Scrub In. TSH is secreted by the pituitary and acts on the: Parathormone tends to increase the concentration of:

Transcription

1 Scrub In TSH is secreted by the pituitary and acts on the: a. Pancreas b. Testes c. Thymus gland d. Thyroid gland Parathormone tends to increase the concentration of: a. Calcium in the blood b. Endorphins in the brain c. Iron in the liver d. Sodium in the kidneys 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

2 4.04 Understand the Functions and Disorders of the 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

3 4.04 Understand the Functions and Disorders of the What are the functions of the endocrine system? What are some disorders of the endocrine system? How do you relate the body s hormones to the endocrine system? 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

4 Functions of the Glands Secrete a chemical substance called hormones Target Organ/Cells Body cells that react to a particular hormone. Hormones Chemical messengers that coordinate and direct target cells and organs These hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream as the blood circulates through the gland

5 Functions of the Hormone Control Nervous System Sympathetic nervous system: In some cases, it can cause direct release of hormones from a gland (for example, when stress causes the adrenal medulla to secrete adrenalin) 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

6 Functions of the Hormone Control Occurs when there is a drop in the level of a hormone. Blood level of hormone drops Brain gets message and sends out hormone to stimulate gland Gland stimulates more hormone When blood levels of hormone increase, the brain hormones stop

7 Functions of the Adrenal cortex Corticoids: They are responsible for stress response, immune response and regulation of inflammation. Androgens: are responsible for typical male sexual characteristics. They are important to male sexual and reproductive function. (Ex: testosterone) Both men and women have androgens. In women, one of the main purposes of androgens is to be converted into the female hormones called estrogens.

8 Functions of the Adrenal medulla Epinephrine: Adrenalin is a powerful cardiac stimulant. It regulates heart rate, and is responsible for the fight-or-flight response. Norepinephrine: Affects parts of the brain where attention and responding actions are controlled. Along with epinephrine, norepinephrine is also responsible for the fight-or-flight response, directly increasing heart rate, triggering release of glucose from energy stores, and increasing blood flow to skeletal muscle.

9 Gonads Functions of the Ovaries (female) Estrogen: Stimulates the development of reproductive organs, including the breast, and secondary sex characteristics such as pubic hair and axillary hair Progesterone: Works with estrogen to build up the lining of the uterus for the fertilized egg.

10 Gonads Testes (male) Testosterone: Is responsible for the development of male reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics. It also influences the growth of a beard and other body hair, deepening of the voice, increase in musculature, and the production of sperm. Functions of the 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

11 Functions of the Parathyroid Glands Parathormone Controls the concentration of calcium in the bloodstream Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

12 Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans) Insulin Functions of the Promotes utilization of glucose by the cells, fatty acid and amino acid transport, and facilitates protein synthesis Insulin production is triggered in response to increased blood glucose levels. The role of insulin in the body is to help move blood sugar from your blood stream into your cells which lowers blood sugar levels. A lack of insulin, or an inability to adequately respond to insulin, can each lead to the development of the symptoms of diabetes.

13 Functions of the Pituitary Gland (Master Gland) Two Lobes (Anterior and Posterior) 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

14 Functions of the Pituitary gland (Anterior Lobe) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Stimulates the growth and secretion of the thyroid gland Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Stimulates the growth of the graafian follicle to grow in the ovaries and the production of estrogen in females and stimulates the production of sperm in the male. (Acts on both the ovaries and testes.)

15 Functions of the Pituitary gland (Anterior Lobe) Growth hormone Responsible for growth and development. Luteinizing hormone (LH) Stimulates ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone in females. Is necessary for the production of testosterone by the testes in men. (Acts on both the ovaries and testes.)

16 Pituitary gland (Anterior Lobe) Prolactin Functions of the Develops breast tissue and stimulates production of milk after childbirth. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Secreted by the pituitary and acts on the thyroid gland by stimulating the growth and secretion of the thyroid gland Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

17 Functions of the Pituitary gland (Posterior Lobe) Vasopressin Converts to ADH (antidiuretic hormone) in the bloodstream, acts on the kidneys to concentrate urine and preserve H2O in the body. Oxytocin Is released during childbirth causing contractions of the uterus 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

18 Thymus Gland T-lymphocyte production Functions of the T-lymphocytes are small lymphocytes developed in the thymus. They coordinate the immune system's response to infected or malignant cells Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

19 Thyroid Gland Thyroxine Controls the rate of metabolism, heat production, and oxidation of all cells. Calcitonin Controls the calcium ion concertration in the body by maintaining a proper calcium level in the bloodstream. Functions of the 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

20 Bellringer: A lackof insulin leads to: a. Anuria b. Hyperglycemia c. Leukocytosis d. Photophobia Simple goiter is caused by: a. A lack of sodium in the diet b. A low dietary intake of iodine c. Oversecretion of the thyroid gland d. Swelling of the larynx 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

21 Disorders of the 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

22 Adrenal Cortex Addison's disease Disorders of the The adrenal glands produce too little cortisol and often inadequate levels of aldosterone also. Symptoms: salt craving, low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), nausea, diarrhea or vomiting, muscle or joint pains, irritability, depression Treatment: corticosteroids (oral or injection) 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

23 Adrenal Cortex Cushing's Syndrome Disorders of the Occurs when your body is exposed to high levels of the hormone cortisol for a long time. Symptoms: weight gain and fatty tissue deposits, particularly around the midsection and upper back, in the face (moon face), and between the shoulders (buffalo hump), thinning, fragile skin that bruises easily, slow healing of cuts Treatment: surgery and radiation if caused by a pituitary tumor, medications, reducing corticosteroid use Before After

24 Disorders of the Adrenal Glands Steroid Abuse in Sports What are the risks? Males: infertility, breast development, shrinking of the testicles, male-pattern baldness, severe acne and cysts Females: deeper voice, shrinking of the breasts, excessive growth of body hair, male-pattern baldness, period changes, severe acne and cysts Are illegal because they threaten the health of athletes

25 Pancreas Diabetes Mellitus Disorders of the Normal blood sugar range: Most common symptoms: polyuria (excessive urination), polyphagia (excessive hunger), polydipsia (excessive thirst), weight loss, blurred vision and possible diabetic coma Tests for diabetes: typical screening procedure is a urinalysis; blood sample measured in a glucometer can also be done

26 Disorders of the Pancreas Diabetes Mellitus (Type I) - is an immune disorder in which the body attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas Treatment: insulin and controlled diet Can occur at any age, but most commonly is diagnosed from infancy to the late 30s Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

27 Disorders of the Pancreas Diabetes Type II - a disorder in which either the body does not produce enough insulin, or the cells ignore the insulin Treatment: diet, exercise, oral medications Cause: obesity is the strongest risk factor for type 2 diabetes Complications of diabetes: cardiovascular disease, nerve damage (neuropathy), kidney damage (nephropathy), eye damage (retinopathy) These complications happen due to damage to blood vessels from uncontrolled blood glucose levels.

28 Pituitary Gland Disorders of the Acromegaly hyperfunction of the pituitary too much growth hormone in adulthood Cause: usually a tumor Treatment for acromegaly: drugs to inhibit growth hormone, radiation Symptoms: enlargement of the bones of the hands, feet and joints; characteristic protruding chin

29 Pituitary Gland Disorders of the Gigantism too much growth hormone prior to puberty Causes: a tumor on the pituitary gland Symptoms: abnormally tall height, delayed puberty, irregular periods, large hands and feet with thick fingers and toes, thickening of the facial features Treatment: surgery to remove tumor Robert Wadlow, who was called the Alton giant. He was the tallest person ever recorded and was 8 feet 11 inches tall at the time of his death.

30 Pituitary Gland Growth Hormone Deficiency Dwarfism (childhood) Common symptoms: small size, but body proportions and intellect are normal; sexual immaturity Treatment: early diagnosis. Injection of growth hormone Needs to be treated early to avoid complications. Disorders of the

31 Parathyroid Disorders of the Tetany (hypoparathyroid): Decreased calcium affects function of nerves, Symptoms: convulsive twitching develops, spasms and stiffness in your jaw muscles, stiffness of your neck muscles, difficulty swallowing, stiffness of your abdominal muscles Treatments: Vitamin D, calcium and parathormone Complications: broken bones from spasms, death (person dies of spasms in the respiratory muscles)

32 Thyroid Gland Hyperthyroidism overactive thyroid gland What does hyper- mean? Symptoms: sudden weight loss, tachycardia, increased appetite, change in menstrual patterns, increased sensitivity to heat, fatigue, fine brittle hair, nervous irritability Treatment: radioactive iodine (causes gland to shrink), surgery (thyroidectomy) Disorders of the 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

33 Thyroid Gland Disorders of the Hypothyroidism underactive thyroid What does hypo- mean? Not enough thyroxine secreted. May be due to a lack of dietary intake of iodine (simple goiter). Major cause of other types is inflammation of thyroid which destroys the ability of the gland to make thyroxine Symptoms: increased sensitivity to cold, dry skin, thinning hair, constipation, muscle cramps at night, depression Treatment: thyroid hormone pills