KLJUČNE REČI UVOD SAŽETAK

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2 SAŽETAK U asistiranim reproduktivnim tehnikama (ART), autoimuni poremećaji tiroidne žlezde predstavljaju uobičajene prateće bolesti. Hipotireoidizam izazvan autoimunim tireoiditisom može umanjiti plodnost i mogućnost trudnoće. Hašimotov tireoiditis (HT) je najčešća autoimuna bolest štitnjače (AITD).Za pacijente sa HT koji se podvrgavaju ciklusima IVF/ICSI korišćenjem dugačkog protokola smatra se da imaju korist od širokog terapeutskog koncepta. Mi smo uporedili ishode dve različite terapeutske šeme za HT pacijente koje su prezentirane na našoj klinici za oplodnju i uporedili smo ishod za ART pacijente bez tireoiditisa. TSH nivo je bio podešen na ispod 2 μlu/ ml korišćenjem L-tiroksina, po potrebi. Istovremena medikacija od momenta punkture ovocita obuhvatila je dnevnu primenu fragmina ( dalteparin) i acetilsalicilne kiseline (ASA), ka i prednizolona u povišenim dozama. Jedna grupa ovih HT pacijenata ( grupa 1, n=56) imala je dodatno folnu kiselinu u visokoj dozi, druga grupa ( grupa 2, n=50, na koju ćemo se pozivati kao na suplementiranu grupu) bila je alternativno suplementirana mikronutrijentnim preparatom koji sadrži selen, visoku dozu folne kiseline, B-vitamine, antioksidanse i gvožđe. Mi smo vršili poređenje broja ovocita, stopu fertilizacije, stopu formiranja blastociste, stopu trudnoće i stopu trudnoće koja je u toku, između ove dve grupe. Takođe i ART ishodi obe grupe su poređeni sa ART rezultatima pacijenata koji nemaju Hašimoto tireoiditis, u okviru iste starosne grupe. Uočili smo signifikantan porast stope blastociste i prikazani veliki porast u stopi tekuće trudnoće kod suplementiranih pacijenata. Tim pacijentima je, takođe, trebalo manje L-tiroksina da dostignu optimalni TSH nivo. Ishod pacijenata suplementiranih mikronutrijentima odgovarao je proseku zdravih IVF pacijenata bez HT na našoj klinici. KLJUČNE REČI Autoimuni tireoiditis; IVF/IMSI; pobačaj; blastocista; trudnoća u toku; antioksidativni dijetetski suplement UVOD Hašimoto tireoiditis (HT) je autoimuna bolest štitnjače (AITD), koja dovodi do hronične upale usled pojave auto- antitela usmerenih protiv tiroperoksidaze (TPO) (a ponekad takođe i protiv tiroglobulina (Tg) i TSH receptora (TSH-R), sa posledičnom destrukcijom tkiva štitnjače preko T-limfocita. HT je najčešći autoimuni poremećaj kod ljudi. Procenjeno je da on pogađa5-10% opšte populacije, pri čemu su žene 2-5 puta više pogođene, odnosno češće oboljevaju od muškaraca. Incidenca HT je čak viša među ženskim pacijentima koji posećuju klinike za oplodnju ( do 25%9. Izuzetno je i to što je HT najčešći uzrok primarnog hipotireoidizma kod žena u reproduktivnom dobu [1]. Na početku bolesti, može biti perioda hipertireoidizma usled progresivne destrukcije tkiva štitnjače, koja uzrokuje oštećenje integriteta skladišta tiroidnih folikula. Međutim, finalni stadijum bolesti je hipotireoidizam koji je veoma jako povezan sa ženskom neplodnošću. Razlozi za poremećaj su različiti faktori životne sredine koji predstavljaju okidač za autoimuni odgovor kod genetski podložnih osoba, mada tačni mehanizmi dejstva još uvek ostaju neotkriveni [2]. Prijavljeno je da su teške virusne infekcije bile uključene u izbijanje bolesti. Osim toga, sugerisano je da i druge autoimune bolesti ili endokrini poremećaji, kao i zagađenje životne sredine, pesticidi, ksenohormoni i mnoge druge hemikalije sa pretpostavljenim uticajem na imuni sistem mogu dovesti do izbijanja ove bolesti [2-4]. Osim toga, kao uzrok za nastanka HT, mnoge studije su predložile antioksidativni stres (OS), kao što je i procenjeno povećanom lipidnom peroksidcijom, odnosno smanjenim statusom antioksidanasa [5]. Mnoge žene sa disfunkcijom štitnjače pate od subfertiliteta i povećane stope pobačaja [6,7].Ovo nije iznenađujuće imajući u vidu da su za začeće, trudnoću u toku i zdrav porođaj, potrebne različite suptilne interakcije hormona i komponenti imunog sistema. HT, u stvari,na mnogobrojne načine umanjuje plodnost i reprodukciju. U skorije vreme, Monteleone et al. [8] su prikazali da su fertilizacija, kvalitet embriona i stopa trudnoće manji za ženke IVF pacijente sa tiroidnim autoimunitetom, i sugerisali su da prisustvo tiroidnih antitela u folikulama jajnika može igrati ključnu ulogu u ženskoj neplodnosti. Prozračna zona ( zona pellucida- glikoproteinski omotač) i tkivo štitnjače izgleda dele slične antigene i antitiroidna antitela za koja se smatra da menjaju plodnost targetiranjem zone pellucida, humanih receptora horionskog gonadopeptina i drugih agenasa placente [9]. Pacijenti sa primarnim hipotireoidizma često dobijaju hiperprolaktinemiju, koja je štetna za sazrevanje ovocita. Okidač za hiperprolaktinemiju je HT putem raznih mehanizama dejstva. Prvo, kao odgovor na hipotireoidni status postoji kompenzatorni porast ispuštanja centralnog hipotalamusnog tireotropin- oslobađajućeg hormona (TSH), što rezultira u stimulaciji sekrecije prolaktina (PRL). Pored tog, eliminacija PRL iz sistemske cirkulacije je umanjena [10,11], a i drugi razlozi za povećanje PRL nivoa kod osoba sa hipotireoidizmom su takođe dobro poznati [12].

3 Neredovni menstrualni ciklusi su česti kod žena sa hipotireoidizmom [13], a njihova ozbiljnost je povezana za serumske TSH nivoe [14]. Za ove promene se smatra da su uzrokovane promenama u oslobađanju pulsirajućeg gonadotropina, sa jedne strane, kao i nedostatkom tiroksina koji dovodi do ograničenog luteiniziranja, sa druge strane. Osim toga, identifikovan je veliki broj drugih biohemijskih karakteristika povezanih sa HT. Prvo, pacijenti često pokazuju povišene nivoe homocisteina (hiperhomocisteinemija), prouzrokovane redukcijom hepatične remetilacije homocisteina na metionin [15,16]. Drugo, pacijenti imaju povišen rizik od nedostatka vitamina D [17]. Takođe, HT je često povezan sa smanjenim nivoima gvožđa, vitamina B 12 i folne kiseline, čak i onda kada su pacijenti eutireoidni, odnosno sa normalnim stanjem štitaste žlezde [16,18]. Čest nedostatak selena [19-21] ili cinka [22] povećava osetljivost na OS, oštećujući sazrevanje ovocita. Sve ove specifikacije su nezavisno identifikovane kao važni faktori rizika za poremećeni fertilitet. Još jedan faktor koji doprinosi problemima fertiliteta kod pacijenata koji pate od HT jeste činjenica da HT pacijenti imaju veću incidencu endometrioze [23,24], sindroma policističnih jajnika [6,25], kao i povećani rizik za pojavu prevremene insuficijencije jajnika (PIJ) i rani pobačaj [23]. PIJ može biti i do samog imunog sistema. Korišćenje miša kao sistema modela., Metalon et al. [26] da auto-imunitet svojom hiperaktivnom imunom funkcijom vodi ka ranom reproduktivnom neuspehu. Hiperkoagulacija i endotelno vaskularno oštećenje mogu uticati na pojavu pobačaja. Sistemska inflamacija, kao što je uočeno kod autoimunih bolesti, menja trombotične odgovore suzbijanjem fibrinolize, gornjom regulacijom pro-koagulanasa i donjom regulacijom ati-koagulanasa [27]. Neke od centralnih odlika hiper sposobnosti zgrušavanja indukovanih inflamacijom su citokina indukcija ekspresije faktora tkiva (TF), endotelna disfunkcija, supresija proteinske C signal kaskade i inhibicije fibrinolize [27-32]. Konačno, postoji i rizik od hipotireoidizma tokom kasnije trudnoće, čak i kad se kod pacijenata u ranoj trudnoći pokaže eutireoidizam. Ovo usled činjenice da se zahtevi materinske štitnjače povećavaju kako trudnoća odmiče, odnosno napreduje, ali ti zahtevi ne mogu da se ispune [33]. Zajedno sa promenom bubrežnog klirensa povezanom sa povećanom ekskrecijom joda rast placentalnog tipa 3 Jodotironin Deiodinaza (D III) i porast TBG ( Tiroksin vezujući globulin) sa značajno nižim nivoima slobodnog T4 mogu dovesti do teškog oblika hipotireoidizma. Ovo može prouzrokovati akušerske komplikacije tokom trudnoće, ka što su: pobačaj, anemija, trudnička hipertenzija, odvajanje placente, prerani porođaj i postpartum hemoragija [6]. Hipotireoidizam tokom trudnoće takođe povećava rizik da novorođenče bude primljeno na odeljenje intenzivne nege, uglavnom zbog sindroma respiratornog stresa [34] a i deca su pod rizikom od lošeg ishoda neurorazvoja [35]. Podaci koji se odnose na fertilizaciju, implantaciju i stope trudnoće, još uvek su nekonzistentni za žene sa auto imunom bolešću štitnjače [8,36,37]. Međutim, postoji jaka veza između pobačaja i prisustva auto-antitela [6]. Iz tog razloga, mi smo postavili hipotezu da HT pacijenti koji se podvrgavaju ciklusima IVF/ICSI mogu imati koristi od širokog terapijskog pristupa, koji se bavi širokim rangom Hašimoto povezanih faktora koji umanjuju plodnost i štetno utiču na ranu trudnoću. Ovo obuhvata podešavanje THS nivoa iznad normalnih (<2 μu/ml, optimalni TSH: μu/ml) i PRL nivo pre početka stimulacije, obimnu antikoagulaciju ( heparin i ASA) od dana ovarijumskg uzimanja (OPU) pa na dalje, kao i imune modulacije upotrebom selena ( μg), kao i steroide po potrebi ( do 15mg-dnevno). Interesantno je da je, tokom poslednjih godina, primena suplemenata multivitamina/ minerala, kod, inače, zdravih ženskih pacijenata, a u svrhu poboljšanja ishoda ciklusa IVF/ ICSI tretmana veoma mnogo razmatrana, a nekoliko vrlo obećavajućih studija je pokazalo da ovo može imati pozitivan uticaj [38-40]. Bez obzira na to, diskusija nije bez protivrečnosti. Do sada, prema našem saznaju, ovo je prva studija koja analizira efekte dijetetske suplementacije na IVF ishod koda pacijenata sa autoimunim tireoiditisom. Imajući u vidu da su HT pacijenti izloženi povećanom riziku od nedostataka velikog brojamikronutrijenata, kao što je gore opisano, kao i da je OS razmatran kao faktor uključen u napredovanje bolesti, mi pretpostavljamo da, pored širokog terapeutskog koncepta koji je gore izložen, dodavanje odgovarajućih dijetetskih antioksidativnih preparata ( multivitamin, folna kiselina, gvožđe, cink, selen bez joda) u ishranu žena sa autoimunim tireoiditisom koje se podvrgavaju ART tretmanima, može imati pozitivan uticaj na ishod tretmana. MATERIJALI I METODE Pacijenti Od januara do jula 2011, ukupno106 žena sa istorijom HT bolesti koje su pohađale IVF centar Prof.Zech su regrutovane za učešće u ovoj studiji. Učesnice su bile nasumično podeljene tako da je 50 žena primilo

4 Tabela 1. Supstance koje sadrži preparat Fertilovit FTHY. Za sve pacijente, preporučeni unos iznosi 1 kapsula dnevno. SADRŽAJ Kalorijska vrednost U JEDNOJ KAPSULI 389 kj (0.94 kcal) U 100 G 903 kj (218 kcal) %PDU* Proteini 0,041g 9,5g - Masti g 8.6 g - - RASPORED HORMONSKE STIMULACIJE I MEDIKACIJE Stimulacija je izvedena korišćenjem dugačkog protokola [41].TSH nivo je podešen pre stimulacije na nivo ispod 2μIU/mL, korišćenjem L-tiroksina, po potrebi. Dijetetska suplementacija je započeta sa početkom hormonske stimulacije. Istovremena medikacija HT pacijenata od momenta uzimanja ovocita uključila je dnevnu primenu dalteparina (2500 IU/dan) i ASA ( 100m/dan), kao i prednizolon u povećanim dozama ( 7,5mg-15mg/dan). Ugljeni hidrati 0,06g 13,86g - Vitamin C 100mg 23,203g 125 Vitamin E 15 mg 3.48 g 125 Vitamin B1 4 mg 9.28 g 364 Vitamin B2 4.5 mg g 321 Pantotenska kiselina 18 mg g 300 Vitamin B6 5.4 mg g 386 Vitamin B12 9 μg 2 mg 360 Folna kiselina 800 μg 186 mg 400 Vitamin D 5 μg 1.16 mg 100 Niacin 17 mg g 106 Biotin 180 μg 42 mg 360 Cink 2.25 mg 522 mg 50 Magnezijum 100 mg g 26 Gvožđe 7.5 mg g 54 Selen 100 μg 23 mg 181 Koenzim Q mg g - *%PDU= procenat preporučenog dnevnog unosa (u skladu sa smernicama EU). dijetetski preparat koji sadrži mikronutrijente (Fertilovit FTHY, Tabela br. 1) i to selen, visoku dozu folne kiseline, vitamine B grupe, vitamin D, antioksidanse i gvožđe, umesto da prime samo folnu kiselinu. Pismena saglasnost je dobijena od svih pacijentkinja uključenih u ovu studiju. Kontrolna grupa, koju je činilo 56 pacijentkinja, primila je samo folnu kiselinu ( 5mg/ dan). Srednja vrednost godina starostipacijentkinja u grupi sa suplementacijom je iznosila 36,1 godinu, dok je u grupi bez suplementacije, srednja vrednost godina starosti bila 36,7. UZIMANJE OVOCITA, FERTILIZACIJA, EMBRIO KULTURA I EVALUACIJA KVALITETA EMBRIONA Ovociti su uzeti ovarijskim punktiranjem u kombinaciji sedacije sa lokalnom anestezijom, trideset i šest sati posle primene humanog horionskog gonadotropina (hcg) i oplođeni su korišćenjem intracitoplazmatske injekcije spermatozoida (ICS) ili intracitoplazmatske injekcije selektiranog spermatozoida (IMSI) [42]. Oplođeni embrion je identifikovan prisustvom dva pronukleusa (2PN). Embrio kultura je obavljena u globalnom medijumu (LifeGlobal, Ontario, Kanada) suplementirana je humanim serumskim albuminom (HSA LifeGlobal, Ontario, Kanada) u specijalnim posudama za IVF ( Nunc A/S, Roskilde, Danska) i stavljana u inkubator ( Inkubator Hera ćelijski inkubator 240 CO2) u trajanju od 5 dana, do transfera embriona. Na dan 5, ocenjen je kvalitet embriona prema Gardner et al. [43].Blastociste sa stepenom ekspanzije 2,3,4 i 5 i sa A gradacijom za unutrašnju ćelijsku masu i trofektoderm, ili kombinacija A i B gradacije,su klasifikovani kao top blastociste. Radi evaluacije ishoda tretmana, mi smo upoređivali broj ovocita, stopu fertilizacije, stopu formiranja blastocisti, stopu trudnoće i stopu trudnoće u toku, između dve grupe ispitanika sa prosečnim rezultatima zdravih IVF pacijenata. Stopa trudnoće (PR) je utvrđena urinarnim ß hcg nivoom, 14 dana nakon transfera embriona (ET). Stopa trudnoće u toku ( opr) je definisana kao opservacija fetalnih otkucaja srca, ultrazvukom 6-8 nedelja posle ET. Razlike u stopama fertilizacije, blastocisti i trudnoće su evaluirane korišćenjem Pirsovog hi-kvadrat testa. Među- grupna poređenja normalno distribuiranih promenljivih su ocenjivana korišćenjem Studentovog t-testa.

5 Tabela 2. Poređenje podataka HT pacijenata dobijenih od grupe koja imala dijetetsku suplementaciju i grupe koja je nije imala ( kontrolna grupa) s.d.= Standardna Devijacija *p-vrednost<0.05; **p-vrednost<0.01; ***p-vrednost<0.001 PACIJENTI BEZ HT (KONTROLNA GRUPA) SUPLEMENTIRANI PACIJENTI Broj pacijenata BMI (kg/m2)(srednja vr.)+/- s.d / /-3.7 n.s Godine starosti na početku stimulacije ( godine) (srednja vrednost)+/- s.d. L-tiroksin doza potrebna za podešavanje (μg) (srednja vr.)+/- s.d. P- VRED- NOST / /- 4.2 n.s / / <0.01** Period stimulacije ( dana) (srednja vr.)+/- s.d / /-1.8 n.s Doza stimulacije (IU) / /-924 n.s Broj uzetih ovocita (srednja vr.)+/- s.d / /- 6.2 n.s Broj zrelih ovocita MII ovociti (srednja vrednost)+/- s.d / /- 6.1 n.s Stopa fertilizacije % n.s. Stopa blastocisti % <0.01** Stopa top blastocisti % n.s. Preneti embrioni (srednja vr.) +/- s.d / /-0.60 n.s. Stopa trudnoće (PR)% n.s. Stopa trudnoće u toku (opr)% <0.05 * Tabela 3: Poređenje IVF ishoda kod suplementiranih HT pacijenata i pacijenata koji nemaju HT (bez HT) iz 2011 godine unutar iste starosne klase PACIJENTI BEZ HT (KONTROLNA GRUPA) SUPLEMENTIRANI PACIJENTI P- VREDNOST Broj pacijenata n.s Godine starosti na početku stimulacije (godine)+/-s.d. 36,1 +/- 3,1 36,1 +/- 3,5 n.s Broj uzetih ovocita (srednja vr.) )+/-s.d. 11,6 +/- 6,0 11,1 +/- 6,7 n.s %MI ovocita 81,0 83,0 n.s Stopa fertilizacije % 72,0 73,7 n.s Stopa blastocisti % 49,9 48,6 n.s Stopa trudnoće (PR)% 51,2 48,0 n.s Stopa trudnoće u toku (opr)% 42,9 44,0 n.s s.d.= standardna devijacija *p-vrednost<0.05; **p-vrednost<0.01; ***p-vrednost<0.001 REZULTATI DISKUSIJA Rezultati studije su sumarno prikazani u tabelama br. 2 i 3.Nije bilo razlika između dve grupe pacijenata u pogledu broja uzetih ovocita i stope fertilizacije, ali je zabeležen značajan porast stope blastocisti (Tabela 2) unutar suplementirane grupe pacijenata. Pored toga, pacijentima suplementirane grupe je bilo potrebno manje L-tiroksina da dostignu ciljanu vrednost TSH (p<0,01).dalje, suplementirana grupa HT pacijenata je takođe pokazala značajan porast stope trudnoće u toku koja je detektovana fetalnim otkucajima srca ( tabela 2 ) posle ET. Stopa trudnoće je takođe neznatno, mada ne signifikantno, povišena. Ovi podaci vezani za suplementirane pacijente odgovaraju IVF ishodu pacijenata bez HT ( Tabela 3). Uprkos malom broju pacijenata, ova studija pokazuje da IVF pacijenti sa hroničnim limfocitnim tireoiditisom imaju značajno veliku korist od šireg terapeutskog koncepta u okviru ART terapije. Dijetetska suplementacija sa kombinacijom mikronutrijenata koji ne sadrže jod, uključujući selen i vitamine, čini se primetno korisnom u smislu broja blastocisti na dan 5 embrio kulture. Imajući u vidu sličan broj uzetih ovocita i veću stopu top blastocisti, ovi nalazi pokazuju da suplementacija mikronutrijentima povećava sposobnost ovocita da se razviju do stadijuma blastociste. Još jedan ključni aspekt je nalaz veće stope trudnoće u toku, nakon transfera embriona kod suplementiranih

6 pacijenata, mada nije bilo značajne razlike u zabeleženoj stopi trudnoće. Prema tome, mi smatramo da je to nastalo ili usled poboljšane kompetencije embriona ili poboljšane unutar materične sredine, od čega oba navedena mogu smanjiti rizik od pojave ranog abortusa. U stvari, kao što je napred i pomenuto, postoji jaka veza između HT, neuspele implantacije i (rekurentnog ) gubitka fetusa [6]. Kao sekundarni efekat, dijetetski suplementirani pacijenti očigledno zahtevaju manje L-tiroksina radi postizanja ciljanih nivoa TSH, što je poželjno, obzirom da smanjuje pacijentov rizik od neželjenih dejstava, kao što je srčana aritmija, nesanica ili hipertenzija. Kako je tačno došlo do ovih promena momentalno nije poznato i ne spada u predmet ove studije.međutim, nekoliko ključnih aspekata mikronutrijenata bi trebalo pomenuti, a koji bi mogli da nagoveste moguće mehanizme dejstva. Jedan mikronutrijent sa značajnim uticajem na funkciju štitnjače je nesumnjivo jod. I dok se dovoljan unos joda pokazao kao kritičan za normalnu funkciju štitnjače, uočeno je da, za žene sa autoimunim tireoiditisom, veće koncentracije joda mogu, takođe, imati i štetno dejstvo. Autoimuni tireoiditis se pogoršava sa viškom unosa joda [44], dok su u nekoliko studija zabeležena poboljšanja kada je sadržaj joda u ishrani pacijenta bio nizak [45-47]. Nekoliko drugih elemenata u tragovima je identifikovano kao elementi od esencijalnog značaja za normalan metabolizam hormona štitnjače. Među njima je najvrednije pomenuti gvožđe i selen. Nedostaci ovih elemenata mogu vrlo značajno da ograniče funkciju štitnjače. Nedostatak gvožđa umanjuje sintezu tiroidnih hormona smanjujući aktivnost hem-zavisne tiroid peroksidaze [48]. Erdal et.l. [49] su pokazali da su bazalni nivoi gvožđa kod pacijenata sa subkliničkim hipotireoidizmom bili značajno niži u poređenju sa kontrolnom grupom. Pod fiziološkim uslovima tiroidna žlezda zadržava visoke koncentracije selena i istiskuje mnogo poznatih proteina koji sadrže seleno-cistein, koji je neophodan za (in) aktivaciju hormona štitnjače, koji su zadužen za normalan razvoj, rast i metabolizam. Osim toga, seleno-cistein se često može naći u katalitičkom centru enzima koji štite štitnjaču od OS [50]. Adekvatna ishrana koja je bogata selenom pokazala se veoma važnom za efikasnu sintezu tiroidnih hormona i metabolizam, a ona takođe predstavlja i zaštitu tiroidne žlezde od oštećenja izazvanih prekomernim izlaganjem jodu. Razne studije pokazuju druge korisne efekte suplementacije selenom kod pacijenata sa HT, kao što su modulacije imunog sistema smanjivanjem titra antitela štitnjače [19,51]. Pozitivni efekti suplementacije selenom tokom trudnoće, u smislu smanjene tiroidne inflamatorne aktivnosti, su takođe prijavljeni [52]. U zadnje vreme je prikazano da su GSH nivoi kod HT pacijenata značajno niži u poređenju sa zdravom kontrolnom grupom.iako se putanje autoimunog tireoiditisa još uvek ne razumeju u potpunosti, utvrđeno je da je OS dodatni, važan faktor koji ovoj bolesti doprinosi [53,54], a neravnoteža ROS/ antioksidansi može biti faktor koji je odgovoran za spektar HT simptoma. U međuvremenu je dobro utvrđena visoka osetljivost ovocita na ROS. ROS oštećuje membranu i ometa sintezu proteina, kao i proizvodnju energije, a takođe je bio povezivan i sa različitim problemima tokom trudnoće [54]. Nekoliko studija je otkrilo da pacijenti sa autoimunim tireoiditisom imaju povišene OS nivoe a smanjeni nivo antioksidanasa [5].Ova studija pokazuje da bi suplementacija antioksidansima bila korisna u ishrani pacijenata sa HT. Osim toga, studija koja obuhvata 115 pacijenata sa autoimunom bolešću štitnjače je pokazala da su ti pacijenti kolektivno takođe imali povećani rizik od nedostatka vitamina B12[18].Zajedno sa folnom kiselinom i vitamin B6, kao i vitamin B12 su od vitalne važnosti za ispravan metabolizam homocisteina. Sugerisano je, takođe, da je nedostatak vitamina D faktor predispozicije za autoimune bolesti i da se to takođe može uočiti i kod pacijenata sa autoimunim tireoiditisom [17].Imajući u vidu da je nedostatak vitamina D povezan sa neplodnošću i gubitkom trudnoće[55] to predstavlja važno pitanje. ZAKLJUČAK Iako detaljni mehanizmi HT bolesti još uvek nisu jasni, pacijenti sa bolešću HT koji se podvrgavaju tretmanu fertiliteta (IVF/ICSI), očigledno imaju koristi od uzimanja dijetetskih suplemenata, uključujući i selen, gvožđe, vitamine, kao i antioksidanse, pored ostale medikacije podrške koju čune ASA, dalteparin i prednizolon. Ovaj terapeutski režim rezultira primetnim povećanjem stope trudnoće u toku, pri čemu je potrebno manje L-tiroksina. REFERENCES 1. Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Flanders WD, Hannon WH, Gunter EW, et al. (2002) Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87: Duntas LH (2011) Environmental factors and thyroid autoimmunity. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 72: Hybenova M, Hrda P, Prochazkova J, Stejskal V, Sterzl I (2010) The role of environmental factors in autoimmune thyroiditis. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 31: Shan ZY, Li YS, Wang ZY, Jin Y, Guan HX, et al. (2005) Effect of different iodine intake on the prevalence of hypothyroidism in 3 counties in China. Chin Med J (Engl) 118: Rostami R, Aghasi MR, Mohammadi A, Nourooz-Zadeh J (2013) Enhanced oxidative stress in Hashimoto s thyroiditis: Inter-relationships to biomarkers of thyroid function. 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Reprod Biomed Online 24: Grajecki D, Zyriax BC, Buhling KJ (2012) The effect of micronutrient supplements on female fertility: A systematic review. Arch Gynecol Obstet 285: Zech NH, Lejeune B, Puissant F, Vanderzwalmen S, Zech H, et al. (2007) Prospective evaluation of the optimal time for selecting a single embryo for transfer: Day 3 versus day 5. Fertil Steril 88: Vanderzwalmen P, Hiemer A, Rubner P, Bach M, Neyer A, et al. (2008) Blastocyst development after sperm selection at high magnification is associated with size and number of nuclear vacuoles. Reprod Biomed Online 17: Gardner DK, Lane M, Stevens J, Schlenker T, Schoolcraft WB (2000) Blastocyst score affects implantation and pregnancy outcome: towards a single blastocyst transfer. Fertil Steril 73: Bürgi H (2010) Iodine excess. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 24: Ruwhof C, Drexhage HA (2001) Iodine and thyroid autoimmune disease in animal models. 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Eur J Endocrinol 148: Negro R, Greco G, Mangieri T, Pezzarossa A, Dazzi D, et al. (2007) The influence of selenium supplementation on postpartum thyroid status in pregnant women with thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92: Erdamar H, Demirci H, Yaman H, Erbil MK, Yakar T, et al. (2008) The effect of hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and their treatment on parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant status. Clin Chem Lab Med 46: Burton GJ, Jauniaux E (2011) Oxidative stress. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 25: Lerchbaum E, Obermayer-Pietsch B (2012) Vitamin D and fertility: A systematic review. Eur J Endocrinol 166: Xu J, Lupu F, Esmon CT (2010) Inflammation, innate immunity and blood coagulation. Hamostaseologie 30: Esmon CT (2005) The interactions between inflammation and coagulation. Br J Haematol 131: Ardoin SP, Shanahan JC, Pisetsky DS (2007) The role of microparticles in inflammation and thrombosis. 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