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1 Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A ACC. See Adrenal cortical carcinoma. Acromegaly and the pituitary gland, 551 Acute suppurative thyroiditis, 405, 406 Addison, Thomas and adrenal imaging, 511 ADF. See Advanced dynamic flow. Adrenal cortical carcinoma and adrenal lesions, 514, 515, 525, 526 Adrenal gland imaging principles in mass characterization, pathology of, Adrenal imaging: from Addison to algorithms, Adrenal lesions and adrenal cortical carcinoma, 514, 515, 525, 526 and bladder cancer, 513 and breast cancer, 513, 523, 525 characterization of benign, 512 characterization of malignant, 513 and colon cancer, 517, 520, 523, 524 and differentiating between benign adenomas and metastases, 526 and endometrial cancer, 515 and hemorrhage, 515 and hyperfunctioning cysts, 511, 512, 524, 526 and hypertension, 525 imaging algorithm for, 526 and leukemia, 518 lipid-sensitive imaging of, and lung cancer, 515, 519, 521, 522 and lymphoma, 518 macroscopic features of, metabolic imaging of, and myelolipoma, 514 and pheochromocytoma, 524, 525 and physiologic computed tomographic washout test, 520, 521 and recent imaging developments, 526, 527 and renal stone disease, 516 serial imaging of, 515, 516 Advanced dynamic flow and power Doppler, 395 Radiol Clin N Am 49 (2011) doi: /s (11)00042-x /11/$ see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. AITD. See Autoimmune thyroid disease. American Thyroid Association recommendations for assessment of thyroid nodules, 422 Amiodarone-associated thyroid disease, 409, 410 Apoplexy of the pituitary gland, Appendix and neuroendocrine tumors, 535 Atrophic thyroiditis, 410 Autoimmune thyroid disease, 391, 394, 396, 399, 410 B Bethesda classification and thyroid cytology, 436, 440, Bladder cancer and adrenal lesions, 513 Breast cancer and adrenal lesions, 513, 523, 525 C Carcinoids. See Neuroendocrine tumors. Cavernous sinus pituitary adenoma invasion of, 556 Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, and thyroid cytology, 437, 438, 443, 444, 447 CLT. See Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. Colon and neuroendocrine tumors, 535, 536 Colon cancer and adrenal lesions, 517, 520, 523, 524 Computed tomography and hyperparathyroidism, 503 and neuroendocrine tumors, 537, 538 and thyroid carcinoma, Cushing syndrome and the pituitary gland, 551 D De Quervain thyroiditis, Diagnosis and treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinoma, Differentiated thyroid carcinoma, , Diffuse hyperplasia and thyroid cytology, 436, 437, 443, 444 radiologic.theclinics.com

2 574 Index Diffuse thyroid disease, 392, DTC. See Differentiated thyroid carcinoma. E Echogenic foci and thyroid nodules, 418, 420 Elastography and ultrasound, 395, 396 Endometrial cancer and adrenal lesions, 515 F 18F fluorodeoxyglucose Fine-needle aspiration and procedure operator factors, 440, 441 and thyroid carcinoma, , , 469, 473, 476, 478, 479, 483 and thyroid cytology, and thyroid nodules, and ultrasound elastography, 395, 396 FNA. See Fine-needle aspiration. Follicular adenoma and thyroid cytology, 438, 439, Follicular carcinoma and thyroid cytology, , 443, 444, G Gamma camera Gastrinomas and neuroendocrine tumors, Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors, Goiter multinodular, 435, 436, 443 simple/multinodular, Graves disease, and thyroid cytology, 436, 437, 443, 444 Grayscale and ultrasound, 394, 395 H Hashimoto s thyroiditis and thyroid cytology, 437, 438, 443, 444, 447 and ultrasonography, Hemorrhage and adrenal lesions, 515 Honeycomb pattern in thyroid nodules, 418, 419 Hyperfunctioning cysts and adrenal lesions, 511, 512, 524, 526 Hyperparathyroidism combined imaging for, and computed tomography, 503 initial surgery for, 491, 492 and magnetic resonance imaging, 504, 505 and parathyroid hormone, 489, , 496, 497, 499, 503, 505 pathophysiology of, 491 and single-photon emission computed tomography, 503, 504 and venous sampling, 505 Hypertension and adrenal lesions, 525 Hyperthyroidism and nuclear medicine, 427, 430 Hypoparathyroidism and post-thyroidectomy complications, 468, 469 Hypothyroidism and nuclear medicine, 427, 430 I Imaging of neuroendocrine tumors, Imaging of the pituitary, Imaging surveillance of differentiated thyroid cancer, Inferior petrosal sinus sampling and the pituitary gland, 555 Infundibular lesions and the pituitary gland, Insulinomas and neuroendocrine tumors, 539, 540 Iodine 123 Iodine 131 and thyroid carcinoma, 475, 476 and thyroid nuclear medicine, 425, 426 L Laryngeal nerve injury and post-thyroidectomy complications, 468 Leukemia and adrenal lesions, 518 Lipid-sensitive imaging and adrenal lesions, Lung cancer and adrenal lesions, 515, 519, 521, 522 Lymph node metastases and thyroid carcinoma, 454, 455 Lymphadenectomy of the central compartment, 466, 467 of the lateral compartment, 467 and thyroid carcinoma, 466, 467 Lymphoma and adrenal lesions, 518 M Magnetic resonance imaging and hyperparathyroidism, 504, 505

3 Index 575 and neuroendocrine tumors, 538, 539 of the pituitary gland, and thyroid carcinoma, Metastasis and thyroid carcinoma, 483, 484 Microbubbles and ultrasound, 395 MNG. See Multinodular goiter. Molecular markers and thyroid carcinoma, 454 and thyroid cytology, Multinodular goiter and thyroid cytology, 435, 436, 443 Myelolipoma and adrenal lesions, 514 N Neck hematoma and post-thyroidectomy complications, 468 Negative predictive value and ultrasound elastography, 395 NET. See Neuroendocrine tumors. Neuroendocrine tumors of the appendix, 535 of the colon and rectum, 535, 536 and computed tomography, 537, 538 and cross-sectional imaging findings, 537 and gastrinomas, gastrointestinal, and insulinomas, 539, 540 and magnetic resonance imaging, 538, 539 nonfunctioning pancreatic, 543 and nuclear medicine, 543, 544 and octreoscan, 544 pancreatic, and positron emission tomography, 544, 545 in rare locations, 536 of the small intestine, and somatostatinomas, 542, 543 of the stomach, 531, 532 thoracic, 530, 531 and ultrasonography, 539 and VIPomas, 543 Nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, 543 NPV. See Negative predictive value. Nuclear medicine and neuroendocrine tumors, 543, 544 O Octreoscan and neuroendocrine tumors, 544 P Painless postpartum thyroiditis, 404, 405 Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, Papillary carcinoma and thyroid cytology, 436, 439, 440, Parathyroid adenoma, Parathyroid carcinoma, 491, 496, 499 Parathyroid gland anatomy and embryology of, imaging of, 492, 493 and pitfalls of scintigraphy, 500, 501 reoperation of, 492 and scintigraphy imaging findings, 500 scintigraphy technique for, 499, 500 and sestamibi scintigraphy, 501 ultrasonography of, and ultrasound-guided biopsy and ablation, 499 Parathyroid hormone and hyperparathyroidism, 489, , 496, 497, 499, 503, 505 Parathyroid imaging, Pheochromocytoma and adrenal lesions, 524, 525 Pituitary adenomas, 552 and invasion of the cavernous sinus, 556 mimics of, postoperative imaging of, surgical treatment for, Pituitary gland and acromegaly, 551 and adenomas, 552 anatomy of, 549, 550 and apoplexy, and Cushing syndrome, 551 and hyperplasia, 561 and hypoplasia, 561 imaging modalities for, indications for imaging, and inferior petrosal sinus sampling, 555 and infundibular lesions, and macroadenomas, and magnetic resonance imaging, and microadenomas, and mimics of adenoma, and misinterpretations in imaging, 570 and pituitary hormone deficiency, 551, 552 and prolactinomas, 550, 551 and sella turcica, 549, 561, 562, 564 Pituitary hormone deficiency, 551, 552 Pituitary hyperplasia, 561 Pituitary hypoplasia, 561 Pituitary macroadenomas, Pituitary microadenomas, Positive predictive value and ultrasound elastography, 395 Positron emission tomography and neuroendocrine tumors, 544, 545 and thyroid carcinoma, 480, 481, 427

4 576 Index Power Doppler and advanced dynamic flow, 395 and ultrasound, 395 PPT. See Painless postpartum thyroiditis. PPV. See Positive predictive value. Primary hyperparathyroidism, Prolactinomas and the pituitary gland, 550, 551 PTH. See Parathyroid hormone. R Radioiodine therapy and thyroid carcinoma, 456, 457 Refractive shadows and thyroid nodules, 421, 422 Reidel thyroiditis, 408, 409 Renal stone disease and adrenal lesions, 516 S Scintigraphy of the parathyroid gland, Sella turcica and the pituitary gland, 549, 561, 562, 564 Sestamibi scintigraphy of the parathyroid gland, 501 Single-photon emission computed tomography and hyperparathyroidism, 503, 504, 427 Small intestine and neuroendocrine tumors, Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound recommendations for assessment of thyroid nodules, 422 Somatostatinomas and neuroendocrine tumors, 542, 543 Specimen processing and thyroid cytology, 441, 442 SPECT. See Single-photon emission computed tomography. Spongiform pattern in thyroid nodules, 418, 419 Stomach and neuroendocrine tumors, 531, 532 Subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis, 404, 405 T Tc 99m pertechnetate Tg. See Thyroglobulin. Thoracic neuroendocrine tumors, 530, 531 Thyroglobulin and thyroid carcinoma, 455, 458, 459, 475 Thyroid and acute suppurative thyroiditis, 405, 406 and amiodarone-associated thyroid disease, 409, 410 anatomy of, and atrophic thyroiditis, 410 and autoimmune thyroid disease, 391, 394, 396, 399, 410 and De Quervain thyroiditis, diffuse disease in, and Graves disease, and Hashimoto s thyroiditis, and metastatic disease, 410, 411 and nuclear medicine, painless postpartum thyroiditis, 404, 405 and Reidel thyroiditis, 408, 409 and simple/multinodular goiter, sonographic technique advances, and subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis, 404, 405 and thyroid amyloid, 410 ultrasound scanning technique, Thyroid: nuclear medicine update, Thyroid amyloid, 410 Thyroid carcinoma and computed tomography, diagnosis and treatment of, diagnosis of, 454 differentiated, , epidemiology of, 453, 454, 473, 474 and extent of thyroidectomy, 465, 466 and fine-needle aspiration, , , 469, 473, 476, 478, 479, 483 and follow-up/surveillance testing, imaging surveillance of, and indications for surgery, initial therapy for, 473, 474 and lymph node metastases, 454, 455 and lymphadenectomy, 466, 467 and magnetic resonance imaging, and metastasis, 483, 484 and molecular markers, 454 and nuclear medicine, and postsurgical complications, 468, 469 and preoperative evaluation, 454, 455 and radioiodine therapy, 456, 457 and recurrent disease, 469 and risk stratification, 456 staging of, 456, 473, 474 surgery for, 455, 456 and surgical risks, 466 surgical techniques for, 467, 468 surveillance of, and thyroglobulin measurement, 455, 458, 459 and thyroid nodules, 417, 418 and thyroid-stimulating hormone, 475 and thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression, 457 treatment of,

5 Index 577 Thyroid carcinoma: the surgeon s perspective, Thyroid cytology and application of ancillary studies, and benign findings, , and chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, 437, 438, 443, 444, 447 components of, 436 and diffuse hyperplasia, 436, 437, 443, 444 and fine-needle aspiration procedure operator factors, 440, 441 and follicular adenoma, 438, 439, and follicular carcinoma, , 443, 444, and Graves disease, 436, 437, 443, 444 and Hashimoto s thyroiditis, 437, 438, 443, 444, 447 interpreting results of, and key components of FNA specimens, 442 and medullary carcinoma, , 447 and molecular markers, and multinodular goiter, 435, 436, 443 and papillary carcinoma, 436, 439, 440, and pathogenesis of nodular growth, reporting system for, and specimen processing, 441, 442 typical diagnoses based on, 443 Thyroid cytology: challenges in the pursuit of low-grade malignancies, Thyroid disease and nuclear medicine, Thyroid nodules and American Thyroid Association recommendations, 422 characterization of, 418 and clinical history, 422 and coarse echogenic foci, 420 and criteria for biopsy, 422 cystic, 418 cytology of, and discrete echogenic foci, 420 and fine-needle aspiration, formation and incidence, 417 honeycomb pattern, 418, 419 innumerable tiny, 419 and internal echogenic foci, 418 large cystic, 419 and likely benign patterns, markedly hyperechoic, 419, 420 and nuclear medicine, 427, 429, 430 and refractive shadows, 421, 422 size of, 422 and Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound recommendations, 422 and society recommendations, 422, 423 solid homogeneous egg-shaped, 421 solid hypoechoic, 420, 421 spongiform pattern, 418, 419 with thin capsule, 421 and thyroid cancer, 417, 418 and worrisome patterns, Thyroid nuclear medicine and 18F fluorodeoxyglucose, 426 and gamma camera, 426 history of, 425 and hybrid imaging, 426, 427 for hyperthyroidism, 427, 430 for hypothyroidism, 427, 430 and imaging protocols, instrumentation for, 426, 427 and interpretation of results, 429, 430 and iodine 123, 426 and iodine 131, 425, 426 and new imaging techniques, 432, 433 for nodules, 427, 429, 430 and normal findings, 429 and PET imaging, 426, 427 and radionuclides, 425, 426 and single-photon emission computed tomography, 426, 427 and Tc 99m pertechnetate, 426 for thyroid cancer, and thyroid disease treatments, and uptake probe, 426 Thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid carcinoma, , 475 Thyroid ultrasonography. Part 2: nodules, Thyroid ultrasound part 1: technique and diffuse disease, Thyroidectomy extent of, 465, 466 and laryngeal nerve injury postsurgery, 468 and neck hematoma postsurgery, 468 and permanent hypoparathyroidism postsurgery, 468, 469 and voice changes postsurgery, 469 Thyroiditis acute suppurative, 405, 406 atrophic, 410 chronic lymphocytic, , 437, 438, 443, 444, 447 De Quervain, Hashimoto s, , 437, 438, 443, 444, 447 painless postpartum, 404, 405 Reidel, 408, 409 subacute lymphocytic, 404, 405 TSH. See Thyroid-stimulating hormone. U Ultrasonography and color and power Doppler, 395 and elastography, 395, 396 and grayscale, 394, 395

6 578 Index Ultrasonography (continued) and microbubbles, 395 and neuroendocrine tumors, 539 of the parathyroid gland, technique advances in, and thyroid carcinoma, Ultrasound elastography, 395, 396 USE. See Ultrasound elastography. V Venous sampling and hyperparathyroidism, 505 VIPomas and neuroendocrine tumors, 543 Voice changes and post-thyroidectomy complications, 469 W Washout tests and adrenal lesions, 520, 521 WBS. See Whole body scintigraphy. Whole body scintigraphy and thyroid carcinoma, 475, 476

Imaging in Pediatric Thyroid disorders: US and Radionuclide imaging. Deepa R Biyyam, MD Attending Pediatric Radiologist

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