4. Carlos suddenly stopped taking amphetamines after prolonged abuse of the drug. He became very ill and died. His death is an example of

Transcription

1 Chapter 10: Substance-Related Disorders a. substance abuse b. substance dependence c. substance use d. All of the above are equally serious. Answer: B Type: Factual Page: Catherine has been unable to obtain crack for several weeks because she has had no money and so has not used the drug for the past month. She went through withdrawal symptoms when she was unable to take her usual dose. She craves the drug all the time and is constantly searching for ways to get some. Her efforts to obtain crack have seriously interfered with her ability to work and take care of her children. Which of the following DSM-IV diagnoses would best fit Catherine s symptoms? a. substance abuse b. substance dependence c. addiction d. Catherine does not qualify for a DSM-IV diagnosis since she has not used the drug for the past month. Answer: B Type: Applied Page: Wanda drinks frequently, and now does not require as much alcohol as six months ago to achieve the same effect. She reports that she can outdrink most people. Wanda is probably a. genetically predisposed to alcoholism. b. developing a physiological dependence on alcohol. c. acquiring behavioral skills in modulating her drinking. d. deluding herself. This is not physically possible. Answer: B Type: Applied Page: Carlos suddenly stopped taking amphetamines after prolonged abuse of the drug. He became very ill and died. His death is an example of a. substance dependence. b. substance abuse. c. withdrawal symptoms. d. synergistic effects. Answer: C Type: Applied Page: Substance dependence may be distinguished from substance abuse because a. substance dependence is associated more with legal trouble because of usage. b. substance use results in not meeting major obligations. c. substance dependent users endanger themselves by driving while under the influence. d. substance dependence is associated with failed attempts to reduce usage.

2 Answer: D Type: Factual Page: A recent study conducted in the United States indicated that over 9% of the population a. met diagnostic criteria for substance abuse or dependence. b. were alcoholics. c. reported using heroin at some point in their lifetime. d. were addicted to nicotine. Answer: A Type: Factual Page: Delirium tremens refers to a. a symptom of conversion disorder. b. the symptoms that accompany an overdose of heroin. c. the symptoms that may accompany withdrawal from alcohol. d. the hallucinations common in schizophrenia. Answer: C Type: Factual Page: Delirium tremens is due to a. a sudden drop in alcohol levels in a chronic, heavy drinker. b. high doses of alcohol in a person who has not previously drunk heavily. c. high doses of alcohol in a chronic heavy drinker. d. All of the above can cause the symptoms of delirium tremens. Answer: A Type: Factual Page: Which neurotransmitter has been implicated in alcohol tolerance but not in depression? a. serotonin b. dopamine c. norepinephrine d. GABA Answer: D Type: Applied: Page: Why is it considered particularly dangerous to abuse more than one drug at a time? a. It may lead to taking more dangerous drugs. b. You are more likely to become addicted. c. The interaction of the drugs masks each others' effects. d. The interaction of the drugs produces an especially strong reaction. Answer: D Type: Factual Page: Lifetime prevalence rates for alcoholism are approximately for men and for women. a. 20%; 8% b. 40%; 20%

3 c. 8%; 8% d. 10%; 20% Answer: A Type: Factual Page: Among college students, binge drinking is more common in a. men. b. women. c. the prevalence of binge drinking is equal in men and women. d. state schools versus private schools. Answer: A Type: Factual Page: Alcohol abuse is particularly high among which of the following groups? a. Hispanics b. Afro-Americans c. Native Americans d. Asian Americans Answer: C Type: Factual Page: According to Jellinek s model, the first stage on the route to alcoholism is a. social drinking. b. binge drinking. c. weekend drinking. d. acute intoxication episodes. Answer: A Type: Factual Page: Cirrhosis of the liver due to alcohol abuse is characterized by a. liver cells becoming engorged with fat and protein. b. an increased efficiency of alcohol absorption with a corresponding decrease in blood cell reproduction. c. a decreased efficiency in absorption due to liver atrophy. d. None of the above choices are correct. Answer: A Type: Factual Page: Alcohol goes into the and is absorbed into the blood, after which it is metabolized by the. a. small intestine; kidneys b. small intestine; liver c. stomach; liver d. stomach; kidneys Answer: B Type: Factual Page: Which of the following persons will be most affected by two ounces of alcohol? a. A 195 pound woman who just ate a Big Mac.

4 b. A 150 pound man who has an empty stomach. c. A 125 pound woman who has an empty stomach. d. All of the above people will be similarly affected by two ounces of alcohol. Answer: C: Type: Applied Page: The initial effect of alcohol is a. depressive. b. sedating. c. anxiety producing. d. stimulating. Answer: D Type: Factual Page: After the blood alcohol level peaks and begins to decline, alcohol acts as a on the central nervous system. a. stimulant b. narcotic c. depressant d. hallucinogen Answer: C Type: Factual Page: Heavy drinkers a. suffer malnutrition from reduced food intake. b. suffer malnutrition by alcohol blocking proper absorption of nutrients. c. experience vitamin deficiencies. d. All of the above choices are correct. Answer: D Type: Factual Page: Pregnant women have been encouraged by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism to a. totally abstain from drinking. b. not alter their drinking habits. c. drink one or two drinks a day to help them relax. d. reduce their drinking to no more than several drinks a day. Answer: A Type: Factual Page: Which of the following statements is true? a. All fetuses exposed to alcohol will have cognitive problems later in life. b. Research suggests that growth deficits associated with prenatal alcohol exposure may be moderated by healthy family environments. c. Research indicates that moderate drinking has no effect on the fetus. d. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism has concluded that mild drinking is harmless for pregnant women. Answer: B Type: Factual Page: 302

5 23. Mild to moderate levels of alcohol consumption can a. lead to alcohol dependence in women who have experienced a stressful event. b. lead to cirrhosis. c. be related to better dietary habits and therefore longer lifespan. d. be related to decreased risk for coronary heart disease. Answer: D Type: Factual Page: Interpretation of the research demonstrating links between alcohol use and positive health benefits is complicated primarily by a. directionality problem. b. third-variable problem. c. lack of double-blind studies. d. lack of control groups. Answer: B Type: Applied Page: Nicotine is the addicting agent in a. marijuana. b. hashish. c. tobacco. d. cocaine. Answer: C Type: Factual Page: Nicotine stimulates a. muscarinic receptors, which are associated with decreased pain perception. b. nicotinic receptors, which in turn stimulate dopamine receptors. c. dopamine receptors directly. d. serotonin receptors. Answer: B Type: Factual Page: Which of the following are medical problems associated with long-term cigarette smoking? a. emphysema b. cancer of the esophagus c. cancer of the larynx d. All of the above are medical problems associated with long-term cigarette smoking. Answer: D Type: Factual Page: Which of the following statements are true? a. Since the 1960 s, the prevalence of long-term smoking in American adults has decreased. b. Since the 1960 s, the prevalence of long-term smoking in American adults has increased. c. Prevalence of smoking is highest among highly educated people.

6 d. In general, smoking is more prevalent in women. Answer: A Type: Factual Page: Among the following individuals, who is going to be most addicted to tobacco? a. A thirty year old white male who has been smoking ten years. b. A thirty year old African-American male who has been smoking ten years. c. A twenty-five year old Asian female who has been smoking five years. d. A twenty-five year old Asian male who has been smoking two years. Answer: B Type: Applied Page: Cigarette smoking is more prevalent among a. women. b. the elderly. c. college students. d. blue-collar workers. Answer: D Type: Factual Page: Exposure of a nonsmoker to secondhand smoke a. is less harmful than smoking because of the lower levels of nicotine and tar in secondhand smoke. b. has been shown to have far fewer negative effects than the media has suggested. c. can lead to lung damage. d. has negative effects on the fetuses of pregnant nonsmokers but not on the women themselves. Answer: C Type: Factual Page: Hashish is a. derived from resin after smoking marijuana. b. derived from resin from higher quality cannabis plants. c. based upon a mixture of marijuana and heroin. d. milder than marijuana. Answer: B Type: Factual Page: Studies finding changes in the prevalence of marijuana use over the years are examples of which type of research? a. case study b. correlational c. epidemiological d. experimental Answer: C Type: Applied Page: Epidemiology data have shown that the rate of marijuana use has a. risen steadily since 1980.

7 b. has remained stable since c. rose steadily from 1991 to 1997, and has remained stable since. d. decreased since Answer: C Type: Factual Page: Which of the following statements about the "stepping-stone" theory of drug use is most accurate? a. Most people who use "soft" drugs will move on to try "harder" drugs. b. Most people who use "hard" drugs started out on "softer" drugs. c. There is no difference between "hard" and "soft" drugs. d. There is no relationship between the use of "hard" and "soft" drugs. Answer: B Type: Factual Page: 307: Focus on Discovery The stepping-stone theory is also referred to as a a. correlational theory. b. multi-determined theory. c. social facilitation theory. d. gateway theory. Answer: D Type: Factual Page: 307: Focus on Discovery What complicates studies of the effects of marijuana? a. Marijuana contains many compounds. b. Many users are polydrug abusers. c. Effects vary widely with potency and dose. d. Its problems were recognized only recently. Answer: C Type: Factual Page: Regular marijuana use results in a. visual processing difficulties. b. short term memory impairment. c. decreased attention span. d. increased agitation. Answer: B Type: Factual Page: Recent research regarding marijuana suggests a. that it is not at all addictive. b. it may be addictive. c. there are clearly withdrawal symptoms. d. it is not as dangerous as previously believed. Answer: B Type: Factual Page: What psychological effect is common to both marijuana and alcohol? a. impaired memory

8 b. impaired driving skills c. increased relaxation and sociability d. All of the above are common. Answer: D Type: Applied Page: Smoking marijuana has been shown to a. elevate heart rate, posing a risk to those with abnormal heart function. b. cause fatal heart attacks in healthy young men. c. lead to hypertension. d. have no significant effect on the cardiovascular system. Answer: A Type: Factual Page: Studies of addiction to marijuana have indicated that a. use of the drug leads to physical dependence stronger than that of nicotine. b. use of the drug leads to tolerance. c. more experienced smokers need less marijuana to become high. d. Both choices b and c are correct. Answer: D Type: Factual Page: The benefit of marijuana when used for chronic illnesses is primarily a. to reduce nausea for patients undergoing chemotherapy. b. to increase immune function. c. to improve attention and maintain medication adherence. d. to prevent additional infection. Answer: A Type: Factual Page: Heroin is classified as a a. hallucinogen. b. sedative. c. stimulant. d. barbiturate. Answer: B Type: Factual: Page Which of the following best describes the change in the prevalence rate of heroin use in recent years? a. The prevalence rate of heroin has increased primarily among the urban poor. b. The prevalence rate of heroin has increased primarily among well educated people. c. The prevalence rate of heroin has decreased primarily among women. d. The prevalence rate of heroin has decreased dramatically across most groups. Answer: B Type: Factual Page: In recent years, a major change in the form heroin is obtained in is

9 a. that it is now more pure. b. that it is more likely to be mixed in with other drugs, such as marijuana. c. that it now comes in a capsule. d. that it now comes in a tablet form. Answer: A Type: Factual Page: Which drug produces euphoria, drowsiness, reverie, and sometimes a lack of coordination? a. cocaine b. heroin c. LSD d. amphetamines Answer: B Type: Factual Page: Mark is experiencing the following symptoms after taking a drug: he feels an initial rush of ecstasy, has great self-confidence and has lost all his worries and fears. At the same time, he is feeling drowsy and relaxed. Which of the following drugs is Mark most likely to have taken recently? a. heroin b. alcohol c. marijuana d. cocaine Answer: A Type: Applied Page: After the effects of heroin wear off, the user typically a. feels drowsy. b. becomes extremely hungry. c. experiences a letdown, often almost a stupor. d. a heightened sense of awareness. Answer: C Type: Factual Page: George is experiencing symptoms similar to a bad flu; he is sneezing, sweating, becoming tearful, yawning frequently, and has muscle pain. Which of the following drugs is he most likely withdrawing from? a. alcohol b. heroin c. cocaine d. amphetamine Answer: B Type: Applied Page: Heroin addiction and crime are thought to be highly correlated because a. the drug causes loss of a moral sense, and sociopathy develops. b. criminals are more likely to become drug addicts than non-criminals because of their association with people in the "black market" drug trade. c. addicts commit crimes in order to raise money to buy drugs.

10 d. addicts do not actually commit more crimes but are arrested more often because their behavior while on the drug is disruptive. Answer: C Type: Factual Page: Sedatives most likely affect a. norepinephrine levels. b. the GABA system. c. dopamine receptors. d. muscarinic receptors. Answer: B Type: Factual Page: Which of the following drugs is most likely to have life-threatening withdrawal reactions? a. alcohol b. barbiturates c. heroin d. cocaine Answer: B Type: Applied Page: Leon ingested a drug, and at first felt relaxed and happy. His speech was slurred, and he had great difficulty concentrating. He became irritable toward the friends he was with, trying to start a fight over nothing. Finally, Leon fell into a deep sleep. Which of the following drugs did Leon probably ingest? a. barbiturates b. marijuana c. amphetamine d. LSD Answer: A Type: Applied Page: Cocaine is classified as a a. sedative. b. stimulant. c. barbiturate. d. hallucinogen. Answer: B Type: Factual Page: Tim works at a law firm where he is expected to bring in a large number of cases each week. He has been working at this job for five years, typically putting in 70 hours a week. He has begun to experience irritability and has begun to drink alcohol in the evening in order to get to sleep. Based on this information, if he were taking any other drug, it would most likely be a. sedatives. b. amphetamines. c. hallucinogens. d. pain killers.

11 Answer: B Type: Applied Page: Jolynn took a drug that caused the following symptoms: she felt wide awake and friendly, and had no interest in lunch despite not having eaten since the night before. After taking a second dose of the drug, she became nervous and confused and developed a severe headache. Which of the following drugs did Jolynn probably take? a. alcohol b. marijuana c. barbiturates d. amphetamines Answer: D Type: Applied Page: Which of the following are withdrawal symptoms from caffeine? a. headaches b. anxiety c. fatigue d. All of the above choices are correct. Answer: D Type: Factual Page: 314: Focus on Discovery Chronic use of methamphetamines a. was condoned by Freud. b. is rarely correlated with use of other drugs. c. actually enhances cognitive abilities. d. may result in smaller hippocampal volume. Answer: D Type: Factual Page: One of the difficulties in conducting studies of the specific effects of methamphetamines, is that a. methamphetamine use is very rare. b. many methamphetamine users have also used other substances. c. individuals who use methamphetamines are particularly likely to also use crack. d. most users of methamphetamines live in rural areas. Answer: B Type: Factual Page: In the 1980 s a new form of cocaine which comes in a rock crystal form was introduced and called a. amphetamine. b. methamphetamine. c. crack. d. freebase. Answer: C Type: Factual Page: A recent study indicated that there were more hospital ER visits for than for any other drug.

12 a. heroin b. amphetamine c. marijuana d. cocaine Answer: D Type: Factual Page: LSD is a (n) a. amphetamine. b. methamphetamine. c. stimulant. d. hallucinogen. Answer: D Type: Factual Page: Mescaline is obtained a. by a chemical procedure that can only be done in a lab. b. from a cactus plant. c. by combining two hallucinogenic drugs. d. None of the above choices are correct. Answer: B Type: Factual Page: Flashbacks following LSD use are caused by a. drug- induced changes in brain structures. b. LSD released from storage in cells. c. personality variables that render the user susceptible. d. The cause is unknown. Answer: D Type: Factual Page: The drug, Ecstasy, is a relatively new form of a. stimulants. b. barbiturates. c. hallucinogens. d. marijuana. Answer: C Type: Factual Page: After taking a particular drug, Hal began feeling that time was passing very slowly, and he began having profound thoughts about the nature of time and the universe. While this first experience was at first deeply moving, leading to feelings of elation, the next time Hal tried this drug, he felt anxious and depressed. What drug did Hal probably take? a. marijuana b. ecstacy c. heroin d. cocaine

13 Answer: B Type: Applied Page: Nitrous oxide has led to death because of a. heart failure. b. asphyxiation. c. violence. d. All of the above choices are correct. Answer: B Type: Factual Page: 321: Focus on Discovery Research has suggested that in cultures or social contexts where heavy drinking is considered normal, a. there are lower consumption rates. b. there are higher consumption rates. c. women are less likely to become alcoholics than women in cultures where drinking is discouraged. d. men in the lower social classes are more likely to become alcoholics. Answer: B Type: Factual Page: An important sociocultural variable that has been cited in the increased use of cigarettes has been a. the role of the family in providing implicit messages regarding smoking. b. rebound effects from the end of 'just say no' campaigns. c. the media and advertising. d. the restriction of places where one may smoke. Answer: C Type: Factual Page: If a drug is used largely because it decreases a negative mood, then the psychological effect of that drug is considered a. negatively reinforcing. b. positively reinforcing. c. non-addictive. d. a mood stabilizer. Answer: A Type: Applied Page: Recent research suggests that alcohol has little effect on stress if a. alcohol is consumed before the stressor. b. the stressor is social in nature. c. alcohol is consumed after the stressor. d. alcohol is consumed during the stressor. Answer: C Type: Factual Page: Although it has been shown that alcohol does not have a consistent effect upon stress, people continue to drink as a means to alleviate stress because a. they expect it to help.

14 b. others suggest drinking to unwind. c. drinking is more socially acceptable than consuming other drugs. d. they are unaware of the severity of life stress they are experiencing. Answer: A Type: Factual Page: What has been shown to be related to the changes in marijuana consumption among high school students? a. Social factors that foster marijuana use, such as joblessness or economic factors. b. Media images supporting cigarette smoking. c. Lowered purity of marijuana available in the market. d. Beliefs about the risks associated with marijuana smoking. Answer: D Type: Factual Page: Research suggests that the genetic diathesis for alcoholism may consist of a. sensitivity to the taste of alcohol. b. the ability to tolerate large amounts of alcohol. c. an increased tendency for natural opiates to be released by alcohol. d. None of the above: the nature of the diathesis is unknown. Answer: B Type: Factual Page: Recent research suggests that the tendency to smoke may be controlled in part by a. baseline levels of serotonin. b. a gene that regulates the uptake of dopamine. c. a deficiency in dopamine. d. a brain area that regulates both serotonin and dopamine. Answer: B Type: Factual Page: Nearly all drugs, as well as alcohol, stimulate a. sensation seeking pathways. b. GABA pathways. c. serotonin systems in the brain. d. dopamine systems in the brain. Answer: D Type: Factual Page: The incentive-sensitization theory of substance addiction considers a. cravings for the substance and the pleasure that comes with taking the substance. b. the extremes a person will go to obtain the substance. c. the age of a person when they first use the substance. d. how much a person likes the substance. Answer: A Type: Factual Page: A major goal of inpatient hospital- based treatment for alcohol abuse is

15 a. to focus upon sobriety as a major criteria for discharge. b. helping the individual admit there is a problem. c. increasing nutrition and creating a behavior that inhibits alcohol consumption. d. detoxification. Answer: D Type: Factual Page: Alcoholics Anonymous programs are usually run by a. psychiatrists or psychologists. b. the participants themselves. c. mental health professionals who are themselves recovering alcoholics. d. trained paraprofessionals. Answer: B Type: Factual Page: The treatment goal of Alcoholics Anonymous is a. to help people cope with their spouse's or parent's drinking. b. to change the public's perceptions of alcohol and alcoholism. c. to learn to drink socially without becoming drunk. d. achieving abstinence from drinking. Answer: D Type: Factual Page: Belief in the spiritual aspects of Alcoholics Anonymous has been found to a. be important for success in remaining abstinent. b. lead to a fatalism that actually interferes with combating alcohol dependence. c. play an insignificant role in the success of the program. d. No research has been done on this aspect of the program. Answer: A Type: Factual Page: Jared is currently in treatment for alcohol abuse. His therapist asks him to imagine a scene in which he is about to drink alcohol. However, just before he imagines drinking, he instead imagines vomiting violently. This form of therapy is called a. intrapunitive. b. expectation modification. c. covert sensitization. d. contingent control. Answer: C Type: Applied Page: "Controlled drinking" refers to a. using aversion therapy to control the drinking of alcoholics. b. the approach to alcohol use promoted by Alcoholics Anonymous. c. programs designed to teach alcoholics to drink in moderation rather than abstain completely. d. preventing alcoholism through changes in society and laws such as prohibition. Answer: C Type: Factual Page: 334

16 85. An alcohol treatment strategy that has created considerable controversy has been a. inpatient detoxification. b. controlled drinking. c. covert sensitization. d. contingency management. Answer: B Type: Factual Page: Jared is receiving guided self-change therapy for his alcohol abuse. Accordingly, he is also learning strategies for controlling his behaviors associated with drinking, as well as actual drinking. In such a program, what would NOT be a part of this program? a. The encouragement of minor behavioral changes (e.g., not driving past bars). b. Calculating the amount of money spent on alcohol per year. c. Achieving recognition that he has become completely powerless over alcohol. d. Utilizing an empathic, supportive approach. Answer: C Type: Applied Page: When treating an alcoholic, it is important to a. help them consider the costs of drinking in excess b. determine the biological basis for the person's drinking problem. c. adhere closely to a particular theoretical model to avoid confusing the patient with contradictory approaches. d. tackle other life problems which the person may be experiencing before talking about alcohol. Answer: A Type: Applied Page: Antabuse is a medication for alcoholics which a. reduces anxiety during the detoxification period. b. helps replace the nutrients lost through malnutrition. c. mimics the physiological effects of alcohol without creating the same psychological effects. d. causes violent vomiting when alcohol is ingested. Answer: D Type: Factual Page: Which of the following is a risk of administering drugs to alcoholics as a means of treating their symptoms? a. The person is simply seeking a chemical cure when the cause may be psychological. b. Making the person believe that taking a substance is necessary to solve the problem. c. Many of the recommended medications also have unpleasant side effects that are compounded by the withdrawal from alcohol. d. All of the above choices are correct.

17 Answer: D Type: Factual Page: Why are antidepressants used to treat people who are alcohol dependent? a. They help to reverse the depressive effects of the alcohol while the person is undergoing withdrawal. b. Many people with alcohol dependence are depressed. c. They block the activity of endorphins that are stimulated by alcohol, thus reducing cravings. d. All of the above are correct. Answer: B Type: Factual Page: Jared is receiving treatment for alcohol abuse, and his therapist has focused largely on how his drinking has interfered with his valued goals. This form of treatment is called a. motivational-enhancement therapy. b. goal-facilitation therapy. c. focused abstinence therapy. d. guided self-change. Answer: A Type: Factual Page: 336: Focus on Discovery The vast majority of smokers who quit do so a. through quitting cold turkey. b. with the help of hypnosis. c. through scheduled smoking treatment. d. without professional help. Answer: C Type: Factual Page: The lowest relapse rate is associated with which of the following approaches to smoking cessation? a. rapid puffing b. scheduled smoking c. focused smoking d. developing coping skills to use when confronted with tempting situations Answer: B Type: Applied Page: The goal of scheduled smoking is a. gradual reduction in nicotine intake. b. controlled smoking, in which smoking continues but much more moderately. c. to help smokers quit abruptly by scheduling a stop smoking day in advance. d. identification of triggers associated with smoking. Answer: A Type: Applied Page: By age sixty-five, most smokers a. continue smoking but have fewer cigarettes each day. b. quit.

18 c. become severely ill with a physical disease from smoking. d. also drink to excess. Answer: B Type: Factual Page: A risk associated with nicotine gum is a. that the flavor prevents many people from completing a program of use designed to quit smoking. b. that it can increase blood pressure, leading to health risks for those with cardiovascular diseases. c. negative interactions with other prescription drugs. d. the resemblance it bears to other candies, making it appealing to children. Answer: B Type: Applied Page: How effective are nicotine gum and patches in helping smokers quit? a. highly effective as a primary treatment b. largely ineffective even as a supplement to other programs c. moderately effective, as side-effects cause many to discontinue their use d. moderately effective when combined with psychological treatment Answer: D Type: Factual Page: Which of the following have been used in treatment for smoking cessation? a. antidepressants b. anxiolytics c. stimulants d. acetaminophen Answer: A Type: Factual Page: A first step for treating people dependent on drugs is a. helping them identify why they began to use drugs. b. detoxification. c. helping them understand why the drug is not good for them. d. committing to abstinence. Answer: B Type: Factual Page: Which of the following has been demonstrated to be most effective in treating cocaine abusers? a. naltrexone b. antidepressants c. cognitive-behavior therapy d. combination of cognitive-behavior therapy and either antidepressants or naltrexone Answer: C Type: Factual Page: A difficulty in studying residential treatment programs for drug abuse is that

19 a. most residences are secretive and unwilling to allow research activity. b. addicts at such settings are not severely addicted. c. patients at these settings are voluntary, and therefore these addicts represent a minority of the actual addict population. d. the number of patients entering such settings changes slowly, making it difficult to obtain an adequate number of participants. Answer: C Type: Factual Page: Treatment for heroin addiction often involves a. ibuprofen. b. antidepressants. c. the use of a heroin substitute. d. immediate abstinence. Answer: C Type: Factual Page: Methadone is a a. heroin substitute. b. sedative. c. barbiturate. d. anxiolytic. Answer: A Type: Factual Page: Why do some believe that the new prescription drug Suboxone is a superior treatment for heroin dependence? a. It is mildly addictive. b. The effects last longer than methadone. c. Individuals do not have to visit a clinic to receive this medication. d. All of the above are true. Answer: D Type: Factual Page: Scheduled smoking is a technique in which smokers are encouraged to a. make elaborate plans for their quit day. b. gradually increase the time between cigarettes. c. gradually reduce the places where they will smoke. d. smoke rapidly in poorly ventilated rooms. Answer: B Type: Factual Page: How effective is the Project DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education)? a. extremely effective b. effective primarily in girls c. effective primarily in boys d. not effective Answer: D Type: Applied Page: 345

20 107. Which of the following has been useful in discouraging teens from trying drugs and alcohol? a. D.A.R.E. b. brief family interventions c. television commercials about the dangers of substance use d. All of the above have been useful. Answer: B Type: Factual Page: Changing beliefs about the prevalence of smoking in young people a. appears to be an effective strategy in delaying the onset of smoking. b. has shown little promise in delaying the onset of smoking. c. actually increases smoking in young people. d. is less effective than resistance training, such as DARE. Answer: A Type: Factual Page: Which has been the most difficult problem among smokers trying to quit? a. making the decision to quit b. obtaining professional help c. preventing relapse d. side-effects of cigarette substitutes Answer: C Type: Factual Page: 346 Essay Questions: 1. Describe how alcohol may alleviate tension. Include a discussion of when alcohol reduces tension and when it fails. 2. Contrast biological and psychological therapies for alcohol use. 3. What sociocultural variables continue to affect drug use today? How has this changed from some previous sociocultural variables that have influenced use in the past? 4. Explain why substance abuse is so resistant to treatment and is associated with such high relapse. 5. Discuss the interventions in MATCH for alcohol abuse. 6. Describe the controversy surrounding controlled drinking. 7. Contrast biological interventions for sedative abuse and those for amphetamine abuse.