Effects of Marijuana On Brain, Body & Behavior. Nora D. Volkow, M.D. Director

Transcription

1 Effects of Marijuana On Brain, Body & Behavior Nora D. Volkow, M.D. Director

2 Marijuana is the Most Commonly Used Illicit Drug In the U.S. Over 111 million Americans have tried it at least once An estimated 2.4 million Americans used it for the first time in National Survey on Drug Use and Health, SAMHSA, Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Active Ingredient in Marijuana

3 ADDICTION IS A DEVELOPMENTAL DISEASE it starts in adolescence and childhood Percentage in each age group who develop first-time dependence 1.8% 1.6% 1.4% 1.2% 1.0% 0.8% 0.6% 0.4% 0.2% 0.0% TOBACCO THC ALCOHOL Age Age at tobacco, at alcohol and at cannabis use dependence as per DSM IV NIAAA National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, 2003.

4 Percentage of U.S. 12 th Grade Students Reporting Past Month Use of Cigarettes and Marijuana Marijuana Cigarettes SOURCE: University of Michigan, 2013 Monitoring the Future Study.

5 Natural and Drug Reinforcers Increase Dopamine in NAc frontal cortex nucleus accumbens VTA/SN Drugs of abuse increase DA in the Nucleus Accumbens, which is believed to trigger the neuroadaptions that result in addiction % of Basal Release % of Basal Release % of Basal Release AMPHETAMINE hr MARIJUANA Tanda, et al, Science Empty Box Feeding FOOD Time (min) Di Chiara et al.

6 Constituents of MJ and the Cannabinoid System delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol delta-9-tetrahydrocannabivarin delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol cannabigerol cannabinol cannabichromene cannabidiol

7 Cannabinoid Receptors Are Located Throughout the Brain and Regulate: Brain Development Memory and Cognition Motivational Systems & Reward Appetite Immunological Function Reproduction Movement Coordination Pain Regulation & Analgesia

8 Long Term Effects of Marijuana Addiction: About 9% of users may become dependent, 1 in 6 who start use in adolescence, 25-50% of daily users Percent Estimated Prevalence of Dependence Among Users * * * Nonmedical Use Source: Anthony JC et al., 1994

9 Drug Use Outcomes in Twin Pairs (n =234) Discordant for Cannabis Use Before Age 17 Odds Ratio Source: Lynskey, MT et al., JAMA, 289, pp , 2003.

10 Does marijuana use negatively affect the brain?

11 Cannabinoid CB1 Receptors in Human Brain are Downregulated in Marijuana Abusers Marijuana Abusers Controls ACC/CBL Van Loere et al., Hirvonen et al., Mol Psychiatry 2013

12 Brain abnormalities associated with long-term heavy cannabis use Hippocampus Amygdala L (yellow) and R (blue) amygdala L(red) and R(green) hippocampus morphology and function of hippocampus has been linked to reduced memory performance in heavy cannabis users Hippocampal and amygdalar volumes were smaller in cannabis users than in controls. Yucel et al., Arch Gen Psychiatry Jun;65(6):

13 Early (<18y) Long-Term Cannabis Use Decreases Axonal Fiber Connectivity Precuneus to splenium Fimbria of hippocampus, hippocampal commissure and Splenium Axonal paths with reduced connectivity (measured with diffusion-weighted MRI) in cannabis users (n=59) than in controls (N=33). Zalesky et al Brain 2012.

14 Persistent Cannabis Users Show Neuropsychological Decline from Childhood to Midlife Dunedin prospective study of 1037 Ss born 1972/73, Tested for IQ at age 13 and 38y. Tested THC use ages 18, 21, 26, 32 and 38y Change in Full-Scale IQ (in standard deviation units) Adolescent Vulnerability 1 Diagnosis 2 Diagnoses 3 Diagnoses -0.8 p=.44 p=.09 p=.02 Cannabis Dependent Before Age 18 (n=17) Not Cannabis Dependent Before Age 18 (n=57) Cannabis Dependent Before Age 18 (n=12) Not Cannabis Dependent Before Age 18 (n=21) Cannabis Dependent Before Age 18 (n=23) Not Cannabis Dependent Before Age 18 (n=14) Source: Meier MH et al., PNAS Early Edition 2012.

15 Cannabis Use and Later Life Outcomes Are Dose Dependent % welfare dependent (ages 21-25) % Unemployed (ages 21-25) mean personal income in thousands of NZ $ at age 25 % gained university degree by age to to to to 99 Never # of occasions using Cannabis ages Number of occasions using Cannabis between ages Source: Fergusson and Boden. Addiction, 103, pp , 2008.

16 Average Delta-9 THC Concentration Per Year Percentage Number of Samples n D-9 THC%

17 Mean Concentrations of THC, Ethanol & Amphetamines In Whole Blood Samples From Drivers Apprehended By The Police Suspected Of Driving Under The Influence THC Amphetamine & Methamphetamine Ethanol Vindenes V et al.,forensic Sci Internati 2013; 226(1 3):

18 Increased Marijuana Treatment Admissions 1993 and 2007 Emergency Department Visits Involving Selected Drugs: % of admissions Alcohol Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Source: SAMHSA, TEDS 1993 & Source: SAMHSA, 2008 DAWN.

19 12 th Graders Past Year Marijuana Use vs. Perceived Risk of Occasional Marijuana Use Past Year Use Perceived Risk SOURCE: University of Michigan, 2013 Monitoring the Future Study

20 New Online Resources For teens and those that care about them Treatment Publication Principles of Adolescent Substance Use Disorder Treatment: A Research Based Guide Outlines thirteen principles and evidence-based approaches for treating adolescent substance use disorders (SUD). Medical School Curriculum The Substance Use Disorder in Adolescents: Screening and Engagement in Primary Care Settings Provides a series of videos demonstrating effective screening techniques. Web interactive Drugs + Your Body: It Isn't Pretty Includes graphics, videos, quizzes and much more on the wide-ranging harmful effects of drugs on the brain and body.

21 Workshops CADCA 2014 National Forum February 3-6, 2014 Tuesday, February 4, 2014 National Leadership Plenary Session Nora D. Volkow, M.D., Director, NIDA 9 am 10:30 am Potomac Ballroom A-B Thursday, February 6, 2014 Considerations of Culture and Context when Implementing Evidence-Based Prevention Programs: Process, Challenges and Opportunities 9 am 10:15 am Chesapeake J-L The Science of Addiction: Building Resilience from the Brain Up 10:45 am 12:00 Noon Chesapeake NIDA thanks CADCA for helping to make it a great success Science Update from NIDA: Spotlight on Marijuana-Related Research 2:45 pm 4:00 pm National Harbor 10-11

22 CADCA & NIDA are creating an Online Course that is: Research-focused ` How does marijuana affect health and well- being? Brain development Impaired driving Interactive Designed for community problem-solvers Academic performance Click each button for more