Pathology of the Respiratory System 5: Lung and Thoracic Cavity

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1 Pathology of the Respiratory System 5: Lung and Thoracic Cavity Shannon Martinson, Jan VPM 222 Systemic Pathology

2 DISORDERS OF THE LUNG Congenital Pigmentary deposition Circulatory Disturbances Inflation disturbances Pneumonia Neoplasia

3 LUNG PNEUMONIA Examples of Diseases that Cause Granulomatous Pneumonia in Domestic Animals Granulomas / Nodular texture

4 LUNG GRANULOMATOUS PNEUMONIA HORSE Rhodococcosis Etiology: Rhodococcus equi Respiratory Intestinal Bacteriologic culture

5 LUNG GRANULOMATOUS PNEUMONIA CAT/DOGS Systemic mycoses Histoplasmosis Blastomyces dermatitides Cryptococcus neoformans / gatti Histoplasma capsulatum Coccidiodes immitis Blastomycosis

6 LUNG GRANULOMATOUS PNEUMONIA CAT/DOGS Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Etiology: Mutated Feline enteric coronavirus

7 LUNG TUMOURS 1 lung tumours are relatively uncommon 2 tumours (metastases) in the lung are common Epithelial Round cell Mesenchymal Carcinoma > Adenoma

8 LUNG TUMOURS Diagnosis FNA Biopsy

9 LUNG TUMOURS Pulmonary Carcinoma (primary) Clinical signs: Weight loss Lethargy Dyspnea (effusion) Tachypnea Non productive cough Hemoptysis Wheezing Biopsy

10 LUNG TUMOURS Pulmonary Carcinoma (primary) In cats pulmonary carcinoma commonly metastasize to the digits* Biopsy

11 LUNG TUMOURS Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma (Pulmonary Adenomatosis) (Jaagsietke) Etiology: Jaagsietke sheep retrovirus (JRSV) Transmissible retrovirus induced neoplasia of sheep Clinical signs: Weight loss, coughing, respiratory distress Nasal discharge Copious when tilted ** Dr. Marcelo de las Heras, Zaragoza

12 LUNG TUMOURS Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma (Pulmonary Adenomatosis) (Jaagsietke) Etiology: Jaagsietke sheep retrovirus (JRSV) May look like bronchopneumonia grossly Need histology Histology papillary growths of epithelial cells Dr. Marcelo de las Heras, Zaragoza

13 LUNG TUMOURS Lung Metastases Mammary carcinoma UNAM

14 LUNG TUMOURS Lung Metastases Dark masses in the lung 2 main differentials Hemangiosarcoma UNAM-FMZ PATOLOGIA Melanoma

15 LUNG TUMOURS Lung Metastases Dark masses in the lung 2 main differentials Hemangiosarcoma

16 THE THORACIC CAVITY Pneumothorax Pleural effusions Neoplasia

17 THORACIC CAVITY

18 THORACIC CAVITY

19 Pneumothorax = Air in the thoracic cavity Lesion atelectasis

20 Pneumothorax Etiology Punctured lung (rib fracture) Penetrating wound Ruptured emphysematous bullae Ruptured esophagus Idiopathic

21 Pneumothorax Pneumomediastinum

22 Pleural Effusions Transudate Lymph Blood Exudate

23 Pleural Effusions Handbook of Veterinary Cytology, Rebar AH. Purina Thoracocentesis Transudate Hydrothorax Clear fluid, low cellularity and low protein Lymph Chylothorax Milky fluid, lymphocytes and lipid Blood Hemothorax RBCs and protein Exudate Pleuritis Turbid fluid, high cellularity and high protein

24 Pleural Effusions Transudate Hydrothorax Clear fluid, low cellularity and low protein quizlet.com Lesions: Clear, straw coloured fluid in thorax +/- Atelectasis +/- Pleural fibrosis Chronic pleural irritation

25 Pleural Effusions Transudate Hydrothorax Clear fluid, low cellularity and low protein Underlying Causes: Congestive heart Hypoproteinemia: failure Starvation Lymphatic obstruction Renal disease Intestinal disease Liver failure quizlet.com

26 Pleural Effusions Gunshot wound Blood Hemothorax RBCs and protein Birthing trauma Hit by car Lesion: Blood in the thorax Most common causes: Trauma Aneurysm Coagulopathy

27 Pleural Effusions Blood Hemothorax RBCs and protein Cytology Ruptured aortic aneurysm Lesion: Blood in the thorax Most common causes: Trauma Aneurysm Coagulopathy

28 Pleural Effusions Lymph Chylothorax Milky fluid, lymphocytes and lipid Lesions: Milky fluid in the thorax Often has fat droplets

29 Pleural Effusions Lymph Chylothorax Milky fluid, lymphocytes and lipid Underlying cause: Rupture/leaking from a major lymphatic vessel Trauma Iatrogenic (surgery) Neoplasia Idiopathic Increased pressure in the vena cava Heart failure

30 Pleural Effusions Lymph Chylothorax Milky fluid, lymphocytes and lipid Cytology Image: Dr C Gilroy Image: Dr C Gilroy Triglyceride analysis

31 Pleural Effusions Exudate Pyothorax/Pleuritis Turbid fluid, high cellularity and high protein Alone or in combination with pneumonia According to exudate: Purulent (suppurative) = Pyothorax Fibrinous Granulomatous Lesions: Cloudy to opaque yellow tinged fluid/viscous exudate in the thorax Often smells bad

32 Pleural Effusions Exudate Pyothorax/Pleuritis Turbid fluid, high cellularity and high protein Underlying cause: Penetrating trauma with implantation Rupture of the esophagus Rupture of a pulmonary abscess Hematogenous dissemination / Sepsis

33 Pleural Effusions Exudate Pyothorax/Pleuritis Turbid fluid, high cellularity and high protein Cattle: Mannheimia hemolytica Histophilus somni Cats Pasteurella multocida

34 Pleural Effusions Dogs and Cats Exudate Pyothorax/Pleuritis Turbid fluid, high cellularity and high protein tomato soup pyothorax

35 Pleural Effusions Exudate Pyothorax/Pleuritis Turbid fluid, high cellularity and high protein Pigs

36 Pleural Effusions Exudate Pyothorax/Pleuritis Turbid fluid, high cellularity and high protein Horses

37 Pleural Effusions Exudate Pyothorax/Pleuritis Turbid fluid, high cellularity and high protein Videos Courtesy of Dr. Marco Lores, AVC VTH

38 Pleural Effusions Exudate Pyothorax/Pleuritis Cytology Turbid fluid, high cellularity and high protein

39 Pleural Effusions Exudate Pyothorax/Pleuritis Turbid fluid, high cellularity and high protein Chronic pleuritis typically results in extensive pleural adhesions

40 Mesothelioma Neoplasia Rare tumour of serosal membranes Malignant tumour Disseminates by implantation Asbestos in humans FMVZ-UNAM

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