Childhood Social Environment and Risk of Drug and Alcohol Abuse in a Cohort of Danish Men Born in 1953
|
|
- William Hall
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 American Journal of Epidemiology Copyright ª 2006 by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health All rights reserved; printed in U.S.A. Vol. 163, No. 7 DOI: /aje/kwj084 Advance Access publication January 27, 2006 Original Contribution Childhood Social Environment and Risk of Drug and Alcohol Abuse in a Cohort of Danish Men Born in 1953 Merete Osler 1,2, Merete Nordentoft 3, and Anne-Marie Nybo Andersen 4 1 Department of Social Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 2 Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. 3 Department of Psychiatry, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. 4 National Institute of Public Health, Copenhagen, Denmark. Received for publication May 30, 2005; accepted for publication October 28, In a 32-year follow-up study, the authors analyze how social circumstances during early life, childhood social participation, and school performance affect the risk of being admitted to a hospital or dying from a diagnosis closely related to drug or alcohol abuse in young adulthood. A total of 11,376 Danish males born in 1953, for whom data from birth certificates and conscription board examinations had been traced, were followed until 2002 through linkage to the Danish Psychiatric, National Patient, and Cause of Death registries. At age 12 years, 7,877 subjects completed a questionnaire on social participation and school performance. During follow-up, 12 percent of these were given a diagnosis indicating drug or alcohol abuse. Having a single mother and a working-class father were each associated with an increased risk of drug or alcohol abuse in adult life. At age 12 years, those who disliked school, scored low on a school test, or preferred to visit a youth club during leisure time showed a greater risk of adult substance abuse. These associations were slightly attenuated when adjusted for educational status at conscription. Deprived social circumstances during childhood, poor school performance in early adolescence, and attending a youth club seemed to be independent markers of substance abuse in adult life. alcoholism; cohort studies; social environment; substance-related disorders Abbreviation: ICD, International Classification of Diseases. There are considerable economic, health, and social costs associated with drug and alcohol abuse (1), and extensive research has been devoted to identifying factors associated with substance use and abuse (1 11). Prospective studies that explore early determinants of substance abuse later in adult life, however, are scarce. A few studies have shown a relation between socioeconomic disadvantages during childhood and increased risk of death due to substance abuse (12 15). Several nonexclusive explanations for this association exist. One such explanation could be the conditions of the family environment during early life. Poor material conditions and social support, which tend to cluster in families primarily for social reasons, would influence the behavior and health of the members of these families (11, 12). Several investigations, mostly cross-sectional studies, have shown that poor socioeconomic circumstances, parental substance abuse, parental divorce, negative attitudes towards school, family poverty, and peer relationships during childhood are associated with substance use in adolescence. The effects of these factors can either act independently of each other or be mediated through the child s own social position later in life. In the present study, we examine the effect of parental socioeconomic position, childhood social participation, satisfaction with school, and school performance on later continuous and problematic substance use, which is indicated Correspondence to Dr. Merete Osler, Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 9B, 5000 Odense C, Denmark ( mosler@health.sdu.dk). 654
2 Social Environment and Substance-related Disorders 655 by the risk of being admitted to a hospital or dying from a diagnosis related to long-term drug or alcohol abuse in adult life. We also explore whether any such effects are independent of the subject s own education later in life. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study population According to official statistics, 12,270 boys were born within the metropolitan area of Copenhagen in These persons formed the population of the Danish longitudinal study (Project Metropolit), which has been described in detail elsewhere (16). Briefly, 11,376 members of this population who were alive and living in Denmark in 1968 were registered with a unique, personal identification number (referred to as a CPR number ) when the Civil Registn System was established. In 1965, a total of 7,877 (69.2 percent) of these males participated in a school-based survey. Data sources Data from birth certificates, including information on the date and place of birth, mother s marital status, and father s occupational status at the time of delivery, were collected manually for all the members of the original study population. The school-based survey, in 1965, included a questionnaire administered by the subjects teachers. Each pupil provided his name, birth date, place of birth, and father s occupation. The survey involved tests of cognition and questions regarding social aspins and leisure-time activities. As part of the conscription procedure, all Danish men undergo physical and mental examinations when they are about 18 years of age (17). In 2004, we collected data from the conscript registers for all cohort members who were alive in 1971 (n ¼ 11,337). Variables TABLE 1. Diagnoses and ICD* codes used for outcome definitions in a study of 7,877 Danish men born in 1953 Parental characteristics. Mother s marital status at the time of delivery was treated in three categories: married; unmarried (i.e., single, divorced, widowed); and unknown. Father s occupation at the time of birth was recorded in 23 strata (nonurban self-employed (four strata); urban selfemployed (six strata); salaried employed (five strata); skilled workers and unskilled workers (five strata); pensioners; students; and unknown). In the preliminary data analyses, we computed risk estimates for various combinations of the 23 strata. This exercise suggested that they could be combined into three categories (high/middle, which included the self-employed and salaried employed; working class, which included skilled and unskilled workers; and unknown, which included the groups of pensioners (n ¼ 1), students (n ¼ 44), and fathers not known). School and leisure-time characteristics. Social participation at age 12 years was measured by four among 33 different items from the school survey identifying preferred leisure-time activity. These items were the following: 1) to be at home with friends; 2) to be at home with family; 3) to meet with friends; or 4) to visit a youth club. School satisfaction at age 12 years was measured by the question of whether or not the boy liked to go to school. Cognitive performance was measured by the Härnquist school test (14). This test consisted of spatial, arithmetic, and verbal subtests. Each subtest contained 40 problems, with one point awarded for each correct answer. Conscript characteristics. Educational level, primarily reflecting school education, was registered on a scale ranging from leaving school after the eighth grade to attaining the approximate equivalent of the British advanced-level general Certificate of Education. In the present analysis, this information was recoded into three categories. Follow-up Diagnosis ICD-8* code ICD-10* code Drug related Opioids , F11.0 F11.9 Cannabinoids F12.0 F12.9 Sedatives/hypnotics , F13.0 F13.9 Cocaine F14.0 F14.9 Other stimulants F Hallucinogens F16.0 F16.9 Other and multiple drugs , F18.0 F19.9 Alcohol related Alcohol psychosis and abuse syndrome F10.0 F K70.0 K70.9 Cirrhosis of the liver , I85.0 I85.9 Esophageal varices , * ICD, International Classification of Diseases; ICD-8, ICD, Eighth Revision; ICD-10, ICD, Tenth Revision. In August 2004, the Metropolit cohort was followed up for vital status through record linkage with the Civil Registn System registry. If a subject was not alive or living outside Denmark, the date of death or the date of emign/disappearance was obtained. Information on the time of admission to psychiatric wards from 1969 to January 2003, as well as diagnosis on discharge, was obtained from the Danish Psychiatric Central Register. This register has compiled computerized data on admissions to psychiatric hospitals and to psychiatric departments in general hospitals, in Denmark, since April 1969 (18). The National Patient Registry provided information on admission to somatic wards since 1978, when this registry was established (19). Causes of death from 1968 to December 2001 were determined through record linkage with the Cause of Death Registry (20). Diagnoses were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), Eighth Revision, for the years and according to the ICD, Tenth Revision, from 1994 onward. Drug and alcohol abuse were defined according to the ICD codes in table 1.
3 656 Osler et al. TABLE 2. Number of cases of drug and alcohol abuse among Danish men born in the metropolitan area of Copenhagen in 1953 diagnosis Participated in school survey (n ¼ 7,877) Did not participate in school survey (n ¼ 3,399) diagnosis Drug and/or alcohol abuse diagnosis diagnosis diagnosis Drug and/or alcohol abuse diagnosis No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Psychiatric register Somatic register Death register Total* * Number of persons with appearance in at least one of the above-mentioned registers. Statistical methods Associations between social variables in early life and drug or alcohol abuse were analyzed using Cox s proportional hazards regression model with age as the underlying time scale. The events were defined as death from or firsttime discharge from a hospital with a substance abuserelated diagnosis, as described in table 1. Entry time was the subject s age on April 1, 1969, and follow-up ended at the time of event, time of emign from Denmark, death from nonevents, or January 1, 2003, whichever came first. Since follow-up in the National Patient Registry started in 1978 and most conscription board examinations took place in 1971 and 1972, we repeated all analyses with the age in 1978 as the entry. These two approaches, however, gave essentially the same results. In the present paper, therefore, we report only the first. The proportional hazards assumption was evaluated for all variables by comparing estimated -lognormal(-lognormal) survivor curves over the different categories of variables being investigated versus lognormal (analysis time) and by tests based on the generalization as described by Grambsch and Therneau (21). Statistical analyses were computed using STATA, version 7, software (Stata Corpon, College Station, Texas). RESULTS By follow-up, a total of 316 (4.0 percent) of the 7,877 men who participated in the school survey had died or been discharged from a hospital with a diagnosis related to drug abuse (table 2). The median age for first diagnosis was 25.6 years. For alcohol abuse, the respective values were 696 (8.8 percent) and 28.2 years, respectively. The risk of substance abuse was slightly higher among men who did not attend the school survey. The distributions of father s occupational class and mother s marital status at the subjects birth are shown in table 3, along with the unadjusted and mutually adjusted hazard s for drug and alcohol abuse according to these two characteristics. Both indicators of poor socioeconomic circumstances during early life were associated with an increased risk of discharge with a drug abuse diagnosis before and after mutual adjustments (table 3). A similar pattern of associations was seen for alcohol abuse. Crude analyses for those of the 3,499 nonparticipants for whom data were available on the mother s marital status and father s occupational class at the subjects birth produced risk estimates in the same direction as those based on the 7,877 subjects who participated in the school survey. Compared with those whose parents were of higher social positions, men who were born to single mothers or had working-class fathers were more likely to select youth-club visits as their favorite leisure-time activity, to dislike school, and to have lower scores on the school test at age 12 years. Preferring to be at home, with either friends or family, during leisure time was not associated with paternal occupational class or mother s marital status (data not shown). Those with youth-club visits as their leisure-time preference had a significantly increased risk of drug and alcohol abuse when adjustments were made for other school and leisure-time characteristics (table 4). Further, those who disliked school or scored low on the school test at age 12 years had an increased risk of substance abuse. The effects of indicators of social circumstances during early life were only slightly attenuated by the inclusion of indicators of social participation, satisfaction with school, and performance at age 12 years in the multivariate model (table 5). The effect of the latter characteristics did not vary in relation to social indicators (no significant interactions). The lowest educational level at the conscription board examination was most often found among men who were born to single mothers, had working-class fathers, preferred to visit youth clubs, did not like school, or scored low on the school test at age 12 years. Educational status at that examination was also inversely associated with the risk of both drug and alcohol abuse, and the risk estimates for social circumstances during early life, childhood social participation, and school performance changed slightly when adult educational level was included in the model (table 6). DISCUSSION In this cohort of Danish men born in 1953 who grew up during a youth rebellion that featured rock music, drugs, and sexual liben, we found that the risk of being admitted to a hospital or dying from a condition related to drug and alcohol abuse was surprisingly high. Based on rather stringent criteria of abuse, namely, death or hospital admission and diagnoses associated with long-term use, the risk was 12
4 Social Environment and Substance-related Disorders 657 TABLE 3. in 1953 Risk of drug or alcohol abuse at age years according to parental characteristics among 7,877 Danish men born No. % No. Unadjusted Adjustedy No. Unadjusted Adjustedy Participated in school survey (n ¼ 7,877) Mother s marital status at birth Married 7, Single , 2.54* , 2.30* , 2.29* , 2.25* Unknown Father s occupational status at birth High/middle 3, Working 3, , , , , 1.75 Unknown , 3.04* , 3.22* , 2.43* , 2.16* Did not participate in school survey (n ¼ 3,399) Mother s marital status at birth Married 2, Single , 2.38* , , 2.71* , 2.47* Unknown Father s occupational status at birth High/middle 1, Working 1, , , , , 2.42 Unknown , 3.09* , 4.00* , 2.84* , 2.69* * p < (Wald s test). y The adjusted model includes marital status and occupational class. percent. Indicators of poor social circumstances during early life were associated with an increased risk of adult substance abuse. Youth-club visits as a preferred leisure-time interest, poor satisfaction with school, and a low performance test score at age 12 years also increased the risk of substance abuse. These effects were slightly attenuated after adjustment for educational status around the age of 18 years, which itself was inversely related to both drug and alcohol abuse. We found no effect associated with preferring to spend leisure time at home with family or friends. Strengths and limitations The present data relate to all males who were born in a well-defined area (covering one third of the Danish population) and who survived to the age of 15 years. We had prospectively collected information on life conditions and attitudes at age 12 years and at the conscription board examination. By using the population-covering registers, we managed to get complete follow-up information. Thus, hospital admission data were available for more than 95 percent of this nonselected population. Information on social participation, satisfaction with school, and school performance, however, was available for only 69.2 percent of the cohort members, and the risk of drug and alcohol abuse was slightly higher among nonparticipants (13.0 percent vs percent). On the other hand, the risk estimates for the parental variables that were available for all participants did not differ much for nonparticipants. The follow-up covered a period of more than 30 years, but it might take several years to develop severe complications of alcohol abuse. It seems likely, therefore, that future follow-up will capture more cases. We had information only on disorders diagnosed during admission to hospitals. Consequently, we assume that our outcome measure is more sensitive to dropout during follow-up than self-reports, since it does not depend on the subject s ability to answer a questionnaire. Our openal definition was rather conservative, because we used diagnoses closely linked to drug and alcohol abuse and not more broadly defined alcohol-related outcomes, such as gastric cancers, injuries, and acute alcohol intoxication. In Denmark, admission to hospitals is free, and it is likely that most of those with a diagnosis related to advanced abuse have been admitted to a hospital. It does remain possible, however, that some men affected by drug or alcohol use are
5 658 Osler et al. TABLE 4. Risk of drug or alcohol abuse at age years according to school and leisure-time characteristics at age 12 years among 7,877 Danish men born in 1953 Total No. % No. Unadjusted Adjustedy No. Unadjusted Adjustedy Social participation at age 12 years Visits youth club No 5, Yes 2, , 2.31** , 1.97** , 1.60** , 1.45* Meeting with friends No 3, Yes 4, , 1.77* , , 1.41* , 1.34 Being at home with family No 2, Yes 4, , , , , 1.32 Being at home with friends No 3, Yes 4, , 1.66* , , , 1.18 Likes to go to school at age 12 years Yes 3, Somewhat 3, , , , , 1.28 No , 3.88** , 3.43** , 2.20* , 2.10* Cognitive school test Highest third 2, Middle third 2, , , , , 1.65 Lowest third 2, , 2.76** , 2.67** , 2.57** , 2.47** * p < 0.05; **p < y The adjusted model includes all the variables in the table. untreated, treated solely in private specialist practice, or treated by a general practitioner. Such cases are not included in this study and might also be missed in studies based on self-reported substance abuse, because of the presumed low attendance rate in surveys among heavy abusers. One might also challenge the contemporary relevance of the social participation measures we used, since the Copenhagen youth club was a social pedagogic experiment designed, in the 1960s, to assist youths in deprived areas. In addition, it might be that some of the men in this cohort were just beginning their substance abuse at the time of their conscription board examinations. We used information on educational level and not on current occupation, since the latter is more likely to be a consequence of current interest. Further, half of the cases had their first admission at age 25 years or later, and risk estimates were essentially the same when we used 1978 as the entry time in statistical analyses. Although substance abuse in cohorts born in the 1950s is more common in men than in women, it is an obvious limitation to our study that women were not represented in the data set. In addition, no information was available on some important determinants such as parental abuse. On the other hand, previous studies have shown that relations between adverse childhood experiences and alcohol abuse exist independently of parental abuse (4, 10). Comparison with other studies Few of the increasing number of studies concerning childhood socioeconomic circumstances and adult mortality have included outcomes of substance abuse (12). A large, male cohort in Finland showed more alcohol-related deaths among men with fathers from a lower social class (13), and, in the Oslo mortality study, housing conditions during childhood were associated with psychiatric deaths due largely to alcohol or drug dependence (14). A Danish register study, which included 84,765 children born in 1966, showed that parental abuse of alcohol was associated with an increased
6 Social Environment and Substance-related Disorders 659 TABLE 5. Risk of drug or alcohol abuse at age years according to parental, school, and leisure-time characteristics among 7,877 Danish men born in 1953y Mother single at birth , , 2.17* Father s occupational class Working vs. high/middle , , 1.58** Unknown vs. high/middle , , 2.02 Visits youth club at age 12 years , 2.01** , 1.44* Meeting with friends , , 1.43 Being at home with family , , 1.31 Being at home with friends , , 1.18 Likes to go to school at age 12 years Somewhat vs. yes , , 1.20 No vs. yes , 3.61** , 2.03** Cognitive school test at age 12 years Middle vs. highest third , , 1.53 Lowest vs. highest third , 2.37** , 2.22** * p < 0.05; **p < y The adjusted model includes all the variables in the table. TABLE 6. Risk of drug or alcohol abuse at age years according to parental, school, and leisure-time characteristics among 7,877 Danish men born in 1953y Mother single at birth , , 2.03* Father s occupational class Working vs. high/middle , , 1.32 Unknown vs. high/middle , , 1.76 Visits youth club at age 12 years , 1.91** , 1.37 Meeting with friends , , 1.45* Being at home with family , , 1.34 Being home with friends , , 1.19 Likes to go to school at age 12 years Somewhat vs. yes , , 1.13 No vs. yes , 2.90** , 1.74 Cognitive school test at age 12 years Middle vs. highest third , , 1.23 Lowest vs. highest third , , 1.48 Educational level at conscript High Middle , , 2.75 Low , , 6.44 Did not attend/unknown , 19.54** , 4.24** * p < 0.05; **p < y The adjusted model includes all the variables in the table.
7 660 Osler et al. risk of hospital admission for a diagnosis related to drug addiction (crude odds ¼ 3.3, 95 percent : 2.4, 4.5). However, the effect was explained mainly by factors that were closely linked to parental alcohol abuse (e.g., long-term parental unemployment, low education, violence in the family, and mental illness) (4). In the Adverse Childhood Experience Study (10, 11), a retrospective cohort study, 9,346 adults who visited a primary care clinic completed a survey about nine adverse childhood experiences, including childhood mental and physical abuse, domestic violence, parental divorce, and growing up with a drugabusing or mentally ill household member. Each of the adverse childhood experiences was associated with selfreported adult alcoholism, and the number of adverse experiences had a graded relation to alcoholism, independent of parental alcohol abuse (10). Some cross-sectional and short-term follow-up studies have analyzed social determinants of adolescent substance use, and a wide range of factors (e.g., the personality of the young, factors concerning their family situation, peer-related factors, school and leisure-time activities) have been shown to contribute to the development of adolescent addictive behavior (2, 9). A few studies have included factors from more than one category in order to distinguish relative effects. Those studies that are available, however, have associated high alcohol consumption and drug use in adolescence with low socioeconomic position, parental substance abuse, poor family relations, time spent with peers, peer support and risk behavior, lack of school adoption, low self esteem, and high alcohol use in young adulthood (1 9). The present study suggests that the family situation, peer factors, and school-related factors also predict to continuous and problematic substance use, as indicated by a higher risk of substance abuse requiring medical treatment in adulthood. Interpretation The present study indicates that social disadvantages during childhood, dissatisfaction with school, and poor school performance are related to the risk of hospital admission or death from drug or alcohol abuse in young adult men. To our surprise, preference for youth-club participation was also associated with higher risks. This might reflect the fact that 1960s Copenhagen youth clubs were attended primarily by low-income youths. Multiple factors, such as social relations and psychological stress, have been suggested as mediators in the relation between early social circumstances and substance abuse later in life (11, 12). In our study, the occupational class variable might reflect material wealth, parental attitudes, and behavior, while the risk associated with single mothers also reflects limited resources in childhood. These factors, in turn, might influence social participation, school performance, and the behavior of offspring. Our findings indicate that prevention of drug and alcohol abuse in families and schools should start early. Medical and public health practitioners and teachers should also have an increased awareness of adverse childhood conditions and signs of poor performance. Since dissatisfaction with school and poor school performance in early adolescence seem to be rather strong predictors of adult substance abuse, parents and schools should be aware of these early markers and their social origins. Further, both parents and school teachers should appreciate the importance of a pleasant and inspiring school environment. In addition, youth clubs should consider students access to alcohol and drugs in the institution. The high prevalence of drug and alcohol abuse in these Danish men also indicates that the liberal Danish drug policy, especially in relation to alcohol (22), is problematic and needs to be revised. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Supported by the Danish Heart Association, the Lundbeck Foundation, and the Danish Health Insurance funds. The authors thank all those who initiated and/or continued the Metropolit Study: K. Svalastoga, E. Høgh, P. Wolf, T. Rishøj, G. Strande-Sørensen, E. Manniche, B. Holten, I. A. Weibull, and A. Ortman. Conflict of interest: none declared. REFERENCES 1. Galea S, Ahern J, Vlahov D. Contextual determinants of drug use risk behaviour: a theoretical framework. J Urban Health 2003;80(suppl 3):iii Hoffmann JP, Su SS. Paternal substance use disorder, mediating variables and adolescent drug use: a non-recursive model. Addiction 1998;93: Friedman AS, Glassman BA. Family risk factors versus peer risk factors for drug abuse. A longitudinal study of an African American urban community. J Subst Abuse Treat 2000;18: Christoffersen MN, Soothill K. The long-term consequences of parental alcohol abuse: a cohort study of children in Denmark. J Subst Abuse Treat 2003;25: Poulton R, Caspi A, Mine BJ, et al. Association between children s experience of socioeconomic disadvantage and adult health. Lancet 2002;360: Ary DV, Tildesley E, Hops H, et al. The influence of parent, sibling and peer modeling and attitudes on adolescent use of alcohol. Int J Addict 1993;28: Wills TA, Vaughan R. Social support and substance use in early adolescence. J Behav Med 1989;12: Poikolainen K, Tuulio-Henriksson A, Aalto-Setälä T, et al. Predictors of alcohol intake and heavy drinking in early adulthood: a 5-year follow-up of year-old Finnish adolescents. Alcohol Alcohol 2001;36: Andersen A. Epidemiological studies on alcohol use in adolescence. (PhD thesis). Copenhagen, Denmark: University of Copenhagen, Anda RF, Whitfield CL, Felitti VJ, et al. Adverse childhood experiences, alcoholic parents, and later risk of alcoholism and depression. Psychiatr Serv 2002;53: Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. Am J Prev Med 1998;14: Galobardes B, Lynch JW, Davey Smith G. Childhood socioeconomic circumstances and cause-specific mortality in
8 Social Environment and Substance-related Disorders 661 adulthood: systematic review and interpretation. Epidemiol Rev 2004;26: Pensola TH, Martikainen P. Cumulative social class and mortality from various causes of adult men. J Epidemiol Community Health 2003;57: Claussen B, Davey Smith G, Thelle D. Impact of childhood and adulthood socioeconomic position on cause specific mortality: the Oslo Mortality Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2003;57: Nordentoft M, Wandall-Holm N. 10 year follow up study of mortality among users of hostels for homeless people in Copenhagen. BMJ 2003;327: Osler M, Andersen AM, Lund R, et al. Revitalising the Metropolit 1953 Danish male birth cohort: background, aims and design. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2004;18: Green A. The Danish Conscription Registry: a resource for epidemiological research. Dan Med Bull 1996;43: Munk-Jørgensen P, Mortensen PB. The Danish Psychiatric Register. Dan Med Bull 1997;44: Andersen TF, Madsen M, Jørgensen J, et al. The Danish National Patient Register. A valuable source of data for modern health science. Dan Med Bull 1999;46: Juel K, Helweg-Larsen K. The Danish register of cause of death. Dan Med Bull 1999;46: Grambsch PM, Therneau TM. Proportional hazard tests and diagnostics based on weighted residuals. Biometrika 1994; 81: Chenet L, McKee M, Osler M, et al. Alcohol policy in the Nordic countries. Why competition must have a public health dimension. BMJ 1997;314:
Cohort Profile: The Metropolit 1953 Danish Male Birth Cohort
Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Epidemiological Association International Journal of Epidemiology 2006;35:541 545 Ó The Author 2005; all rights reserved. Advance Access
More informationExcessive drinking and history of unemployment and cohabitation in Danish men born in 1953
European Journal of Public Health, Vol. 21, No. 4, 444 448 ß The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Public Health Association. All rights reserved. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckq152
More informationA dverse social circumstances in childhood have been
1004 RESEARCH REPORT Childhood and adulthood socioeconomic position across 20 causes of death: a prospective cohort study of 800 000 Norwegian men and women Øyvind Næss, Bjørn H Strand, George Davey Smith...
More information8/10/2012. Education level and diabetes risk: The EPIC-InterAct study AIM. Background. Case-cohort design. Int J Epidemiol 2012 (in press)
Education level and diabetes risk: The EPIC-InterAct study 50 authors from European countries Int J Epidemiol 2012 (in press) Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common chronic
More informationD espite a distinct decline in ischaemic heart disease
RESEARCH REPORT Can cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle explain the educational inequalities in mortality from ischaemic heart disease and from other heart diseases? 26 year follow up of 50 000 Norwegian
More informationCite this article as: BMJ, doi: /bmj (published 22 June 2004)
Cite this article as: BMJ, doi:10.1136/bmj.38133.622488.63 (published 22 June 2004) Change in suicide rates for patients with schizophrenia in Denmark, 1981-97: nested case-control study Merete Nordentoft,
More informationTreatment disparities for patients diagnosed with metastatic bladder cancer in California
Treatment disparities for patients diagnosed with metastatic bladder cancer in California Rosemary D. Cress, Dr. PH, Amy Klapheke, MPH Public Health Institute Cancer Registry of Greater California Introduction
More informationThe development of health inequalities across generations
The development of health inequalities across generations Amélie Quesnel-Vallée Canada Research Chair in Policies and Health Inequalities Director, McGill Observatory on Health and Social Services Reforms
More informationA lthough the hazards of smoking are well described,
702 RESEARCH REPORT Importance of light smoking and inhalation habits on risk of myocardial infarction and all cause mortality. A 22 year follow up of 12 149 men and women in The Copenhagen City Heart
More informationLife course origins of mental health inequalities in adulthood. Amélie Quesnel-Vallée McGill University
Life course origins of mental health inequalities in adulthood Amélie Quesnel-Vallée McGill University 1 Inequalities in life expectancy Between countries Across the world 82 yrs 37 yrs 47 yrs 57 yrs Source:
More informationSUMMARY AND DISCUSSION
Risk factors for the development and outcome of childhood psychopathology SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION Chapter 147 In this chapter I present a summary of the results of the studies described in this thesis followed
More informationA ccidental and intentional injuries are leading causes of
688 RESEARCH REPORT Social aetiology of violent in Swedish children and youth A Hjern, S Bremberg... See end of article for authors affiliations... Correspondence to: Dr S Bremberg, Department of Public
More informationDrinking Behaviour in a Small Island Economy: A Gender Perspective
Drinking Behaviour in a Small Island Economy: A Gender Perspective AUTHORS: Professor S. K. Sobhee Associate Professor V. Tandrayen-Ragoobur Dr H. Kasseeah Mr A. Gopaul Mr R. Thoplan ABSTRACT The objective
More informationViolence, abuse and mental health in England
October 2015 Violence, abuse and mental health in England Population patterns Responding effectively to violence and abuse (REVA project) Briefing 1 Summary New analysis of national survey data shows that
More informationS ocial status and health are strongly related and smoking
604 RESEARCH REPORT Impact of smoking on the social gradient in health expectancy in Denmark Henrik Brønnum-Hansen, Knud Juel... See end of article for authors affiliations... Correspondence to: Mr H Brønnum-Hansen,
More informationP oor lung function in adulthood is associated with an
199 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE Association between self-reported childhood socioeconomic position and adult lung function: findings from the British Women s Heart and Health Study D A Lawlor, S Ebrahim, G
More informationFATHER ABSENCE AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS FROM A UK COHORT
FATHER ABSENCE AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS FROM A UK COHORT Iryna Culpin, Roberto Melotti, Ricardo Araya, Carol Joinson School of Social and Community Medicine Avon Longitudinal Study of
More informationLATVIA. Recorded adult per capita consumption (age 15+) Lifetime abstainers
LATVIA Recorded adult per capita consumption (age 15+) 14 12 Litres of pure alcohol 1 8 6 4 Beer Spirits Wine 2 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 21 Year Sources: FAO (Food and Agriculture
More informationAlcohol Consumption and Mortality Risks in the U.S. Brian Rostron, Ph.D. Savet Hong, MPH
Alcohol Consumption and Mortality Risks in the U.S. Brian Rostron, Ph.D. Savet Hong, MPH 1 ABSTRACT This study presents relative mortality risks by alcohol consumption level for the U.S. population, using
More informationThe use of prescription databases for the study of prescription drug abuse: Prescriptions of Benzodiazepines in Denmark
The use of prescription databases for the study of prescription drug abuse: hstovring@health.sdu.dk Research Unit of General Practice University of Southern Denmark Prescription Drug Abuse Conference,
More informationBenign Breast Disease among First-Degree Relatives of Young Breast Cancer Patients
American Journal of Epidemiology ª The Author 2008. Published by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org.
More informationInequalities in childhood immunization coverage in Ethiopia: Evidence from DHS 2011
Inequalities in childhood immunization coverage in Ethiopia: Evidence from DHS 2011 Bezuhan Aemro, Yibeltal Tebekaw Abstract The main objective of the research is to examine inequalities in child immunization
More informationExploring the Relationship Between Substance Abuse and Dependence Disorders and Discharge Status: Results and Implications
MWSUG 2017 - Paper DG02 Exploring the Relationship Between Substance Abuse and Dependence Disorders and Discharge Status: Results and Implications ABSTRACT Deanna Naomi Schreiber-Gregory, Henry M Jackson
More informationSupplementary Appendix
Supplementary Appendix This appendix has been provided by the authors to give readers additional information about their work. Supplement to: Bjerregaard LG, Jensen BW, Ängquist L, Osler M, Sørensen TIA,
More informationNew Zealanders alcohol consumption patterns across the lifespan
New Zealanders alcohol consumption patterns across the lifespan September 2018 Prepared for the Health Promotion Agency by: Massey University-the University of Auckland Research Collaboration ISBN: 978-0-478-44954-9
More informationCOLUMBUS PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATES, L.L.P.
COLUMBUS PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATES, L.L.P. 2325 BROOKSTONE CENTRE PARKWAY / COLUMBUS, GA 31904 PHONE: (706) 653-6841 FAX: (706) 653-7843 Adult Outpatient Psychosocial History Psychosocial Self-Assessment
More informationSELF-REPORTED ALCOHOL USE AND SEXUAL BEHAVIORS OF ADOLESCENTS'
SELF-REPORTED ALCOHOL USE AND SEXUAL BEHAVIORS OF ADOLESCENTS' By: Michael S. Dunn, R. Todd Bartee, Michael A. Perko Dunn, M. S., Bartee, R. T., & Perko, M. A. (2003). Self-reported alcohol use and sexual
More informationJinliang Zhu, Carsten Obel, Jørn Olsen Department of Public Health, University of Aarhus
Parental smoking during pregnancy and short- and long-term adverse outcomes in offspring: Using data from ad hoc birth cohorts and registers in Denmark Jinliang Zhu, Carsten Obel, Jørn Olsen Department
More informationImpacts of Early Exposure to Work on Smoking Initiation Among Adolescents and Older Adults: the ADD Health Survey. David J.
Impacts of Early Exposure to Work on Smoking Initiation Among Adolescents and Older Adults: the ADD Health Survey David J. Lee, PhD University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Department of Public Health
More informationUsing longitudinal studies to examine changes in health inequality: Cross-cohort differences in body mass index inequality.
Using longitudinal studies to examine changes in health inequality: Cross-cohort differences in body mass index inequality David Bann Cross-cohort analyses prevalence and/or association changes Consortia:
More informationEvidence table for systematic reviews
Evidence table for systematic reviews Topic: CB use and dependence Reviewer: CMF Abbreviations: y- years Reference Research Parameters Population Outcomes Funding Additional comments Bibliographic reference
More informationAn estimated 18% of women and 3% of men
Gender and Time Differences in the Associations Between Sexual Violence Victimization, Health Outcomes, and Risk Behaviors American Journal of Men s Health Volume 2 Number 3 September 2008 254-259 2008
More informationORIGINAL ARTICLE. Family History of Psychiatric Illness as a Risk Factor for Schizoaffective Disorder
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Family History of Psychiatric Illness as a Risk Factor for Schizoaffective Disorder A Danish Register-Based Cohort Study Thomas Munk Laursen, MSc; Rodrigo Labouriau, PhD; Rasmus W. Licht,
More informationSex differences in mortality among patients admitted with affective disorders in North Norway -
Sex differences in mortality among patients admitted with affective disorders in North Norway - a 33-year prospective register study Anne Høye a,b, Ragnar Nesvåg c,d, Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud c, Bjarne
More informationIndia Factsheet: A Health Profile of Adolescents and Young Adults
India Factsheet: A Health Profile of Adolescents and Young Adults Overview of Morbidity and Mortality With a population of 1.14 billion people, the more than 200 million youth aged 15-24 years represent
More informationA Methodological Issue in the Analysis of Second-Primary Cancer Incidence in Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Cancers
American Journal of Epidemiology Copyright 2003 by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health All rights reserved Vol. 158, No. 11 Printed in U.S.A. DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwg278 PRACTICE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
More informationMENTAL ILL-HEALTH IN CONTEMPORARY YOUNG ADULTS
From THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCES Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden MENTAL ILL-HEALTH IN CONTEMPORARY YOUNG ADULTS Kyriaki Kosidou Stockholm 2013 All previously published papers were
More informationStatistics on Drug Misuse: England, 2007
Statistics on Drug Misuse: England, 2007 Summary For the first time, this annual statistical bulletin presents information on drug misuse among both adults and children. The topics covered include: Prevalence
More informationChildhood Self-control: a key component of resilience?
Childhood Self-control: a key component of resilience? Professor Richie Poulton Director, Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit; Co-Director, National Centre for Lifecourse Research
More informationThe Relationship Between Clinical Diagnosis and Length of Treatment. Beth Simpson-Cullor. Senior Field Research Project. Social Work Department
1 The Relationship Between Clinical Diagnosis and Length of Treatment Beth Simpson-Cullor Senior Field Research Project Social Work Department University of Tennessee at Chattanooga 2 Abstract Clinicians
More informationHow to measure mental health in the general population? Reiner Rugulies
How to measure mental health in the general population? Reiner Rugulies National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Denmark Department of Public Health and Department of Psychology, University
More informationExpectations Of Patients Using Mental Health Services
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) e-issn: 2279-0853, p-issn: 2279-0861.Volume 16, Issue 8 Ver. I (Aug. 2017), PP 33-37 www.iosrjournals.org Expectations Of Patients Using Mental Health
More informationAuthor's response to reviews
Author's response to reviews Title:Mental health problems in the 10th grade and non-completion of upper secondary school: the mediating role of grades in a population-based longitudinal study Authors:
More informationSupplementary Online Content
Supplementary Online Content Ribe AR, Laursen TM, Charles M, et al. Long-term risk of dementia in persons with schizophrenia: a Danish population-based cohort study. JAMA Psychiatry. Published online October
More informationDepartment of Social Medicine, Univ. of Gothenburg ovre Husarg. 36, S Gothenburg, Sweden
DEVELOPMENT OP CHRONIC ALCOHOLISM Bengt Lindegard and Bo Eriksson Department of Social Medicine, Univ. of Gothenburg ovre Husarg. 36, S-413 14 Gothenburg, Sweden Research on a disease should be a unified
More informationSocial Determinants of Child Mental Health
Social Determinants of Child Mental Health October 13 th, 2018 Douglas Russell, MD Adolescent and Child Psychiatrist PAL Consultant Seattle Children's Hospital Disclosures No financial disclosures We will
More informationDrug using mothers: retaining care of their children
Drug using mothers: factors associated with retaining care of their children Gail Gilchrist 1 and Avril Taylor 2 1 L'Institut Municipal d'investigació Mèdica, Barcelona, Spain p g,, p 2 University of the
More informationKarri Silventoinen University of Helsinki and Osaka University
Karri Silventoinen University of Helsinki and Osaka University Childhood is an important phase of life and creates the base for all further life Childhood is the time of rapid physiological development
More informationTitle registration for a review proposal: Deployment of military personnel to military missions
Title registration for a review proposal: Deployment of military personnel to military missions Joannes Jacobsen, Julie Heidemann, Krystyna Kowalski & Anne- Marie Klint Jørgensen Title registration approval
More informationPopulation Characteristics
The St. Vital Community Area (CA) is one of 12 community areas (CAs) in the Winnipeg Health Region (WHR). A population health profile has been generated for the St. Vital CA in order to identify its key
More informationStatistical Reasoning in Public Health Biostatistics 612, 2009, HW#3
Statistical Reasoning in Public Health Biostatistics 612, 2009, HW#3 1. A random sample of 200 patients admitted to an adult intensive care unit (ICU) was collected to examine factors associated with death
More informationRapid decline of female genital circumcision in Egypt: An exploration of pathways. Jenny X. Liu 1 RAND Corporation. Sepideh Modrek Stanford University
Rapid decline of female genital circumcision in Egypt: An exploration of pathways Jenny X. Liu 1 RAND Corporation Sepideh Modrek Stanford University This version: February 3, 2010 Abstract Egypt is currently
More informationHow was your experience working in a group on the Literature Review?
Journal 10/18 How was your experience working in a group on the Literature Review? What worked? What didn t work? What are the benefits of working in a group? What are the disadvantages of working in a
More informationIs socioeconomic position related to the prevalence of metabolic syndrome? Influence of
Is socioeconomic position related to the prevalence of metabolic syndrome? Influence of social class across the life-course in a population-based study of older men Sheena E Ramsay, MPH 1, Peter H Whincup,
More informationS moking is one of the most important public health problems.
EVIDENCE BASED PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY AND PRACTICE Prevention of smoking in adolescents with lower education: a school based intervention study M R Crone, S A Reijneveld, M C Willemsen, FJMvanLeerdam, R
More information1. Family aggregation and long-term outcome of psychopathology in children and adolescents in the Danish Three Generation Study (3GS)
Aalborg CAP research programme 2016 1. Family aggregation and long-term outcome of psychopathology in children and adolescents in the Danish Three Generation Study (3GS) Objectives: Study of the aggregation
More informationTrauma, Comorbidity, and Mortality Following Diagnoses of Severe Stress and Adjustment Disorders: A Nationwide Cohort Study
American Journal of Epidemiology Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 2. This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in
More informationEarly use of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit substances: Risks from parental separation and parental alcoholism
Washington University School of Medicine Digital Commons@Becker Posters 2009: Translating Basic Science Findings to Guide Prevention Efforts 2009 Early use of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit substances:
More informationPerson-years; number of study participants (number of cases) HR (95% CI) P for trend
Table S1: Spearman rank correlation coefficients for cumulative factor score means of dietary and nutrient patterns among adults 18 years and above, the China Health and Nutrition Survey by age and sex
More informationUse, access to, and impact of Medicare services for Australian women:
Use, access to, and impact of Medicare services for Australian women: Findings from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health Authors: Julie Byles Gita Mishra Richard Hockey Akilew Adane Hsiu-Wen
More informationA Longitudinal Study of the Achievements Progress and Attitudes of Severely Inattentive, Hyperactive and Impulsive Young Children
A Longitudinal Study of the Achievements Progress and Attitudes of Severely Inattentive, Hyperactive and Impulsive Young Children Christine Merrell and Peter Tymms, CEM Centre, Durham University. Contact:
More informationHeron Ridge Associates, PLC PARTNER RELATIONAL PERSONAL HISTORY INFORMATION. Client s Last Name First Name M.I. Street Address Date of Birth Age
Case #: Readmit? Yes No Heron Ridge Associates, PLC PARTNER RELATIONAL PERSONAL HISTORY INFORMATION PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY Today s Date: Client s Last Name First Name M.I. Street Address Date of Birth Age
More informationBirth Rate among Patients with Epilepsy: A Nationwide Population-based Cohort Study in Finland
American Journal of Epidemiology Copyright 2004 by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health All rights reserved Vol. 159, No. 11 Printed in U.S.A. DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwh140 Birth Rate among Patients
More informationDear Haven Applicant: Enclosed you will find The Lake County Haven application. You may mail or fax your completed application to:
Dear Haven Applicant: Enclosed you will find The Lake County Haven application. You may mail or fax your completed application to: The Lake County Haven P.O. Box 127 Libertyville, IL 60048 Fax: 847-680-4360
More informationAccess to Health Services in Urban and Rural Australia: a Level Playing Field?
Access to Health Services in Urban and Rural Australia: a Level Playing Field? Anne Young, Annette Dobson, Julie Byles Anne Young 6th National Rural Health Conference Canberra, Australian Capital Territory,
More informationTypes of data and how they can be analysed
1. Types of data British Standards Institution Study Day Types of data and how they can be analysed Martin Bland Prof. of Health Statistics University of York http://martinbland.co.uk In this lecture we
More informationLUCAS COUNTY TASC, INC. OUTCOME ANALYSIS
LUCAS COUNTY TASC, INC. OUTCOME ANALYSIS Research and Report Completed on 8/13/02 by Dr. Lois Ventura -1- Introduction -2- Toledo/Lucas County TASC The mission of Toledo/Lucas County Treatment Alternatives
More information*IN10 BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL ASSESSMENT*
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL ASSESSMENT 224-008B page 1 of 5 / 06-14 Please complete this questionnaire and give it to your counselor on your first visit. This information will help your clinician gain an understanding
More informationTitle: Living alone and antidepressant medication use: a prospective study in a working-age population
Author's response to reviews Title: Living alone and antidepressant medication use: a prospective study in a working-age population Authors: Laura Pulkki-Råback (laura.pulkki-raback@helsinki.fi) Mika Kivimäki
More informationCommon Z-Codes for BHA Services
Specifier Z13.85 Encounter for screening for other diseases/disorders.850 Encounter for screening for traumatic brain injury.89 Encounter for screening for other disorder.9 Encounter for screening, unspecified
More informationDiabetologia 9 Springer-Verlag 1983
Diabetologia (1983) 25:226-230 Diabetologia 9 Springer-Verlag 1983 Epidemiological Studies of Diabetes Mellitus in Denmark: 3. Clinical Characteristics and Incidence of Diabetes Among Males Aged 0 to 19
More informationCOUNSELING INTAKE FORM
COUNSELING INTAKE FORM Name Age Date Full Address Home Phone Work E-mail Work History Occupation How long? If presently unemployed, describe the situation Hobbies/Avocations Any past/present military service?
More informationFactors Influencing Smoking Behavior Among Adolescents
RESEARCH COMMUNICATION Factors Influencing Smoking Behavior Among Adolescents Urmi Sen 1, Arindam Basu 2 Abstract Objective To study the impact of tobacco advertisements and other social factors on the
More informationATLAS on substance use 2017:
WHO Forum on alcohol, drugs and addictive behaviours Enhancing public health actions through partnerships and collaboration ATLAS on substance use 17: resources for the prevention and treatment of substance
More informationESTONIA. Recorded adult per capita consumption (age 15+) Lifetime abstainers
ESTONIA Recorded adult per capita consumption (age 15+) 12 1 Litres of pure alcohol 8 6 4 Beer Spirits Wine 2 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 21 Year Sources: FAO (Food and Agriculture
More informationExploring the connection between early trauma and later negative life events among Cork Simon service users.
Adverse Childhood Experiences ACEs at Cork Simon: Exploring the connection between early trauma and later negative life events among Cork Simon service users. Extracted and elaborated information from
More informationMARC Project 4: Australian Children of Alcoholic Female Twins
MARC Project 4: Australian Children of Alcoholic Female Twins Mary Waldron, Valerie S. Knopik, Theodore Jacob, Anne Glowinski, Nicholas Martin, & Andrew Heath Background Although it has been widely embraced
More informationSafe Babies Foster Parent Training Program
Safe Babies Foster Parent Training Program Module 1: Introduction to the Safe Babies Program 1 Begin the process of group participation Learning outcomes Understand the purpose and origins of the Safe
More informationStatistics on smoking: England, 2006
Statistics on smoking: England, 2006 Summary This statistical bulletin presents a range of information on smoking. Sources used within this publication include the General Household Survey, Drug Use, Smoking
More informationWhy do people use drugs? Why do so many people use drugs? What should we do?
Why do people use drugs? Why do so many people use drugs? What should we do? David Labby MD PhD Health Share of Oregon -- May 17, 2018 Learning Objectives 1. To increase understanding of societal determinants
More informationTrends in cannabis use and cannabis-related treatment demand in Switzerland
Trends in cannabis use and cannabis-related treatment demand in Switzerland Etienne Maffli, Addiction Switzerland, Lausanne TDI and HRDU annual expert meetings, Lisbon, sept. 23-26 2014 Data sources available
More informationAggregation of psychopathology in a clinical sample of children and their parents
Aggregation of psychopathology in a clinical sample of children and their parents PA R E N T S O F C H I LD R E N W I T H PSYC H O PAT H O LO G Y : PSYC H I AT R I C P R O B LEMS A N D T H E A S SO C I
More informationThe Effects of Maternal Alcohol Use and Smoking on Children s Mental Health: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth
1 The Effects of Maternal Alcohol Use and Smoking on Children s Mental Health: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth Madeleine Benjamin, MA Policy Research, Economics and
More informationA profile of young Albertans with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
A profile of young Albertans with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Child and Youth Data Laboratory (CYDL) Key findings This report is an overview of the experiences of young Albertans (0 to 25 years) with
More informationIMPACTS OF PARENTAL EDUCATION ON SUBSTANCE USE: DIFFERENCES AMONG WHITE, AFRICAN-AMERICAN, AND HISPANIC STUDENTS IN 8TH, 10TH, AND 12TH GRADES
Paper No. 7 IMPACTS OF PARENTAL EDUCATION ON SUBSTANCE USE: DIFFERENCES AMONG WHITE, AFRICAN-AMERICAN, AND HISPANIC STUDENTS IN 8TH, TH, AND 12TH GRADES (1999 8) Jerald G. Bachman Patrick M. O Malley Lloyd
More informationSocial and Psychological Back-Ground of Drug Addicts Interviewed in Dublin
Social and Psychological Back-Ground of Drug Addicts Interviewed in Dublin R. D. STEVENSON M.D., D.P.M. Consultant Psychiatrist St Brendan s Hospital, Lecturer in Psychiatry, R.C.S.I. A. CARNEY M.B., D.P.M.
More informationPathways to Crime. Female Offender Experiences of Victimization. JRSA/BJS National Conference, Portland Maine, 10/28/10
Pathways to Crime Female Offender Experiences of Victimization JRSA/BJS National Conference, Portland Maine, 10/28/10 Background The Idaho SAC has been helping the Idaho Department of Corrections in evaluation
More informationNSW Summit on Alcohol Abuse August NSW Parliament. NSW Department of Education and Training
NSW Summit on Alcohol Abuse 26 29 August 2003 NSW Parliament NSW Department of Education and Training Alcohol: preventing abuse and harm in children and young people The social context of alcohol use Alcohol
More informationDRINKING A REPORT ON DRINKING IN THE SECOND DECADE OF LIFE IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA
UNDERAGE DRINKING A REPORT ON DRINKING IN THE SECOND DECADE OF LIFE IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA Edited by Philippe De Witte and Mack C. Mitchell Jr. INTRODUCTION The complexity and importance of underage
More informationFACTORS IN CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH PREDICTING ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE AND ABUSE IN SWEDISH WOMEN: FINDINGS FROM A GENERAL POPULATION STUDY
Alcohol & Alcoholism Vol. 32,. 3, pp. 267-274, 17 FACTORS IN CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH PREDICTING ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE AND ABUSE IN SWEDISH WOMEN: FINDINGS FROM A GENERAL POPULATION STUDY LENA SPAK*, FREDRIK SPAK
More informationTHE IMPACT OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA
THE IMPACT OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA Prepared for the NCCADV Children and ACEs Pre-conference Meghan Shanahan, PhD, MPH Maternal and Child Health Department Injury Prevention Research Center May 17 th, 2016
More informationTrends in Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke Exposure Levels at Home among Viet Nam School Children Aged and Associated Factors
RESEARCH ARTICLE Trends in Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke Exposure Levels at Home among Viet Nam School Children Aged 13-15 and Associated Factors Nguyen Tuan Lam 1, Pham Thi Quynh Nga 1 *, Hoang Van Minh 2,
More informationSwedish Initiative for Research on Microdata in the Social And Medical Sciences. What is SIMSAM? Anna Holmström
Swedish Initiative for Research on Microdata in the Social And Medical Sciences What is SIMSAM? Anna Holmström Ph.D., SIMSAM Network Coordinator Dept. of Clinical Neuroscience Insurance Medicine Karolinska
More informationUNDERSTANDING AND INFLUENCING PUPILS CHOICES AS THEY PREPARE TO LEAVE SCHOOL EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. Dr Kathryn Asbury. University of York
UNDERSTANDING AND INFLUENCING PUPILS CHOICES AS THEY PREPARE TO LEAVE SCHOOL EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Dr Kathryn Asbury University of York Professor Robert Plomin King s College London February 2017 Background
More informationCHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This study is a secondary data analysis of the 1998 South African Demographic and Health Survey (SADHS) data set of women and households. According to the SADHS
More informationSocial, psychological and behavioural factors in adolescence associated with early and later drunken driving.
Social, psychological and behavioural factors in adolescence associated with early and later drunken driving. G unilla Karlsson and Anders Rom elsjo St Goran Clinic of Dependence Disorders, Box 125 57,
More informationModelling the impact of poverty on contraceptive choices in. Indian states
Int. Statistical Inst.: Proc. 58th World Statistical Congress, 2, Dublin (Session STS67) p.3649 Modelling the impact of poverty on contraceptive choices in Indian states Oliveira, Isabel Tiago ISCTE Lisbon
More informationAdmissions Package. Mino Ayaa Ta Win Healing Centre Residential Treatment. Fort Frances Tribal Area Health Services Behavioural Health Services
Fort Frances Tribal Area Health Services Behavioural Health Services Mino Ayaa Ta Win Healing Centre Residential Treatment Admissions Package Page 1 of 13 Residential Treatment- Basic Identifying Information
More informationChapter V Depression and Women with Spinal Cord Injury
1 Chapter V Depression and Women with Spinal Cord Injury L ike all women with disabilities, women with spinal cord injury (SCI) may be at an elevated risk for depression due to the double jeopardy of being
More information