acronym that stands for: Question: (a) What was the broad question being asked by this research project? (b) What was the specific question being asked by this research
More informationGroup Assignment #1: Concept Explication. For each concept, ask and answer the questions before your literature search.
Group Assignment #1: Concept Explication 1. Preliminary identification of the concept. Identify and name each concept your group is interested in examining. Questions to asked and answered: Is each concept
More informationDesigning Psychology Experiments: Data Analysis and Presentation
Data Analysis and Presentation Review of Chapter 4: Designing Experiments Develop Hypothesis (or Hypotheses) from Theory Independent Variable(s) and Dependent Variable(s) Operational Definitions of each
More informationPerformance Improvement Project Implementation & Submission Tool
PLANNING TEMPLATE Performance Improvement Project Implementation & Submission Tool INTRODUCTION & INSTRUCTION This tool provides a structure for development and submission of Performance Improvement Projects
More informationCHAPTER 2. RESEARCH METHODS AND PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT (64 items)
CHAPTER 2. RESEARCH METHODS AND PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT (64 items) 1. Darwin s point of view about empirical research can be accurately summarized as... a. Any observation is better than no observation
More informationValidity refers to the accuracy of a measure. A measurement is valid when it measures what it is suppose to measure and performs the functions that
Validity refers to the accuracy of a measure. A measurement is valid when it measures what it is suppose to measure and performs the functions that it purports to perform. Does an indicator accurately
More informationTYPES OF RESEARCH (CONTD )
1 WHAT IS RESEARCH? It is scholarly or scientific investigation or inquiry A close,careful study To study(something ) thoroughly so as to present in a detailed,accurate manner It is search for knowledge,
More informationCHAPTER NINE DATA ANALYSIS / EVALUATING QUALITY (VALIDITY) OF BETWEEN GROUP EXPERIMENTS
CHAPTER NINE DATA ANALYSIS / EVALUATING QUALITY (VALIDITY) OF BETWEEN GROUP EXPERIMENTS Chapter Objectives: Understand Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST) Understand statistical significance and
More informationCHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY, DATA COLLECTION AND DATA ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY, DATA COLLECTION AND DATA ANALYSIS TABLE OF CONTENTS Titles Page Nos. CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY, DATA COLLECTION 88 97 AND DATA ANALYSIS 3.1 Objectives of the Study 89 3.2 Research Design
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
381 Exam #2 E Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) An approach to qualitative research that focuses on building theories is known
More informationChapter-2 RESEARCH DESIGN
Chapter-2 RESEARCH DESIGN 33 2.1 Introduction to Research Methodology: The general meaning of research is the search for knowledge. Research is also defined as a careful investigation or inquiry, especially
More informationI. INTRODUCING CROSSCULTURAL RESEARCH
I. INTRODUCING CROSSCULTURAL RESEARCH IN THIS CHAPTER: The motivations of cross-cultural researchers Uniqueness vs. comparability: why comparison is possible Scientific methods used in cross-cultural research
More informationISC- GRADE XI HUMANITIES ( ) PSYCHOLOGY. Chapter 2- Methods of Psychology
ISC- GRADE XI HUMANITIES (2018-19) PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 2- Methods of Psychology OUTLINE OF THE CHAPTER (i) Scientific Methods in Psychology -observation, case study, surveys, psychological tests, experimentation
More informationCRITICAL EVALUATION OF BIOMEDICAL LITERATURE
Chapter 9 CRITICAL EVALUATION OF BIOMEDICAL LITERATURE M.G.Rajanandh, Department of Pharmacy Practice, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM University. INTRODUCTION Reviewing the Biomedical Literature poses a
More informationResearch Questions and Survey Development
Research Questions and Survey Development R. Eric Heidel, PhD Associate Professor of Biostatistics Department of Surgery University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine Research Questions 1 Research
More informationSUMMARY 8 CONCLUSIONS
SUMMARY 8 CONCLUSIONS 9 Need for the study 9 Statement of the topic 9 Objectives of the study 9 Hypotheses 9 Methodology in brief 9 Sample for the study 9 Tools used for the study 9 Variables 9 Administration
More informationLAW RESEARCH METHODOLOGY HYPOTHESIS
LAW RESEARCH METHODOLOGY HYPOTHESIS Role Name Affiliation Principal Investigator Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh Vice Chancellor, National Law University, Delhi Co-Principal Investigator Prof. (Dr.) G.S. Bajpai
More informationThe Effect of Logical Choice Weight and Corrected Scoring Methods on Multiple Choice Agricultural Science Test Scores
Publisher: Asian Economic and Social Society ISSN (P): 2304-1455, ISSN (E): 2224-4433 Volume 2 No. 4 December 2012. The Effect of Logical Choice Weight and Corrected Scoring Methods on Multiple Choice
More informationChapter 3 Tools for Practical Theorizing: Theoretical Maps and Ecosystem Maps
Chapter 3 Tools for Practical Theorizing: Theoretical Maps and Ecosystem Maps Chapter Outline I. Introduction A. Understanding theoretical languages requires universal translators 1. Theoretical maps identify
More informationTACKLING WITH REVIEWER S COMMENTS:
TACKLING WITH REVIEWER S COMMENTS: Comment (a): The abstract of the research paper does not provide a bird s eye view (snapshot view) of what is being discussed throughout the paper. The reader is likely
More informationChapter Two. Classification and treatment plans
Chapter Two Classification and treatment plans Diagnosis Definition Good Dx Reliability & Validity History DSM-IV Other choices Weaknesses Treatment Outline 2 3 1. How do you feel about Dx? 4 Assessment
More informationCHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. In this chapter, research design, data collection, sampling frame and analysis
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction In this chapter, research design, data collection, sampling frame and analysis procedure will be discussed in order to meet the objectives of the study.
More informationIII. WHAT ANSWERS DO YOU EXPECT?
III. WHAT ANSWERS DO YOU EXPECT? IN THIS CHAPTER: Theories and Hypotheses: Definitions Similarities and Differences Why Theories Cannot be Verified The Importance of Theories Types of Hypotheses Hypotheses
More informationCHAPTER-III METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER-III METHODOLOGY 3.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter deals with the methodology employed in order to achieve the set objectives of the study. Details regarding sample, description of the tools employed,
More informationLEARNING. Learning. Type of Learning Experiences Related Factors
LEARNING DEFINITION: Learning can be defined as any relatively permanent change in behavior or modification in behavior or behavior potentials that occur as a result of practice or experience. According
More informationKepler tried to record the paths of planets in the sky, Harvey to measure the flow of blood in the circulatory system, and chemists tried to produce
Stats 95 Kepler tried to record the paths of planets in the sky, Harvey to measure the flow of blood in the circulatory system, and chemists tried to produce pure gold knowing it was an element, though
More informationAudio: In this lecture we are going to address psychology as a science. Slide #2
Psychology 312: Lecture 2 Psychology as a Science Slide #1 Psychology As A Science In this lecture we are going to address psychology as a science. Slide #2 Outline Psychology is an empirical science.
More informationTitle: What 'outliers' tell us about missed opportunities for TB control: a cross-sectional study of patients in Mumbai, India
Author's response to reviews Title: What 'outliers' tell us about missed opportunities for TB control: a cross-sectional study of patients in Authors: Anagha Pradhan (anp1002004@yahoo.com) Karina Kielmann
More informationHypothesis Testing. Richard S. Balkin, Ph.D., LPC-S, NCC
Hypothesis Testing Richard S. Balkin, Ph.D., LPC-S, NCC Overview When we have questions about the effect of a treatment or intervention or wish to compare groups, we use hypothesis testing Parametric statistics
More informationConducting Research in the Social Sciences. Rick Balkin, Ph.D., LPC-S, NCC
Conducting Research in the Social Sciences Rick Balkin, Ph.D., LPC-S, NCC 1 Why we do research Improvement Description Explanation Prediction R. S. Balkin, 2008 2 Theory Explanation of an observed phenomena
More informationCHAPTER 3. Methodology
CHAPTER 3 Methodology The purpose of this chapter is to provide the research methodology which was designed to achieve the objectives of this study. It is important to select appropriate method to ensure
More informationINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON ASSURANCE ENGAGEMENTS 3000 ASSURANCE ENGAGEMENTS OTHER THAN AUDITS OR REVIEWS OF HISTORICAL FINANCIAL INFORMATION CONTENTS
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON ASSURANCE ENGAGEMENTS 3000 ASSURANCE ENGAGEMENTS OTHER THAN AUDITS OR REVIEWS OF HISTORICAL FINANCIAL INFORMATION (Effective for assurance reports dated on or after January 1,
More informationPsychotherapists and Counsellors Professional Liaison Group (PLG) 15 December 2010
Psychotherapists and Counsellors Professional Liaison Group (PLG) 15 December 2010 Standards of proficiency for counsellors Executive summary and recommendations Introduction At the meeting on 19 October
More informationPsychology Research Process
Psychology Research Process Logical Processes Induction Observation/Association/Using Correlation Trying to assess, through observation of a large group/sample, what is associated with what? Examples:
More informationResearch Methodology in Social Sciences. by Dr. Rina Astini
Research Methodology in Social Sciences by Dr. Rina Astini Email : rina_astini@mercubuana.ac.id What is Research? Re ---------------- Search Re means (once more, afresh, anew) or (back; with return to
More informationThe State Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI)
The State Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) The STAXI was developed with two goals in mind.. The first was to develop a measure of the components of anger in the context of both normal and abnormal
More informationValidity and reliability of measurements
Validity and reliability of measurements 2 3 Request: Intention to treat Intention to treat and per protocol dealing with cross-overs (ref Hulley 2013) For example: Patients who did not take/get the medication
More informationMeasuring Self-Esteem of Adolescents Based on Academic Performance. Grambling State University
Measuring Self-Esteem 1 Running head: MEASURING SELF-ESTEEM INADOLESCENTS Measuring Self-Esteem of Adolescents Based on Academic Performance Grambling State University Measuring Self-Esteem 2 Problem Studied
More informationTips For Writing Referee Reports. Lance Cooper
Tips For Writing Referee Reports Lance Cooper Why Referees are Needed in Science An enormous number of scientific articles are submitted daily Most journals rely on impartial, external reviewers to help
More informationSociological Research Methods and Techniques Alan S.Berger 1
Sociological Research Methods and Techniques 2010 Alan S.Berger 1 Sociological Research Topics Sociologists: Study the influence that society has on people s attitudes and behavior Seek to understand ways
More informationA Study of Emotional Intelligence of Adolescent Students
The International Journal of Indian Psychology ISSN 2348-5396 (e) ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) Volume 6, Issue 3, DIP: 18.01.011/20180603 DOI: 10.25215/0603.011 http://www.ijip.in July-September, 2018 Research
More informationThinking Like a Researcher
3-1 Thinking Like a Researcher 3-3 Learning Objectives Understand... The terminology used by professional researchers employing scientific thinking. What you need to formulate a solid research hypothesis.
More informationSEMINAR ON SERVICE MARKETING
SEMINAR ON SERVICE MARKETING Tracy Mary - Nancy LOGO John O. Summers Indiana University Guidelines for Conducting Research and Publishing in Marketing: From Conceptualization through the Review Process
More informationTIPSHEET QUESTION WORDING
TIPSHEET QUESTION WORDING What would the perfect survey look like? All questions would measure the concept they intend to measure. No question would erroneously measure unintended concepts. All respondents
More informationEvaluating Social Programs Course: Evaluation Glossary (Sources: 3ie and The World Bank)
Evaluating Social Programs Course: Evaluation Glossary (Sources: 3ie and The World Bank) Attribution The extent to which the observed change in outcome is the result of the intervention, having allowed
More informationCHAPTER OBJECTIVES - STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
3 Chapter 8 Introducing Inferential Statistics CHAPTER OBJECTIVES - STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO: Explain the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics. Define the central limit theorem and
More informationExperimental Psychology
Title Experimental Psychology Type Individual Document Map Authors Aristea Theodoropoulos, Patricia Sikorski Subject Social Studies Course None Selected Grade(s) 11, 12 Location Roxbury High School Curriculum
More informationStill important ideas
Readings: OpenStax - Chapters 1 11 + 13 & Appendix D & E (online) Plous - Chapters 2, 3, and 4 Chapter 2: Cognitive Dissonance, Chapter 3: Memory and Hindsight Bias, Chapter 4: Context Dependence Still
More informationA comparative study of emotional intelligence among management and engineering students
International Journal of Academic Research and Development ISSN: 2455-4197, Impact Factor: RJIF 5.22 www.academicsjournal.com Volume 2; Issue 4; July 2017; Page No. 716-720 A comparative study of emotional
More informationStudy Endpoint Considerations: Final PRO Guidance and Beyond
Study Endpoint Considerations: Final PRO Guidance and Beyond Laurie Burke Associate Director for Study Endpoints and Labeling OND/CDER/FDA Presented at: FIRST ANNUAL PATIENT REPORTED OUTCOMES (PRO) CONSORTIUM
More informationProcedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 140 ( 2014 ) PSYSOC 2013
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 140 ( 2014 ) 506 510 PSYSOC 2013 Personality Traits and Different Career Stages A Study on Indian School
More informationWhat is Psychology? chapter 1
What is Psychology? chapter 1 Overview! The science of psychology! What psychologists do! Critical and scientific thinking! Correlational studies! The experiment! Evaluating findings What is psychology?
More informationPersonality Traits and Life Satisfaction among Working Men and Women
Personality Traits and Life Satisfaction among Working Men and Women Azra Khanam Education University Lahore Campus, Pakistan Abstract The present research investigated personality traits and life satisfaction
More informationShoplifting Inventory: Standardization Study
Shoplifting Inventory: Standardization Study Donald D Davignon, Ph.D. 10-2-02 Abstract The Shoplifting Inventory (SI) is an adult shoplifting offender assessment test that accurately measures offender
More informationTechnical Specifications
Technical Specifications In order to provide summary information across a set of exercises, all tests must employ some form of scoring models. The most familiar of these scoring models is the one typically
More informationInferential Statistics
Inferential Statistics and t - tests ScWk 242 Session 9 Slides Inferential Statistics Ø Inferential statistics are used to test hypotheses about the relationship between the independent and the dependent
More informationMINISTRY OF EDUCATION, RESEARCH, YOUTH AND SPORT. Keywords: psihoton training, cognitive processes, personality traits
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, RESEARCH, YOUTH AND SPORT ABSTRACT OF THE DOCTORAL THESIS BY MR. SMÎDU M. NELUŢA Thesis submitted to: NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS, Bucharest, Romania, 2011
More informationOn the Internet No One Knows I m an Introvert : Extroversion, Neuroticism, and Internet Interaction
CYBERPSYCHOLOGY & BEHAVIOR Volume 5, Number 2, 2002 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. On the Internet No One Knows I m an Introvert : Extroversion, Neuroticism, and Internet Interaction YAIR AMICHAI-HAMBURGER, Ph.D.,
More informationEvaluating EDI* Participant Reactions via Different Response Scales: A Technical Review. Keshav Gaur William A. Eckert
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized *The World Bank Institute (WBI) was formerly the Economic Development Institute (EDI),
More informationKOM 5113: Communication Research Methods (First Face-2-Face Meeting)
KOM 5113: Communication Research Methods (First Face-2-Face Meeting) Siti Zobidah Omar, Ph.D zobidah@putra.upm.edu.my Second Semester (January), 2011/2012 1 What is research? Research is a common activity
More information9.63 Laboratory in Cognitive Science
9.63 Laboratory in Cognitive Science Fall 2005 Course 2b Variables, Controls Aude Oliva Ben Balas, Charles Kemp Science is: Scientific Thinking 1. Empirical Based on observations 2. Objective Observations
More informationCommunication Research Practice Questions
Communication Research Practice Questions For each of the following questions, select the best answer from the given alternative choices. Additional instructions are given as necessary. Read each question
More informationCopyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere
More informationEmpirical Research Methods for Human-Computer Interaction. I. Scott MacKenzie Steven J. Castellucci
Empirical Research Methods for Human-Computer Interaction I. Scott MacKenzie Steven J. Castellucci 1 Topics The what, why, and how of empirical research Group participation in a real experiment Observations
More informationPATTERNS AND DETERMINANTS OF COPING BEHAVIOUR OF WIVES OF ALCOHOLICS
Indian J. Psychiat., 998, 0 (), 30-3 PATTERNS AND DETERMINANTS OF COPING BEHAVIOUR OF WIVES OF ALCOHOLICS R. CHANDRASEKARAN & V. CHITRALEKA ABSTRACT One hundred wives of alcoholics with a confirmed diagnosis
More informationRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS AND EDUCATIONAL ASPIRATION AMONG HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENT A STUDY. Sarita Soy 1
96 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS AND EDUCATIONAL ASPIRATION AMONG HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENT A STUDY. Sarita Soy 1 Abstract Educational aspiration and Socio-economic status plays important
More informationCS 5306 INFO 5306: Crowdsourcing and. Human Computation. Lecture 9. 9/19/17 Haym Hirsh
CS 5306 INFO 5306: Crowdsourcing and Human Computation Lecture 9 9/19/17 Haym Hirsh No class Thursday, September 21 Last Time Infotopia, Chapter 1 The (Occasional) Power of Numbers Last Time Infotopia,
More informationData and Statistics 101: Key Concepts in the Collection, Analysis, and Application of Child Welfare Data
TECHNICAL REPORT Data and Statistics 101: Key Concepts in the Collection, Analysis, and Application of Child Welfare Data CONTENTS Executive Summary...1 Introduction...2 Overview of Data Analysis Concepts...2
More informationCHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This chapter discusses overview of the methodological aspects of the study. The overview comprises of seven parts; the research design, population and
More informationYear Area Grade 1/2 Grade 3/4 Grade 5/6 Grade 7+ K&U Recognises basic features of. Uses simple models to explain objects, living things or events.
Assessment Criteria: Science Year 7 (page 1 of 2) K&U Recognises basic features of Uses simple models to explain objects, living things or events. scientific ideas. Makes a comment about scientific Represents
More information6. A theory that has been substantially verified is sometimes called a a. law. b. model.
Chapter 2 Multiple Choice Questions 1. A theory is a(n) a. a plausible or scientifically acceptable, well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world. b. a well-substantiated explanation
More informationValidity and reliability of measurements
Validity and reliability of measurements 2 Validity and reliability of measurements 4 5 Components in a dataset Why bother (examples from research) What is reliability? What is validity? How should I treat
More informationA Comparative Study of Self Concept of Boys and Girls of Rural Area of Panipat District of Haryana State
The International Journal of Indian Psychology ISSN 2348-5396 (e) ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) Volume 4, Issue 3, DIP 18.01.095/20170403 http://www.ijip.in April-June, 2017 Original Research Paper A Comparative
More informationChapter 4 Research Methodology
Chapter 4 Research Methodology 137 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Gap Having done a thorough literature review on gender diversity practices in IT organisations, it has been observed that there exists a
More informationResearch Approach & Design. Awatif Alam MBBS, Msc (Toronto),ABCM Professor Community Medicine Vice Provost Girls Section
Research Approach & Design Awatif Alam MBBS, Msc (Toronto),ABCM Professor Community Medicine Vice Provost Girls Section Content: Introduction Definition of research design Process of designing & conducting
More informationCHAPTER-V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
CHAPTER-V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Summary: In psychology, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire is a questionnaire to assess the personality traits of a person, with the result sometimes referred
More informationPsychology 205, Revelle, Fall 2014 Research Methods in Psychology Mid-Term. Name:
Name: 1. (2 points) What is the primary advantage of using the median instead of the mean as a measure of central tendency? It is less affected by outliers. 2. (2 points) Why is counterbalancing important
More information