The issues facing Europe
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1 The issues facing Europe An overview Andrew Cunningham Supply reduction and New Drugs unit 28 May 2015
2 European Drug Report
3 Opiates (heroin) Europe s main drug issue (still) 1.3 million problem users
4 Less heroin in Europe? 140 Indexed EU trends in important standard data sets related to heroin TDI new - numbers, heroin TDI all - numbers, heroin DLOs heroin #s seizures - EU+2 #s of seizures - EU price index of heroin purity index of heroin DRD EU-28 POU prevalence
5 More than a million receive treatment in Europe receiving substitution treatment in Europe in % coverage for POUs Methadone most common (67%) 5
6 Cannabis 73.6 million adults ever used cannabis 14.6 million young adults used last year
7 Cannabis: divergent national trends 9 countries statistically significant trend Regional patterns observable Latest surveys divergence continues 7
8 Cannabis-related problems continue Almost 1% of adults daily users Most frequently reported drug by new treatment entrants 8
9 Trends in cannabis resin seizures in Europe, Quantitiy seized (Tonnes) United Kingdom Portugal 2006 Italy 2007 Turkey Other 2010 France 2011 Spain
10 Domestic Cannabis cultivation 10
11 Cannabis supply Domestic production up Innovation Cultivation of plants high in THC Potency increases for herb and recently resin 11
12 Stimulants
13 A geographically divided stimulant market 2.3 million Europeans (15 34 years old) used cocaine in the last year 1.3 million used amphetamines 1.4 million used ecstasy 13
14 Cocaine 2.3 million young adults used last year
15 Cocaine: continued signs of decline Declines in seizures Declines in 11 of 12 new surveys Decrease for first-time treatment entrants 15
16 Synthetic drugs 1.4 million young adults used ecstasy/mdma last year 1.3 million used amphetamine/methamphetamine
17 Ecstasy: increased availability of high purity MDMA powder Low and stable prevalence trends Seizures decline small rebound Upturn mirrored in purity data Highlights impact of precursor controls (PMK) 17
18 Amphetamine use stable: new methamphetamine outbreaks CZ and SK: longer term entrenched patterns of use, but treatment up CZ/DE: cross border markets North: interlinked with amphetamine South: crystal smoking for first time, pipes used MSM in large cities IV use (slamming) 18
19 Wastewater analysis city-level variation in use of amphetamine 19
20 Synthetic drug production, precursors and pre-precursors Each time a precursor chemical is placed under control, producers find a new one 20
21
22 Synthetic drugs, precursors and pre-precursors: understanding the connections
23 Synthetic drugs, precursors and pre-precursors: understanding the connections
24 New drugs
25 Number of NPS reported to the EU-EWS ( ) all detections analytically confirmed
26 New psychoactive substances Just like synthetic drug precursors. Each time a new drug is placed under control, producers find a new one 26
27 Number of seizures of NPS Number and quantity seized, Numbers and proportion of seizures by category, seizures in 2013 amounting to more than 3.1 tonnes in Europe 299 different NPS detected in 2013
28 The NPS Market
29 From synthesis to consumer Chemical companies in China and India synthesise the NPS powder in bulk Legal highs, research chemicals and dietary supplements are processed and packaged in EU The NPS powders are shipped to Europe by air and sea 8 % young Europeans has used NPS in their life (Eurobarometer, 2014) They are sold openly in shops and on the Internet
30 Market transition example: Hungary Courtesy of the Hungarian Institute of Forensic Sciences 30
31 Key points Greater interaction Diversification in trafficking routes Is the face of organised crime changing? Globalisation is the key driver of change The growing importance of the Internet The impact of new markets EU as a producing region Innovation Significance of different drugs is changing The heroin problem is changing The drug marketplace is less discriminating Cannabis market pervasive and resilient New drugs entering the market in parallel 31
32 Thank you emcdda.europa.eu twitter.com/emcdda facebook.com/emcdda youtube.com/emcddatube flickr.com/photos/emcdda
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