Thyroid Gland 甲状腺. Huiping Wang ( 王会平 ), PhD Department of Physiology Rm C541, Block C, Research Building, School of Medicine Tel:
|
|
- MargaretMargaret Carr
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Thyroid Gland 甲状腺 Huiping Wang ( 王会平 ), PhD Department of Physiology Rm C541, Block C, Research Building, School of Medicine Tel:
2 Outline Thyroid Hormones Types Biosynthesis Storage and Release Transport Physiological Functions Mechanisms of TH action Regulation of thyroid hormone secretion Thyroid disorders
3 The Thyroid Gland Located at anterior part of neck on either side of trachea The thyroid gland straddles the trachea, just below the larynx, in the neck. One of the largest endocrine glands Comprised of 2 lobes; 20 g wt Rich in blood supply Thyroid gland becomes functional early in fetal life as it plays a role in the development of brain cells (forming nerve terminals/ synapse/ dendrites/ myelin)
4 The Thyroid Gland Thyroid follicular cell T 4 and T 3 increase metabolic rate 4 3 Parafollicular cell (C cell) Calcitonin regulates calcium metabolism
5 Thyroid Gland Follicle The thyroid gland is composed of many follicles Each follicle contains colloid (thyroglobulin, TG +hormones) Colloid is absorbed back into the follicle epithelial cells upon stimulation Follicular cells take part in almost all stages of TH synthesis and secretion
6 Types of Thyroid Hormones 90% of metabolically active hormones secreted by thyroid is thyroxine (T 4 ), 10% is triiodothyronine (T 3 ), and less than 1% is rt3 Iodide is required (1mg/week) for thyroid hormone synthesis
7 Thyroid Hormones Thyroxine (T 4 ) Major hormone released from thyroid follicles Contains 4 iodine atoms More abundant than T 3
8 Thyroid Hormones Triiodothyronine (T 3 ) Generally formed from T 4 by cleaving an iodine molecule (deiodinase in target cells) 4timesmore more potent than T 4 Contains 3 iodine atoms
9 Biosynthesis of Thyroid Hormones
10 Biosynthesis of Thyroid Hormones Materials Iodine (in the form of iodide-i - ) Iodide is a necessary factor for TH synthesis Iodide (1mg/week) is required for TH synthesis From circulation Iodized table salt (1 sodium iodide/100,000 NaCl)
11 Biosynthesis of Thyroid Hormones Materials Tyrosine Thyroglobulin (TG): a large glycoprotein Synthesized by thyroid follicular cells Secreted across the apical membrane The principal component of colloid A precursor of TH A storage form of TH
12 Biosynthesis of Thyroid Hormones Iodine/iodide trapping Sodium/iodide symporter Maintains thyroid/plasma ratio of 30:1 Oxidation of iodide TPO(at the apical border) 2I - + H 2 O 2 I 0 (iodine free radical) Iodination of tyrosine TPO (an apical membrane enzyme) MIT and DIT Formation of T3, T4 by coupling TPO MIT + DIT T 3 DIT + DIT T 4 MIT-monoiodotyrosine DIT-diiodotyrosine TPO-thyroid peroxidase
13
14 Storage and Release of Thyroid Hormones Storage In the follicles In the form of TG (30 T4) For 2 ~3 months Release Stimulated t by TSH Concentration in plasma T 3 : 1.2 ~3.4 nmol/l T 4 : 85 ~142 nmol/l
15 Transport of T 4 and T 3 to the Tissues Binding form:99% Most T 4 and T 3 bound to plasma proteins synthesized by liver: Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG): mainly Thyroxine-binding prealbulmin (TBPA) albulmin l Slowly released to the tissue cells, slower for T 4 due to its higher affinity Slow onset and long duration of action Free form:1% ( T 3 )
16 Physiological Functions of TH TH exerts widespread and diverse effects throughout the body. Effect on Growth Metabolism Nervous System Cardiovascular System GI Muscles, sexual function
17 Effects of TH on Growth Is essential for growth in children Promote bone formation and maturation Promote growth and development of brain (fetus and neonate) Have synergistic effect with GH, IGF-1, insulin and other growth factors
18 Effects of TH on Growth Cretinism: -deficiency of thyroid hormone during the period of fetal and early neonatal development -short, stocky stature & mental retardation -reversed with iodine and TH administration shortly after birth
19 Metabolic Effects of TH Increase cellular metabolic activity Calorigenic action BMR number & activity of mitochondria ATP Na +, K + -ATPase heat production O 2 consumption & BMR; CO 2 production ventilation
20 Metabolic Effects of TH Carbohydrate metabolism glucose oxidation, effect of E, glucogon, cortisol and GH gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis Too much blood glucose (Diabetes) Fat metabolism lipolysis (Triglyceride FFA + glycerol) Oxidation of free fatty acid serum cholesterol(excretion hl l( into GI) ) Protein metabolism Protein synthesis (normal) Protein catabolism (hyperthyroidism) -hyperthyroidism: weight loss - hypothyroidism:myxedema (glycosaminoglycans trapped with water accumulate in the interstitial space)
21 Effects of TH on Nervous System Important t for maturation ti of CNS in perinatal period Enhance wakefulness, alertness, responsiveness to various stimuli, auditory sense, awareness of hunger, memory and learning capacity Normal emotional tone also depend on proper thyroid hormone Increase the speed and amplitude of peripheral nerve reflexes Hyperthyroidism: hyperexcitability, insomnia, loss of concentration Hypothyroidism: mental retardation, sleepiness
22 A baby suffering from congenital hypothyroidism
23 Effects of TH on Cardiovascular System Increase blood flow and cardiac output metabolism utilization of O 2 & metabolic end products from tissue vasodilatation cardiac output ensures sufficient O 2 delivery to the tissues Increase heart rate (easy to detect!) increase adrenergic activity( response to adrenaline/noradrenaline) increase enzymatic activity Affect heart strength th slightly increase of thyroid hormone increases heart strength marked increase of thyroid hormone decreases heart strength stroke volume + peripheral resistance pulse pressure
24 Effects of TH on GI Increase appetite and food intake Increase secretion of digestive juices Increase mobility of GI Diarrhea often results from hyperthyroidism
25 Effects of TH On muscles hyperthyroidism muscle weakening (catabolic effect) fine muscle tremor is a characteristic sign for hyperthyroidism hypothyroidism muscles sluggish On other endocrine glands secretion of insulin and cortisol On sexual function loss of libido impotency abnormal menstruation
26 Mechanisms of TH action T 3 and T 4 act by binding to nuclear receptors which are expressed in most tissues T 3 has 10 times the affinity for thyroid receptor as T 4 Transcription of large numbers of genes Synthesis y of great numbers of proteins
27 Overall Effects of Thyroid Hormones Mnemonic T 3 functions-4b s Brain maturation Bone growth Beta-adrenergic effects BMR increases
28 Regulation of thyroid hormone secretion Hypothalmico-pituitary-thyroid axis TRH TSH T 3 /T 4 Negative feed-back of T 3 /T 4 Environmental factors cold, stress Wolff-Chaikoff Effect autoregulation by I
29 Hypothalmico-pituitary-thyroid pituitary thyroid axis Hypothalamus TRH Tripeptide TSH secretion Cold: TRH release
30 Hypothalmico-pituitary-thyroid pituitary thyroid axis Pituitary TSH Glycoprotein T 3, T 4 synthesis and release Size of the thyroid cells Hyperthyroidism thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) Anti-TSH receptor antibody Stimulate TSH receptor
31 Hypothalmico-pituitary-thyroid pituitary thyroid axis Thyroid Feedback effect of thyroid hormone T 4 is converted into T 3 in pituitary and T 3 acts as the final effector to turn off TSH
32 Iodine-Deficiency
33 Iodine-Deficient Goiter TSH is a trophic hormone, it stimulates not only T 3 /T 4 secretion but also protein synthesis in follicular cells. Therefore, size
34 Changes in feedback relationships in several disorders
35 Wolff-Charkoff effect autoregulation by I low I intake stimulates synthesis and iodide trap high I intake (>2 mg/day) inhibits trap function and synthesis. (a protective downregulation of TH production)
36 Disorders of the thyroid Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Symptoms Hyperactivity, irritability Mental sluggishness Heat intolerance, sweating Cold intolerance Palpitations Fatigue, weakness Diarrhea Hair loss, oily skin Oligomenorrhea, loss of libido Weight loss, robust appetite polyuria Dyspnea Fatigue, weakness Constipation Hair loss, dry skin Menorrhagia, loss of libido Weight gain, poor appetite paresthesias
37 Disorders of the thyroid Hyperthyroidism Signs Tachycardia Bradycardia Tremor Goiter Warm, moist skin Proximal muscle weakness Exophthalmos Lid retraction, lid lag Hypothyroidism Delayed deep tendon reflex relaxation phase Goiter Dry, doughy skin Carpal tunnel syndrome Periorbital edema Puffy face, hands, and feet (myxedema) Peripheral edema
38 QUIZ An absence of thyroid hormones during fetal development leads to a. Acromegaly. b. Cushing's Syndrome. c. Cretinism. d. Grave's disease. e. Addison'ss disease.
39 QUIZ An absence of thyroid hormones during fetal development leads to a. Acromegaly. b. Cushing's Syndrome. c. Cretinism. d. Grave's disease. e. Addison's disease.
40 QUIZ A subject consuming a diet deficient i in iodine is likelyl to have a. a low plasma concentration of thyroxine due to reduced secretion of TSH by the pituitary gland. b. a low plasma concentration of thyroxine and an enlarged thyroid gland. c. a high plasma concentration of TSH. d. a low plasma concentration of thyroxine due to reduced secretion of TSH by the pituitary gland and a low plasma concentration of thyroxine and an enlarged thyroid gland. e. a low plasma concentration of thyroxine and an enlarged thyroid gland and a high plasma concentration of TSH.
41 QUIZ A subject consuming a diet deficient i in iodine is likelyl to have a. a low plasma concentration of thyroxine due to reduced secretion of TSH by the pituitary gland. b. a low plasma concentration of thyroxine and an enlarged thyroid gland. c. a high plasma concentration of TSH. d. a low plasma concentration of thyroxine due to reduced secretion of TSH by the pituitary gland and a low plasma concentration of thyroxine and an enlarged thyroid gland. e. a low plasma concentration of thyroxine and an enlarged thyroid gland and a high plasma concentration of TSH.
42 Summary Types of Thyroid Hormones thyroxine (T4) triiodothyronine (T3) Biosynthesis of Thyroid Hormones Iodine/iodide trapping Oxidation of iodide Iodination of tyrosine Formation of T3, T4 by coupling Storage and Release of Thyroid Hormones Transport of T4 and T3
43 Summary Physiological Functions of TH Effect on Growth, Metabolism, Nervous System, Cardiovascular System, GI Mechanisms of TH action Regulation of thyroid hormone secretion Hypothalmico-pituitary-thyroid axis Wolff-Chaikoff Effect Thyroid disorders Hyperthyroidism y Hypothyroidism
44 Then End.
Thyroid Gland 甲状腺. Huiping Wang ( 王会平 ), PhD Department of Physiology Rm C541, Block C, Research Building, School of Medicine Tel:
Thyroid Gland 甲状腺 Huiping Wang ( 王会平 ), PhD Department of Physiology Rm C541, Block C, Research Building, School of Medicine Tel: 88208292 Outline Thyroid Hormones Types Biosynthesis Storage and Release
More informationThyroid and parathyroid glands
Thyroid and parathyroid glands Dr. Isabel Hwang Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine University of Hong Kong May 2007 The thyroid gland straddles the esophagus, just below the larynx, in the neck.
More informationThyroid hormone. Functional anatomy of thyroid gland
Thyroid hormone ส ว ฒณ ค ปต ว ฒ ต กจ ฑาธ ช ห อง 101 Aims Functional anatomy of thyroid gland Synthesis, secretion and metabolism of the thyroid hormones The mechanism of thyroid hormone action Role of
More informationThyroid Hormones Exophthalmos GOITRE / GOITER Hyperthyroidism GOITRE / GOITER Endemic Goiter, a Hypertrophy of the Thyroid Gland Resulting from Iodine Deficiency ENDEMIC GOITRES: were common in Central
More information03-Dec-17. Thyroid Disorders GOITRE. Grossly enlarged thyroid - in hypothyroidism in hyperthyroidism - production of anatomical symptoms
Thyroid Disorders GOITRE Grossly enlarged thyroid - in hypothyroidism in hyperthyroidism - production of anatomical symptoms 1 Physiological Goiter load on thyroid supply of I - limited stress due to:
More informationThyroid hormones derived from two iodinated tyrosine molecules
Thyroid Hormones OBJECTIVES Chemical nature of the thyroid hormones How different enzymes play a role in thyroid hormone formation? And what drugs affect them? Describe Function & Metabolism of thyroid
More informationThyroid gland. Thyroid hormones
Thyroid gland Thyroid hormones 2/8 thyroid gland consists of two lobes weighing 20 g thyroid cells surround follicles filled with a colloid (thyroglobulin glycoprotein): storage thyroid gland produces
More informationTHYROID HORMONES: An Overview
1 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PBL SEMINAR MBBS III; BMLS & BDS Year 3 What are the Thyroid Hormones? THYROID
More informationThyroid and Antithyroid Drugs. Munir Gharaibeh, MD, PhD, MHPE Faculty of Medicine April 2014
Thyroid and Antithyroid Drugs Munir Gharaibeh, MD, PhD, MHPE Faculty of Medicine April 2014 Anatomy and histology of the thyroid gland Located in neck adjacent to the 5 th cervical vertebra (C5). Composed
More informationThyroid gland. the sheet contains mostly everything but please refer to (slides 4) for further assistance.
Thyroid gland the sheet contains mostly everything but please refer to (slides 4) for further assistance. NOTE: thyroid hormones are amines that exhibit both peptides & steroidal hormones characteristics.
More informationHypothalamic Control of Posterior Pituitary
Hypothalamic Control of Posterior Pituitary Hypothalamus neuron cell bodies produce ADH: supraoptic nuclei Oxytocin: paraventricular nuclei Transported along the hypothalamohypophyseal tract Stored in
More informationThyroid Hormones 1, 2, & 3 Mohammed Y. Kalimi, Ph.D.
Thyroid Hormones 1, 2, & 3 Mohammed Y. Kalimi, Ph.D. Thyroid hormones are iodinated derivatives of tyrosine (Fig.1). Figure 1 I. Iodide (or iodine) turnover (fig 2): Because thyroid hormones are iodinated
More information4) Thyroid Gland Defects - Dr. Tara
4) Thyroid Gland Defects - Dr. Tara Thyroid Pituitary Axis TRH secreted in the hypothalamus stimulates production and Secretion of TSH TSH stimulates secretion of T3, T4 T4 has negative feedback on secretion
More informationHYPERTHYROIDISM. Hypothalamus. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Anterior pituitary gland. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Thyroid gland T4, T3
HYPERTHYROIDISM Hypothalamus Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Anterior pituitary gland Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Thyroid gland T4, T3 In hyperthyroidism, there is an increased production of
More informationTHYROID HORMONES & THYROID FUNCTION TESTS
THYROID HORMONES & THYROID FUNCTION TESTS SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DIVISION OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE BMLS III
More informationHypothalamus & pituitary gland. Growth. Hormones Affecting Growth. Growth hormone (GH) GH actions. Suwattanee Kooptiwut, MD., MSc., Ph.D.
Hypothalamus & pituitary gland Suwattanee Kooptiwut, MD., MSc., Ph.D. 1 2 Growth Hormones Affecting Growth Orderly sequences of maturation changes with increased weight and height Factors Genetic Nutrition
More informationThyroid gland defects. Dr. Tara Husain
Thyroid gland defects Dr. Tara Husain Thyroid Pituitary Axis TRH secreted in the hypothalamus stimulates production and Secretion of TSH TSH stimulates secretion of T3,T4 T4 has negative feed back on secretion
More information8/12/2016. Biochemistry #2 Thyroid hormone. Mahmoud Al-Faqih Ahmad Abu-alloush
8/12/2016 Biochemistry #2 Thyroid hormone Mahmoud Al-Faqih Ahmad Abu-alloush Overview about the thyroid gland The thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands in the body.it s located immediately
More informationHormonal regulation of. Physiology Department Medical School, University of Sumatera Utara
Hormonal regulation of nutrient metabolism Physiology Department Medical School, University of Sumatera Utara Homeostasis & Controls Successful compensation Homeostasis reestablished Failure to compensate
More informationApproach to thyroid dysfunction
Approach to thyroid dysfunction Alice Y.Y. Cheng, MD, FRCPC Twitter: @AliceYYCheng Copyright 2017 by Sea Courses Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, copied, stored, or
More informationDRUGS. 4- Two molecules of DIT combine within the thyroglobulinto form L-thyroxine (T4)' One molecule of MIT & one molecule of DIT combine to form T3
THYROID HORMONEs & ANTITHYROID The thyroid secretes 2 types of hormones: DRUGS 1- Iodine containing amino acids (are important for growth, development and metabolism) and these are: triodothyronine, tetraiodothyronine,(
More informationBack to the Basics: Thyroid Gland Structure, Function and Pathology
Back to the Basics: Thyroid Gland Structure, Function and Pathology JANELLE M. CHIASERA LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Explain the HPT feedback system involving the thyroid gland. Include the hormone produced
More informationThe Endocrine System
The Endocrine System Endocrine Glands Glands that secrete their products (HORMONES) into extracellular spaces around cells. The hormones then enter into the bloodstream by diffusing into the capillaries
More informationThyroid and Antithyroid Drugs. Dr. Alia Shatanawi Feb,
Thyroid and Antithyroid Drugs Dr. Alia Shatanawi Feb, 24 2014 Anatomy and histology of the thyroid gland Located in neck adjacent to the 5 th cervical vertebra (C5). Composed of epithelial cells which
More informationQuality Control and Interpretation of Laboratory. Nursing and Midwifery. Dr. M. Navidhamidi
Quality Control and Interpretation of Laboratory Tests of Thyroid Hormones for Nursing and Midwifery Dr. M. Navidhamidi Tehran University of Medical Sciences ١ Physiopathology of Thyroid Gland ٢ Thyroid
More informationHORMONES OF THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY
HORMONES OF THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES OF THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY In contrast to the hormones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary, those of the posterior lobe, vasopressin and oxytocin, are not
More informationSample Type - Serum Result Reference Range Units. Central Thyroid Regulation Surrey & Activity KT3 4Q. Peripheral Thyroid D Function mark
Thyroid Plus Sample Type - Serum Result Reference Range Units Central Thyroid Regulation Surrey & Activity KT3 4Q Total Thyroxine (T4)
More information9.2 Hormonal Regulation of Growth
9.2 Hormonal Regulation of Growth Hormonal Regulation of Growth Pituitary gland regulates growth and development Thyroid gland regulates metabolic rate (exception: some hormones for growth and development)
More informationEndocrine Notes Mrs. Laux AP Biology I. Endocrine System consists of endocrine glands (ductless), cells, tissues secrete hormones
I. Endocrine System consists of endocrine glands (ductless), cells, tissues secrete hormones regulates metabolism, fluid balance, growth, reproduction A. Hormones 1. chemical signals-cell to cell communication
More informationThyroid Function TSH Analyte Information
Thyroid Function TSH Analyte Information 1 2013-05-01 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Introduction Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin, TSH) is a glycoprotein with molecular weight of approximately
More informationThe endocrine system -- a brief overview.
The endocrine system -- a brief overview. I. Introduction - the endocrine system is an integration system that influences the metabolic activities of cells. - acts via hormones, chemical messengers produced
More informationChapter 16: Endocrine System 1
Activity of the Adenophypophysis The tropic hormones (effect endocrine glands) that are released are: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
More informationEndocrine System. Part 2
Endocrine System Part 2 Thyroid Gland Saddle bag shaped gland Largest endocrine gland in the body 3 hormones Throxin Triiodothyronine Calcitonin Thyroid hormone Pineal gland Hypothalamus Pituitary gland
More informationThyroid Gland. Chapter 18 Part 2. Thyroid gland. Thyroid Gland. Thyroid Gland. Parathyroid Gland. Adrenal Gland. Pancreas
Thyroid Gland Chapter 18 Part 2 Synthesis and function of Thyroid hormone Calcitonin and Calcium regulation Parathyroid Gland PTH and Calcium regulation Adrenal Gland The corticosteroids Pancreas Regulation
More informationPancreas. Endocrine pancreas - Islets of Langerhans A or alpha cells glucagon B or beta cells insulin Delta cells somatostatin
Endocrine System Pancreas Endocrine pancreas - Islets of Langerhans A or alpha cells glucagon B or beta cells insulin Delta cells somatostatin Glucagon & Metabolism Produced by beta cells of Islets Primary
More informationNROSCI/BIOSC 1070 and MSNBIO 2070 November 27, 2017 Gastrointestinal 3
NROSCI/BIOSC 1070 and MSNBIO 2070 November 27, 2017 Gastrointestinal 3 Metabolic Rate and Energy Metabolism The metabolism of the body simply means all the chemical reactions in all of the cells. The metabolic
More informationEffect of thyroid hormones of metabolism Thyroid Diseases
Effect of thyroid hormones of metabolism Thyroid Diseases Medical Perspective Aspects That Will Be Addressed Regulation of thyroid hormone secretion Basic physiology Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Thyroiditis
More informationDiseases of thyroid & parathyroid glands (1 of 2)
Diseases of thyroid & parathyroid glands (1 of 2) Thyroid diseases Thyrotoxicosis Hypothyroidism Thyroiditis Graves disease Goiters Neoplasms Chronic Lymphocytic (Hashimoto) Thyroiditis Subacute Granulomatous
More informationThe Investigations of the Thyroid gland
The Investigations of the Thyroid gland Essential for understanding this presentation: 1) Anatomy: The Thyroid Gland and it s surroundings 2) Biochemistry: Hormones produced by the Thyroid Gland 3) Physiology:
More informationHypothalamo-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis
SMGr up Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis Orluwene Chituru Godwill 1 * and Ohiri John U 1 1 Chemical Pathology Department, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Nigeria *Corresponding author:
More informationLABORATORY TESTS FOR EVALUATION OF THYROID DISORDERS
LABORATORY TESTS FOR EVALUATION OF THYROID DISORDERS Maryam Tohidi Anatomical & clinical pathologist Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences THYROID GLAND (15-25 gr), (12-20 gr), 2 lobes connected by
More informationThyroid and Antithyroid Drugs
Thyroid and Antithyroid Drugs Dr. Yunita Sari Pane, MSi Department of Pharmacology HYPOTHALAMIC PITUITARY THYROID AXIS T3 and T4 are synthesized in the thyroid gland. Inorganic iodine is trapped with great
More informationThyroid Plus. Central Thyroid Regulation & Activity. Peripheral Thyroid Function. Thyroid Auto Immunity. Key Guide. Patient: DOB: Sex: F MRN:
Thyroid Plus Patient: DOB: Sex: F MRN: Order Number: Completed: Received: Collected: Sample Type - Serum Result Reference Range Units Central Thyroid Regulation & Activity Total Thyroxine (T4) 127 127
More informationThyroid Disorders. January 2019
Thyroid Disorders January 2019 What is the Thyroid? The thyroid is a small butterfly-shaped gland inside the neck, located in front of the trachea (windpipe) and below the larynx (voicebox). It produces
More informationEndocrine System. Chapter 9
Endocrine System Chapter 9 Endocrine Organs Hormones Chemical messengers that are released from one tissue and transported through blood to a target tissue. Chemical classification: amino acids, steroids,
More informationThyroid. Introduction
Thyroid Introduction to the thyroid: anatomy, histology, hierarchy, feed-back regulation, effect of T3- T4 on Na/K ATPase and uncoupling proteins 07 of T3-T4: thyroglobulin, iodide pump, iodination and
More informationCHAPTER 50 Endocrine Systems. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
CHAPTER 50 Endocrine Systems Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Endocrine system All the endocrine glands and other organs with hormonesecreting
More informationEndocrine System. Chemical Control
Endocrine System Chemical Control Endocrine System - the system that secretes hormones in the body - hormones can last for minutes or for hours - a major gland, once called the master gland, is the pituitary
More informationHUMAN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
HUMAN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM The human endocrine system consists of ductless glands which releases hormones directly to the bloodstream. Glands are any tissue or organ which secretes chemical compounds useful
More informationBIOLOGY 2402 Anatomy and Physiology Lecture. Chapter 18 ENDOCRINE GLANDS
BIOLOGY 2402 Anatomy and Physiology Lecture Chapter 18 ENDOCRINE GLANDS 1 ENDOCRINE GLANDS Homeostasis depends on the precise regulation of the organs and organ systems of the body. Together the nervous
More informationMarch 19 th Batool Aqel
March 19 th - 2013 6 Batool Aqel Hormones That Bind to Nuclear Receptor Proteins Hormones bind to their receptors.whether the receptor is found in the nucleus or the cytoplasm, at the end they are translocated
More informationENDOCRINE SYSTEM 29 MAY 2013
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 29 MAY 2013 Lesson Description In this lesson we: Discuss the characteristics of hormones. Explain the differences between endocrine and exocrine glands. Look at the location and the functions
More information19th Century Thyroidology
1 19th Century Thyroidology Dr. Kinnicutt s patient (1893) A cold, tired, constipated middle aged woman Slow pulse rate Low body temperature From physiology it was likely patient needed thyroid replacement
More informationEndocrine System Notes
Endocrine System Notes is the tendency to maintain a stable internal environment. - parts of the body that secrete hormones directly into the body. - parts of the body that make secretions which travel
More information4.04 Understand the Functions and Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system
4.04 Understand the Functions and Disorders of the 4.04 Understand the Functions and Disorders of the What are the functions of the endocrine system? What are some disorders of the endocrine system? How
More informationThe Endocrine System Part II
The Endocrine System Part II Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Regulation of blood Calcium level Adrenal gland Exocrine part of pancreas (Islets of Langerhans) Thyroid Gland Located in the anterior neck
More informationCHAPTER-II Thyroid Diseases. by: j. jayasutha lecturer department of Pharmacy practice Srm college of pharmacy srm university
CHAPTER-II Thyroid Diseases by: j. jayasutha lecturer department of Pharmacy practice Srm college of pharmacy srm university Aspects That Will Be Addressed Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Thyroiditis Hyperthyroidism
More information9.2: The Major Endocrine Organs
9.2: The Major Endocrine Organs ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY The Major Endocrine Organs Below is a list of the major endocrine organs that we will worry about for this class We will look at hormones associated
More informationTANJA KEMP INTERNAL MEDICINE: ENDOCRINOLOGY
ENDOCRINE DISORDERS IN THE ELDERLY (part 2) TANJA KEMP INTERNAL MEDICINE: ENDOCRINOLOGY Pituitary axis Target organs of the pituitary gland Negative feedback Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid axis Thyroid
More informationThe Endocrine System. I. Overview of the Endocrine System. II. Three Families of Hormones. III. Hormone Receptors. IV. Classes of Hormone Receptor
The Endocrine System I. Overview of the Endocrine System A. Regulates long term metabolic processes B. Releases hormones from endocrine cells 1. Hormones are chemicals 2. Alter metabolism of cells 3. Release
More information3. The function of that hormone. In other words, what change does that hormone facilitate.
Slide 2 The endocrine operates to regulate internal functions. It does so, via the use of hormones, or chemical messengers. Hormones travel in the blood from the site of production to distant target cells
More informationCALCIUM AND THYROID METABOLISM. Westmead Primary Exam Group
CALCIUM AND THYROID METABOLISM Westmead Primary Exam Group THYROID HORMONES Chemistry - principle hormones are: T3 (Triiodothyronine) Can be formed in peripheral tissues by de-iodination of T4 T3 is more
More informationDISORDERS OF THE THYROID GLAND SIGNS, SYMPTOMS, & TREATMENT ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AT A GLANCE OBJECTIVES ANATOMY OF THE THYROID
OBJECTIVES DISORDERS OF THE THYROID GLAND SIGNS, SYMPTOMS, & TREATMENT Stephanie Blackburn, MHS, MLS(ASCP) CM LSU Health Shreveport Clinical Laboratory Science Program Discuss the synthesis and action
More informationSanjay B. Dixit, M.D. BHS Endocrinology Associates November 11, 2017
Sanjay B. Dixit, M.D. BHS Endocrinology Associates November 11, 2017 I will not be discussing this Outline of discussion Laboratory tests for thyroid function Diagnosis of hypothyroidism Treatment of
More informationEndocrine secretion cells secrete substances into the extracellular fluid
Animal Hormones Concept 30.1 Hormones Are Chemical Messengers Endocrine secretion cells secrete substances into the extracellular fluid Exocrine secretion cells secrete substances into a duct or a body
More informationEndocrine GLANDS: Question:1. Fill in the Blanks.
Endocrine GLANDS: Question:1 Fill in the Blanks. 1. Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands which are poured in to the blood. 2. Adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline hormone which prepares the body to
More informationThyroid Disorders Towards a Healthy Endocrine System
Thyroid Disorders Towards a Healthy Endocrine System What are Thyroid Disorders? The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland in the middle of the lower neck. Through the release of hormones, the thyroid regulates
More informationAlvin C. Powers, M.D. 1/27/06
Thyroid Histology Follicular Cells ECF side Apical lumen Thyroid Follicles -200-400 um Parafollicular or C-cells Colloid Photos from University of Manchester and tutorial created by Dr. James Crimando,
More informationEndocrine system. Objectives At the end of this sub section students should be able to:
Name: 1.4 Responses to Stimuli Objectives At the end of this sub section students should be able to: 3.5.3 Responses in the Human -- Endocrine System 1. Say what an Endocrine system is 2. Define the term
More informationLESSON ASSIGNMENT. Thyroid, Antithyroid, and Parathyroid Preparations. After completing this lesson, you should be able to:
LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 7 Thyroid, Antithyroid, and Parathyroid Preparations. LESSON ASSIGNMENT Paragraphs 7-1 through 7-12. LESSON OBJECTIVES After completing this lesson, you should be able to: 7-1.
More informationEndocrine System. A gland is any organ that produces a secretion 2 types: endocrine and exocrine. Endocrine: Exocrine:
Endocrine System Endocrine System A gland is any organ that produces a secretion 2 types: endocrine and exocrine Endocrine: Organized groups of tissue that use materials from the blood to make hormones
More informationTHE THYROID GLAND AND YOUR HEALTH
THE THYROID GLAND AND YOUR HEALTH Your Thyroid is a gland located at the base of your neck, just below your Adam s apple. It is shaped like a butterfly each wing or lobe, of your thyroid lies on either
More informationEndocrine System. Modified by M. Myers
Endocrine System Modified by M. Myers 1 The Endocrine System 2 Endocrine Glands The endocrine system is made of glands & tissues that secrete hormones. Hormones are chemicals messengers influencing a.
More informationEndocrine System Hormones
Endocrine System Hormones 2007-2008 Regulation Why are hormones needed? chemical messages from one body part to another communication needed to coordinate whole body homeostasis & regulation metabolism
More informationPathophysiology of the th E d n ocr i ne S S t ys em B. Marinov, MD, PhD Endocrine system Central: Hypothalamus
Pathophysiology of the Endocrine System B. Marinov, MD, PhD Pathophysiology Department Medical University of Plovdiv Endocrine system Central: Hypothalamus Pituitary Pineal Peripheral Thymus Thyroid Parathyroid
More informationThe Endocrine System
Collin College! BIOL 2402 Anatomy/Physiology 2 Chapter 18 The Endocrine System 1 Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Gland Adeno-hypophesis contains mostly glandular tissue ( 75 % of APG is glandular tissue)
More informationThyroid Screen (Serum)
Thyroid Screen (Serum) Patient: DOB: Sex: F MRN: Order Number: Completed: Received: Collected: Sample Type - Serum Result Reference Range Units Central Thyroid Regulation & Activity Total Thyroxine (T4)
More informationThe Endocrine System
The Endocrine System R. Cummins 1 The Endocrine System Body Coordination This is controlled by the nervous and endocrine systems. The endocrine system is, 1. Slow acting 2. Based on hormones 3. Has a slow
More informationPhysiological processes controlled by hormones?
: the study of hormones, their receptors, the intracellular signaling pathways they invoke, and the diseases and conditions associated with them. What are hormones? Major endocrine glands? Fig 7-2 Physiological
More informationThe Endocrine System. Endocrine System. 1
The Endocrine System The Endocrine System Second-messenger system of the body Uses chemical messengers (hormones) that are released into the blood Hormones control several major processes Reproduction
More informationGraves Disease in Pediatrics
Graves Disease in Pediatrics Graves disease is a common cause of an overactive thyroid. It occurs in about 1 in 5000 children and teens. It occurs more often in females than males. This booklet is designed
More informationChapter 21. Human Endocrine System
Chapter 21 Human Endocrine System Endocrine System Consist of endocrine glands that secrete hormones which regulate a wide range of activities in humans Hormones- are secreted by glands and diffuse directly
More informationHuman Anatomy and Physiology - Problem Drill 16: The Endocrine System
Human Anatomy and Physiology - Problem Drill 16: The Endocrine System Question No. 1 of 10 The endocrine system is made up of a number of organs and glands. Which one of the following is not an organ or
More informationGrave s Disease. of the endocrine system known as Grave s disease. This disease condition which affects the
Grave s Disease The proper functioning of the human body is dependant upon the normal working of the systems of the human body. The coordination of these systems is essential for maintaining all the normal
More informationENDOCRINE SYSTEM CLASS NOTES
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM CLASS NOTES The endocrine system is a collection of glands that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried toward a distant target organ. These hormones will be
More informationThe Endocrine SyStem. COMMUNICATION System
The Endocrine SyStem COMMUNICATION System Endocrine FACTS The endocrine system is made up of glands that release their products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream. The response of hormones is slower
More informationChapter 20. Endocrine System Chemical signals coordinate body functions Chemical signals coordinate body functions. !
26.1 Chemical signals coordinate body functions Chapter 20 Endocrine System! Hormones Chemical signals Secreted by endocrine glands Usually carried in the blood Cause specific changes in target cells Secretory
More informationHormones by location
Endocrine System Hormones by location Pineal Gland: Melatonin Feeling of sleepiness Hypothalamus: Hormones that stimulate or inhibit pituitary Temp., hunger, parenting attachment, thirst Pituitary Gland:
More informationEndocrine part two. Presented by Dr. Mohammad Saadeh The requirements for the Clinical Chemistry Philadelphia University Faculty of pharmacy
Endocrine part two Presented by Dr. Mohammad Saadeh The requirements for the Clinical Chemistry Philadelphia University Faculty of pharmacy Cushing's disease: increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic
More informationTHYROID GLAND. Amelyn R. Rafael, MD
THYROID GLAND Amelyn R. Rafael, MD Thyroid Gland Richly vascular structure located in the anterior and lateral aspect of the trachea Composed of follicles filled with a clear, proteinaceous colloid which
More informationThe Endocrine System
C H A P T E R 1 2 The Endocrine System OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1. List the functions of hormones. 2. Classify hormones into their major chemical categories. 3. Describe
More informationOUTLINE. Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Production Common Tests to Evaluate the Thyroid Hyperthyroidism - Graves disease, toxic nodules, thyroiditis
THYROID DISEASE OUTLINE Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Production Common Tests to Evaluate the Thyroid Hyperthyroidism - Graves disease, toxic nodules, thyroiditis OUTLINE Hypothyroidism - Hashimoto s thyroiditis,
More informationThyroid Disorders. Hypothyroidism. Low Total T4 Antiseizure meds Glucocorticoids. Free T4. Howard J. Sachs, MD.
Thyroid Disorders Free T4 Low Total T4 Antiseizure meds Glucocorticoids Hypothyroidism Howard J. Sachs, MD www.12daysinmarch.com Primary Hypothyroidism High TSH Low free T4 Primary = End organ failure
More informationThe Endocrine System/Hormones
The Endocrine System/Hormones Controls many body functions exerts control by releasing special chemical substances into the blood called hormones Hormones affect other endocrine glands or body systems
More informationUnit 9 - The Endocrine System 1
Unit 9 - The Endocrine System 1 I. Unit 9: The Endocrine System A. The Endocrine System 1. Second-messenger system of the body 2. Uses chemical messengers (hormones) that are released into the blood 3.
More informationEndocrine Physiology (2) The Thyroid Gland 甲状腺. Huawei Liang, PhD
Endocrine Physiology (2) The Thyroid Gland 甲状腺 Huawei Liang, PhD E-mail: liang.huawei@yahoo.com.cn Anatomy of the thyroid gland Located at anterior part of neck on either side of trachea The thyroid gland
More informationCASE-BASED SMALL GROUP DISCUSSION MHD II SESSION VI
MHD II, Session VI, Student Copy Page 1 CASE-BASED SMALL GROUP DISCUSSION MHD II SESSION VI Wednesday, MARCH 26, 2014 STUDENT COPY MHD II, Session VI, Student Copy Page 2 CASE 1 History: A 57-year-old
More informationChapter 18: Endocrine Glands
Chapter 18: Endocrine Glands I. Functions of the Endocrine System A. List and describe the eight major functions of the endocrine system: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Page 1 of 19 C II. Pituitary Gland and
More informationEndocrine System Hormones. AP Biology
Endocrine System Hormones 2007-2008 Regulation Why are hormones needed? u chemical messages from one body part to another u communication needed to coordinate whole body u daily homeostasis & regulation
More informationEmergency Medical Training Services Emergency Medical Technician Paramedic Program Outlines Outline Topic: Endocrine Revised: 11/2013
Emergency Medical Training Services Emergency Medical Technician Paramedic Program Outlines Outline Topic: Endocrine Revised: 11/2013 Endocrine system includes 8 major glands. 1. Pituitary (master gland)
More information