Problemele de alimentație și cancerul

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1 Eating problems and cancer: Romanian Problemele de alimentație și Aceste informații sunt despre dietă și cancer. Cuvintele subliniate sunt explicate în glosarul de la sfârșitul broșurii. Sperăm ca această broșură să răspundă întrebărilor dvs. Dacă aveți întrebări suplimentare, puteți solicita ajutorul medicului, al asistentei sau al dieteticianului din spitalul în care vi se administrează tratamentul. De asemenea, puteți apela linia de asistență oncologică Macmillan la numărul de telefon , de luni până vineri, între orele 9.00 și Dispunem de traducători, deci ne puteți vorbi în altă limbă. Este suficient să ne spuneți, în limba engleză, ce limbă doriți să vorbiți. Specialiștii noștri de asistență oncologică pot răspunde la întrebări de natură medicală sau pot discuta despre starea dvs. emoțională. Informații suplimentare în alte limbi sunt disponibile la macmillan.org.uk/translations Aceste informații sunt despre: Modul în care vă poate afecta dieta Cum să faceți față problemelor de alimentație Apetitul dvs. și pierderea în greutate Evitarea pierderii în greutate Îngrijirea unei persoane care suferă de pierdere în greutate Glosar Mai multe informații în alte limbi Pagina 1 din 13 Broșură Macmillan 2015: Problemele de alimentație și

2 Modul în care vă poate afecta dieta Multe persoane afectate de cancer au probleme de alimentație. Acestea pot fi determinate de cancer sau de tratament. Problemele de alimentație cauzate de cancer Acestea vor depinde de localizarea tumorii canceroase. Problemele pot include: senzația de greață starea de rău dureri indigestie. Cancerul poate schimba modul în care corpul dvs. utilizează alimentele, astfel încât să nu primiți toate substanțele nutritive de care aveți nevoie. Problemele de alimentație cauzate de tratamentele contra ui Tratamente diferite determină probleme diferite. Unele probleme de alimentație vor fi minore, în timp ce altele vor avea un efect mai semnificativ asupra dvs. Problemele pot fi temporare și se pot ameliora după terminarea tratamentului. Altele pot dura mai mult timp. Discutați cu medicul dvs. oncolog, asistenta sau medicul de familie dacă aveți probleme de alimentație. Aceștia vă pot recomanda un dietetician. Un dietetician vă poate spune care sunt alimentele potrivite pentru dvs. și ce altceva v-ar putea ajuta. Pagina 2 din 13 Broșură Macmillan 2015: Problemele de alimentație și

3 Cum să faceți față problemelor de alimentație În această broșură am enumerat câteva dintre problemele de alimentație frecvente și lucruri care le-ar putea ameliora. Inflamarea gurii Aceasta poate fi cauzată de: radioterapie la nivelul capului și al gâtului intervenție chirurgicală la nivelul gurii tratamente medicamentoase chimioterapie și terapie localizată. Ce puteți face Consumați multe lichide, mai ales apă. Laptele este, de asemenea, recomandat. Alimentele și băuturile reci pot avea un efect calmant. Băuturile foarte calde sau foarte reci pot irita o gură inflamată. Încercați să beți cu paiul. Evitați alimentele sărate sau condimentate - acestea pot provoca usturime. Evitați alimentele aspre sau tari, precum pâine cu coajă crocantă, pâine prăjită sau legume crude. Înmuiați alimentele în sosuri. Solicitați sfaturi medicului dvs. dentist. Urmați orice sfat primit de la medic. Utilizați o periuță de dinți pentru copii, deoarece acestea sunt mai moi, și spălați-vă pe dinți de cel puțin două ori pe zi. Gură uscată Radioterapia la nivelul capului și gâtului pot afecta glandele salivare și cauza uscarea gurii. Și unele medicamente de chimioterapie pot cauza uscarea gurii. Medicul dvs. vă poate prescrie apă de gură, pastile de supt, spray-uri sau geluri cu salivă artificială. Pagina 3 din 13 Broșură Macmillan 2015: Problemele de alimentație și

4 Ce puteți face Consumați des lichide, chiar dacă luați doar câteva înghițituri. Beți câte puțină apă în timpul fiecărei mese. Țineți un pahar de apă în apropiere când sunteți în pat și luați o sticlă de apă la dvs. atunci când sunteți plecat(ă). Sugeți cuburi de gheață sau înghețată pe băț. Înmuiați alimentele în sosuri. Evitați ciocolata, produsele de patiserie, untul de arahide și alte alimente uscate dacă sunt greu de consumat. Încercați să mestecați gumă, aceasta poate stimula producerea de salivă. Folosiți balsam de buze sau Vaseline pentru buze uscate. Curățați limba cu o periuță de dinți moale sau folosind apă de gură. Discutați cu asistenta dvs. dacă aveți limba albă sau încărcată. Modificări ale gustului Gustul unor alimente se poate modifica. Se poate ca totul să aibă același gust, sau să vi se pară foarte dulce sau sărat. Unele persoane observă un gust metalic. S-ar putea să nu simțiți niciun gust. Aceste modificări sunt de obicei temporare. Ce puteți face Consumați alimente care vă plac. Dacă ceva nu are un gust plăcut, încercați din nou peste câteva săptămâni, deoarece simțul gustului se poate modifica. Folosiți condimente și ierburi aromate ca să aromați mâncarea, dar aveți grijă dacă aveți gura inflamată, deoarece vă puteți agrava starea. Marinați carnea sau gătiți-o în sos. Mâncărurile cu pește, pui și ou pot avea, de asemenea, un gust mai bun combinate cu un sos. Dacă simțiți un gust metalic atunci când mâncați carne roșie, încercați carne albă, pește și surse de proteine vegetariene, precum fasole și leguminoase. Carnea rece poate avea un gust mai bun cu murături sau sosuri condimentate. Lucrurile cu gust înțepător pot avea un gust mai bun, precum fructe proaspete și suc de fructe. Mâncărurile reci pot avea un gust mai bun decât cele calde. Folosiți tacâmuri din plastic dacă aveți un gust metalic în gură. Pagina 4 din 13 Broșură Macmillan 2015: Problemele de alimentație și

5 Probleme la mestecat sau înghițit Acestea pot fi cauzate de: radioterapie sau intervenție chirurgicală la nivelul capului și al gâtului unele medicamente de chimioterapie Dacă aveți o infecție bucală sau la nivelul gâtului (precum candidoză), medicul dvs. vă poate prescrie medicamente corespunzătoare. Informați medicul sau asistenta dacă aveți probleme la înghițit. Dacă băuturile vă fac să tușiți, informați imediat medicul sau asistenta. Aceștia vă pot recomanda un logoped pentru o evaluare a procesului de înghițire. Ce puteți face Analgezicele luate înainte de mese pot ajuta dacă aveți dificultăți la mestecat sau înghițit din cauza durerii. Medicul dvs. vă poate sfătui. Ar putea fi nevoie să înmuiați alimentele pentru a le consuma mai ușor. Medicul și asistenta vă pot oferi sfaturi sau vă pot recomanda un dietetician sau un logoped. Acoperiți alimentele cu sos Tăiați carnea și legumele în bucăți mici. Gătiți mâncarea la foc mic timp îndelungat pentru a o face mai fragedă. Tăiați coaja de la pâine. Dacă aveți un blender, puteți pasa unele alimente. Dacă vi se blochează mâncarea în gât, băuturile acidulate, precum Coca- Cola, pot fi de ajutor. Dacă vă este dificil să mâncați suficient, există băuturi suplimente alimentare care vă pot ajuta (consultați pagina 11). Prea obosit(ă) pentru a găti sau mânca Senzația de oboseală excesivă este normală în cazul tratamentului contra ui S-ar putea să vă fie greu să gătiți mese sau chiar să le mâncați. Pagina 5 din 13 Broșură Macmillan 2015: Problemele de alimentație și

6 Ce puteți face Folosiți mâncăruri gata preparate, alimente la conservă sau mâncăruri congelate. Încercați să planificați din timp. Dacă aveți un congelator, preparați mâncare când vă simțiți mai bine și congelați-o pentru atunci când sunteți obosit(ă). Asigurați-vă că aveți suficientă mâncare ușor de preparat acasă. Puteți folosi o companie care livrează mâncare la domiciliu. Rugați rude sau prieteni să vă facă cumpărături și să vă gătească. Dacă nu puteți să mâncați, încercați o băutură hrănitoare, precum un smoothie, milkshake sau ciocolată caldă. Medicul, asistenta sau dieteticianul dvs. vă poate sfătui în acest sens. Dacă aveți nevoie de ajutor cu gătitul și mâncatul acasă, informați medicul de familie sau contactați un dietetician. Senzația de greață Unele tratamente contra ui vă pot cauza senzații de greață. Și alte medicamente, precum analgezicele și antibioticele, pot cauza această stare. S- ar putea să aveți senzație de greață din cauza unor probleme fizice precum constipație sau dacă ficatul dvs. a fost afectat de cancer. Oncologul dvs. vă poate prescrie medicamente antivomitive pentru starea de greață. Dacă acestea nu au efect, informați oncologul, deoarece există mai multe tipuri pe care le puteți încerca. Ce puteți face Urmați instrucțiunile primite cu privire la când și cum trebuie să luați medicamentele antivomitive. Încercați să mâncați alimente uscate, precum biscuiți sărați sau simpli, înainte de a vă ridica din pat dimineața. Evitați alimentele uleioase, grase sau prăjite. Mâncați într-un spațiu aerisit. Stați drept la masă când mâncați și rămâneți în poziție verticală cel puțin 30 de minute după ce ați mâncat. Alimentele sau băuturile cu ghimbir vă pot ajuta. Unele persoane se simt mai bine dacă beau înghițituri mici de băuturi carbogazoase răsuflate. Încercați să consumați băuturi între mese, nu în timp ce mâncați. Purtați brățări Sea Bands pe mâini. Le puteți găsi la farmacie. Tehnicile de relaxare ar putea fi, de asemenea, utile. Pagina 6 din 13 Broșură Macmillan 2015: Problemele de alimentație și

7 Încercați să evitați constipația consumând multe lichide, mâncând bine și făcând mișcare. Arsuri și indigestie Arsurile sunt o senzație usturătoare la nivelul pieptului. Acestea pot fi foarte dureroase. Arsurile au loc atunci când acidul din stomac irită țesutul esofagului. Indigestia este o senzație de disconfort în partea superioară a burții. Aceasta survine în special după mese. Indigestia poate apărea atunci când acidul din stomac irită stomacul sau intestinul subțire. Unele tratamente contra ui și alte medicamente pot irita stomacul. Este posibil să suferiți de indigestie dacă aveți un stomac mic, dacă nu mâncați sau nu beți suficient sau dacă nu vă mișcați foarte mult. Informați medicul dacă aveți arsuri sau indigestie. De obicei, acesta vă poate prescrie medicamente pentru ameliorarea sau eliminarea simptomelor. Ce puteți face Evitați alimentele care vă creează disconfort. Evitați mesele bogate. Evitați ciocolata, alcoolul, alimentele iuți, grase și anasonul, deoarece s-a dovedit că acestea cauzează probleme. Purtați haine largi în jurul taliei. Nu faceți mișcare de minute după ce ați mâncat. Dacă fumați, încercați să renunțați sau să reduceți numărul de țigări. Evitați să vă întindeți în pat după masă. Încercați să vă mențineți la o greutate sănătoasă. Mâncați mese regulate și încercați să nu mâncați seara târziu. Mâncați încet. Constipația Aceasta este atunci când aveți greu scaun. Unele medicamente pot cauza constipație. Discutați cu medicul dacă sunteți constipat(ă). Acesta vă poate prescrie medicamente numite laxative. Sau vă poate ajusta medicamentele curente, dacă acestea cauzează constipația. Pagina 7 din 13 Broșură Macmillan 2015: Problemele de alimentație și

8 Ce puteți face Consumați multe fibre, precum fructe și legume proaspete, pâine din făină integrală, ovăz, fasole, leguminoase (linte, năut), orez și paste integrale. Beți multe lichide. Încercați să consumați doi litri zilnic. Acest lucru este important atunci când creșteți cantitatea de fibre consumate. Remediile naturale, precum sucul de prune, prunele sau siropul de smochine pot fi de ajutor. Activitatea fizică ușoară, precum mersul pe jos, poate fi de ajutor. Dacă aveți cancer intestinal, este important să discutați cu dieteticianul, cu medicul sau cu asistenta dvs. înainte de a încerca aceste sfaturi. Diaree Aceasta este atunci când aveți scaun mai des decât în mod obișnuit și când acesta este mai moale decât în mod obișnuit. Mai multe tratamente contra ui pot cauza diaree. De asemenea, diareea poate fi cauzată de alte medicamente sau de o infecție. Diareea poate fi o reacție adversă temporară moderată. Dar pentru unele persoane, aceasta poate fi severă, caz în care trebuie să consulte un medic. Informați medicul dacă aveți diaree sau dacă aceasta se agravează. Ce puteți face Beți multe lichide. Mâncați mese mici și dese. Mâncați alimente ușoare, precum pește, pui și ouă bine preparate. Consumați mai puține fibre până la ameliorarea simptomelor. Evitați alimentele uleioase și grase. Evitați alimentele iuți. Flatulență După radioterapie, unele persoane suferă de flatulență excesivă. De asemenea, și unele tipuri de intervenții chirurgicale la nivelul intestinului pot cauza flatulență. Aceasta poate fi determinată și de constipație și de unele medicamente. Dacă flatulența devine deranjantă, discutați cu medicul sau cu asistenta specializată. Dacă eliminarea gazelor devine dureroasă, informați medicul. Pagina 8 din 13 Broșură Macmillan 2015: Problemele de alimentație și

9 Ce puteți face Mâncați și beți încet. Luați înghițituri mici și mestecați bine mâncarea. Evitați fasolea, murăturile, porumbul dulce, ceapa și băuturile carbogazoase. Încercați două lingurițe de apă de mentă dizolvate într-un pahar de apă călduță. Comprimatele de cărbune medicinal pot fi utile, le puteți găsi la farmacie. Activitatea fizică ușoară poate fi de ajutor. Încercați să evitați constipația (a se vedea mai sus). Medicul dvs. de familie vă poate prescrie capsule de mentă care vă pot fi de ajutor. Apetitul dvs. și pierderea în greutate Multe persoane afectate de cancer au perioade în care nu pot să mănânce la fel de mult ca în mod normal. Uneori oamenii pierd în greutate. Aceasta se poate întâmpla din multe motive. Poate fi din cauza ui sau poate fi o reacție adversă a tratamentului. Unele tipuri de cancer determină organismul să consume mai multă energie, chiar dacă nu sunteți foarte activ(ă). Acest lucru vă poate face să pierdeți în greutate, chiar dacă mâncați în continuare corespunzător. Cum să faceți față la pierderea în greutate Pierderea în greutate poate fi supărătoare deoarece este o dovadă vizibilă a bolii de care suferiți. S-ar putea să vă faceți grijă că schimbările de aspect vă vor afecta relațiile cu partenerul de viață, cu familia și cu prietenii. Sau s-ar putea să vă simțiți jenat(ă) să mâncați în fața familiei sau a prietenilor. Multor persoane le este util să discute despre preocupările lor cu cineva apropiat. Dacă vă este greu să discutați despre sentimentele dvs. cu partenerul, familia sau prietenii, puteți încerca să discutați cu medicul sau asistenta dvs. Unora le este util să discute și cu un psiholog. Asistenta dvs. vă poate spune cum puteți contacta un psiholog. Pagina 9 din 13 Broșură Macmillan 2015: Problemele de alimentație și

10 Fiți activ(ă) Este important să încercați să fiți activ(ă), chiar dacă pierdeți în greutate. Fără vreun tip de activitate fizică, mușchii noștri slăbesc repede. Exercițiile ușoare, precum plimbările scurte, pot fi suficiente. Medicul, asistenta sau fizioterapeutul dvs. vă poate sfătui în legătură cu volumul și tipul de activitate fizică care vă poate fi de ajutor. Evitarea pierderii în greutate Dacă pierdeți în greutate sau dacă vă este greu să mâncați, trebuie să găsiți modalități de a include mai multe calorii (energie) și proteine în dieta dvs. Medicul sau dieteticianul dvs. vă poate recomanda alimente pe care în mod normal le-ați putea considera nesănătoase. Adăugarea de calorii (energie) și proteine la dieta dvs. Dacă aveți un apetit sănătos, nu ar trebui să vă fie greu să consumați calorii și proteine în plus. Dacă apetitul dvs. nu este foarte bun, există moduri de a adăuga calorii și proteine în plus la dietă fără a fi nevoie să consumați mai multe alimente. Discutați cu medicul, asistenta sau dieteticianul dvs. dacă pierdeți în greutate sau dacă vă este greu să mâncați. Aceștia vă pot sugera mai întâi să mâncați alimente obișnuite, cu un conținut ridicat de calorii și proteine. De asemenea, v-ar putea recomandat suplimente alimentare. Idei pentru creșterea aportului de calorii și proteine Lapte fortificat Adăugați între 2 și 4 linguri de lapte praf la 0,5 litri de lapte integral. Păstrați-l la frigider și utilizați-l în băuturi, la cereale sau pentru gătit. De asemenea, îl puteți utiliza și în loc de apă pentru a prepara supe, jeleuri, creme fierte și budinci. Cereale și terci de ovăz Folosiți lapte fortificat sau un supliment pe bază de lapte (a se vedea mai jos) în cerealele dvs. Preparați terci de ovăz cu lapte integral sau smântână lichidă. Adăugați melasă, sirop de arțar, miere sau zahăr. Încercați să adăugați fructe din compot sau fructe uscate. Tocane și supe Adăugați linte, fasole și tăieței. Amestecați o lingură de smântână în supele din conservă sau adăugați suplimente de energie sau de proteine (a se vedea mai jos). Radeți niște brânză în supă. Încercați să preparați supă instant cu lapte fortificat (a se vedea mai sus). Piure de cartofi Adăugați smântână sau unt și presărați brânză rasă. Pagina 10 din 13 Broșură Macmillan 2015: Problemele de alimentație și

11 Legume Topiți unt pe legumele fierbinți și serviți-le cu brânză rasă sau cu un ou fiert tare. Adăugați un sos preparat cu lapte fortificat (a se vedea mai sus) sau smântână. Gustări O mână de nuci sau de semințe conține multe calorii și este sănătoasă. Chipsurile, ciocolata și budincile gata preparate conțin, de asemenea, multe calorii și sunt ușor de mâncat. Suplimente alimentare Cel mai bun mod de a include mai multe calorii (energie) și proteine în dieta dvs. este acela de a consuma alimente obișnuite. Dar dacă aveți în continuare probleme sau continuați să pierdeți în greutate, discutați cu medicul, asistenta sau dieteticianul. Aceștia vă pot da mai multe sfaturi. Există suplimente care pot adăuga un plus de energie sau proteine la dieta dvs. Unele înlocuiesc mesele. Altele sunt utilizate împreună cu o dietă normală. O parte dintre aceste produse sunt disponibile în farmacii sau supermarketuri. Unele trebuie prescrise de medicul, asistenta sau dieteticianul dvs. De asemenea, aceștia vă pot sfătui când și cum să le utilizați. Suplimentele pot fi milkshake-uri, sucuri, supe, pudre sau budinci. Suplimentele bogate în proteine sau în calorii trebuie utilizate numai sub îndrumarea medicului sau dieteticianului. Dacă suferiți de diabet, este important să consultați medicul, asistenta sau dieteticianul înainte de a utiliza suplimente alimentare sau de a schimba cantitatea de zahăr din dieta dvs. Exemple de suplimente includ: Pudre pentru băuturi, precum Complan sau Build-Up Suplimente pe bază de lapte Suplimente de tip suc Pudre energizante și proteice. Îngrijirea unei persoane care suferă de pierdere în greutate Dacă aveți grijă de o persoană care suferă de cancer, poate fi supărător atunci când aceasta nu are poftă de mâncare și pierde în greutate. Se poate să nu știți ce să faceți. Pagina 11 din 13 Broșură Macmillan 2015: Problemele de alimentație și

12 Cantitatea de mâncare pe care persoana o poate consuma sau ceea ce îi place și nu îi place se poate schimba de la o zi la alta. Poate fi util să știți atunci când apetitul acesteia este sănătos. Alegeți aceste momente pentru a-i oferi mâncărurile preferate. Ce puteți face Încercați să întrebați persoana respectivă ce ar dori să mănânce. Încurajați-o să mănânce mese mici și gustări pe parcursul întregii zile, în locul a trei mese principale. Serviți porții mici și oferiți încă o porție. Prea multă mâncare pe farfurie poate fi descurajantă. Încurajați persoana respectivă să mănânce atunci când are poftă de mâncare, dar încercați să nu faceți presiuni prea mari. Țineți gustări la îndemână, ca să fie pregătite atunci când îi este foame. Faceți cantități mai mari din supa sau mâncarea preferată a persoanei respective și înghețați-le. Acestea pot fi utilizate pentru o masă rapidă la o dată ulterioară. Nu înghețați preparate în care a fost adăugată smântână. Discutați cu persoana despre pierderea în greutate și despre diferitele moduri în care puteți gestiona situația. Acest lucru vă poate ajuta să simțiți că aveți mai mult control asupra situației. Pagina 12 din 13 Broșură Macmillan 2015: Problemele de alimentație și

13 Glosar Antibiotics [entibaiotix] Antibiotice Medicamente prescrise pentru tratarea unei infecții. Calories [chelăriis] Calorii Caloriile sunt unități pentru energia conținută în alimente. Corpul dvs. are nevoie de energia din alimente pentru a funcționa Chemotherapy [chimioserăpi] Chimioterapie Un tratament contra ui, în care sunt administrate medicamente pentru a distruge celulele canceroase. Constipation [constipeișăn] Constipația Atunci când aveți greu scaun. Dietitian [daietișăn] Dietetician Un expert în alimente și nutriție. Acesta vă poate spune care sunt alimentele potrivite pentru dvs. Gullet [gălet] Gât Segmentul de tub digestiv cuprins între gură și stomac. Prin acesta trec alimentele înghițite. Se mai numește și esofag. Indigestion [indigeșciăn] indigestie Durere sau disconfort în partea superioară a burții. Poate apărea atunci când acidul din stomac irită mucoasa stomacului. Aceasta survine în special după mese. Nutrients [niutrienț] Substanțe nutritive Pagina 13 din 13 Broșură Macmillan 2015: Problemele de alimentație și Părțile din alimente care contribuie la un organism sănătos.

14 Oesophagus [isofăgăs] Esofag Segmentul de tub digestiv cuprins între gură și stomac. Prin acesta trec alimentele înghițite. Se mai numește și gât. Physiotherapis t Pagina 14 din 13 Broșură Macmillan 2015: Problemele de alimentație și [fizioserăpist] Fizioterapeut Un cadru medical instruit pentru a trata oameni utilizând metode fizice, precum lucrul cu încheieturile și mușchii, masaj și tratamente termice. Protein [protiin] Proteină O substanță din alimente care este importantă pentru o dietă sănătoasă. Organismul nostru are nevoie de proteine pentru a funcționa, crește și pentru a se vindeca. Radiotherapy [reidiăuserăpi] Radioterapie Un tratament care utilizează raze X cu energie ridicată pentru a distruge celulele canceroase. Saliva [sălaiva] Salivă Denumită și scuipat. Ajută la menținerea gurii sănătoase și umede. Salivary glands [sălaivări glendț] Glande salivare Glande din jurul gurii care produc salivă. Speech therapist [spiici terăpist] Logoped Un profesionist care vă poate ajuta dacă aveți dificultăți de vorbire sau de înghițire. Supplements [saplemenț] Suplimente Lucruri care pot fi adăugate la dieta dvs. pentru a crește aportul de calorii, proteine și substanțe nutritive. Suplimentele pot fi sub

15 Surgery [sărgerii] Intervenție chirurgicală Targeted therapy [targhetid terăpii] Terapie localizată Mai multe informații în alte limbi formă de băuturi, pudre sau alimente. Un mod de a trata prin eliminare totală sau parțială a tumorii. Aceasta se mai numește și realizarea unei intervenții chirurgicale. Un tratament contra ui care utilizează medicamente ce interferează cu procesul de creștere al celulelor canceroase. Este denumită și terapie biologică. Dispunem de informații în alte limbi despre aceste subiecte: Tipuri de cancer Cancerul mamar Cancerul intestinului gros Cancerul pulmonar Cancerul de prostată Tratamente Chimioterapia Radioterapia Chirurgia Cum să faceți față ui Solicitarea asistenței Sfârșitul vieții Alimentația sănătoasă Dacă sunteți diagnosticat(ă) cu cancer un ghid rapid Reacțiile adverse ale tratamentului împotriva ui Oboseala (epuizarea) și Lucruri pe care le puteți face pentru a vă veni în ajutor Pentru a vedea aceste informații, consultați macmillan.org.uk/translations Discutați cu noi în altă limbă Puteți apela Macmillan gratuit la numărul de telefon și ne Pagina 15 din 13 Broșură Macmillan 2015: Problemele de alimentație și

16 puteți vorbi în limba dvs. cu ajutorul unui traducător. Ne puteți vorbi despre preocupările dvs. și adresa întrebări de ordin medical. Este suficient să ne spuneți, în limba engleză, ce limbă doriți să vorbiți. Suntem disponibili de luni până vineri, între orele 9.00 și Dacă aveți probleme de auz, puteți utiliza telefonul special cu mesaje sau serviciul Text Relay. Pagina 16 din 13 Broșură Macmillan 2015: Problemele de alimentație și

17 Bibliografie și mulțumiri Toate aceste informații au fost scrise și verificate de către echipa de dezvoltare a informațiilor despre cancer din cadrul Macmillan Cancer Support. Informațiile din această fișă informativă se bazează pe broșurile Macmillan Problemele de alimentație și și Dieta de creștere în greutate. Vă putem trimite exemplare, însă broșurile complete sunt disponibile doar în limba engleză. Conținutul a fost verificat de experți și aprobată de către editorul nostru medical, dr. Tim Iveson, consultant oncolog și editor șef medical în cadrul Macmillan. Dorim să le mulțumim lui Debbie Provan, Director național AHP pentru reabilitare în caz de cancer și manager de proiect TCAT Macmillan și lui Loraine Gillespie, manager dietetician. Le mulțumim, de asemenea, persoanelor afectate de cancer care au revizuit această ediție. Toate informațiile pe care le deținem sunt bazate pe cele mai bune dovezi disponibile. Pentru mai multe informații despre sursele pe care le utilizăm, vă rugăm să ne contactați la adresa bookletfeedback@macmillan.org.uk MAC15753 Conținut revizuit: decembrie 2015 Următoarea revizuire planificată: Pagina 17 din 13 Broșură Macmillan 2015: Problemele de alimentație și

18 Eating problems and cancer: Romanian Eating problems and cancer This information is about diet and cancer. Underlined words are explained in the glossary at the end. We hope this fact sheet answers your questions. If you have any more questions, you can ask your doctor, nurse or dietitian at the hospital where you are having treatment. You can also call Macmillan Cancer Support on , Monday to Friday, 9am to 8pm. We have interpreters, so you can speak to us in another language. Just tell us, in English, the language you want to use. Our cancer support specialists can answer medical questions or talk to you about your feelings. There is more information in other languages at macmillan.org.uk/translations This information is about: How cancer can affect your diet Coping with eating problems Your appetite and weight loss Avoiding weight loss Caring for someone with weight loss Glossary More information in other languages Page 1 of 13 Macmillan fact sheet 2015: Eating problems and cancer

19 How cancer can affect your diet Many people with cancer have eating problems. They could be caused by the cancer or the treatment. Eating problems caused by cancer These will depend on where the cancer is. Problems can include: feeling sick being sick having pain indigestion. The cancer may change the way your body uses food, so that you don t get all the nutrients you should. Eating problems caused by cancer treatments Different treatments cause different problems. Some eating problems will be minor while others will have a bigger effect on you. Problems may be temporary and improve when you finish treatment. Others may last longer. Talk to your cancer doctor, nurse or GP if you have eating problems. They can refer you to a dietitian. A dietitian can tell you which foods are best for you and what else may help. Page 2 of 13 Macmillan fact sheet 2015: Eating problems and cancer

20 Coping with eating problems Here we have listed some common eating problems and things that may help. Sore mouth This may be caused by: radiotherapy to the head and neck surgery to the mouth drug treatments chemotherapy and targeted therapy. What you can do Drink lots of fluids, particularly water. Milk is also good. Cool foods and drinks may be more soothing. Very hot or very cold drinks may irritate a sore mouth. Try drinking through a straw. Avoid salty or spicy foods they may sting. Avoid rough or hard foods such as crusty bread, toast or raw vegetables. Keep your food moist with sauces and gravies. Talk to your dentist for advice. Follow any advice from your doctor. Use a child s toothbrush as they are softer, and brush at least twice a day. Dry mouth Radiotherapy to the head and neck area can damage your salivary glands and cause a dry mouth. Some chemotherapy drugs can also make your mouth dry. Your doctor can help by prescribing mouthwashes, lozenges, artificial saliva sprays or gels. What you can do Drink often, even if it is just a few sips at a time. Take sips of water with your meals. Keep a glass of water near when you are in bed, and carry a water bottle when you go out. Suck ice cubes or ice lollies. Keep your food moist with sauces and gravies. Avoid chocolate, pastry, peanut butter and other dry foods if they are hard to eat. Try chewing gum this can sometimes stimulate saliva. Use lip balm or Vaseline on dry lips. Keep your tongue clean with a soft toothbrush and use a mouthwash. Talk to your nurse if the tongue becomes white or coated. Page 3 of 13 Macmillan fact sheet 2015: Eating problems and cancer

21 Taste changes The taste of some foods may change. Everything may taste the same, or taste very sweet or salty. Some people notice a taste like metal in their mouth. You may not taste anything at all. These changes are usually temporary. What you can do Eat foods you enjoy. If something doesn t taste nice, try it again in a few weeks, as your sense of taste may change. Use spices, herbs and seasoning to flavour food but be careful if your mouth is sore as you may make things worse. Marinate meats or cook them in a sauce. Fish, chicken and egg dishes may also taste better with a sauce. If you have a metal taste when eating red meat, try white meats, fish, and vegetarian sources of protein such as beans and pulses. Cold meats may taste better with pickle or chutney. Things that taste sharp may taste better, such as fresh fruit and fruit juice. Cold foods may taste better than hot foods. Use plastic cutlery if you have a metal taste in your mouth. Chewing and swallowing problems This can be caused by: radiotherapy or surgery to the head or neck some chemotherapy drugs If you have an infection in your mouth or throat (such as thrush) your doctor can give you medicine. Tell your doctor or nurse if you have any problems swallowing. If drinks make you cough, tell your doctor or nurse straight away. They can refer you to a speech therapist for a swallowing assessment. What you can do Taking painkillers before meals may help if pain is making it difficult to chew or swallow. Your doctor can give you advice. You may need to soften foods to make them easier to eat. Your doctor or nurse can give you advice, or refer you to a dietitian or speech therapist. Cover food in a sauce or gravy Chop meat and vegetables into small pieces. Cook food slowly for a long time to make it softer. Cut the crusts off bread. If you have a blender, you could liquidise some foods. If you feel food is getting stuck in your throat, gassy drinks, such as cola, can help. If you find it hard to eat enough, there are food supplement drinks that can help (see page ##). Page 4 of 13 Macmillan fact sheet 2015: Eating problems and cancer

22 Too tired to cook or eat Feeling very tired is common with cancer treatment. You may find it hard to cook your meals or even to eat them. What you can do Use ready meals, tinned food and frozen meals. Try to plan ahead. If you have a freezer, prepare food while you are feeling better, and freeze it for when you re tired. Make sure you have enough food at home that is easy to make. You could use a meal delivery company. Ask family or friends to do your shopping and cooking. If you can t eat, try a filling drink, such as a smoothie, milkshake or hot chocolate. Your doctor, nurse or dietitian can give you advice. If you need help at home with cooking and eating, tell your GP or contact a dietitian. Feeling sick Some cancer treatments can make you feel sick. Other drugs, such as painkillers and antibiotics, can also cause this. You might feel sick because of physical problems like constipation or if your liver is affected by the cancer. Your cancer specialist can give you anti-sickness drugs to help with sickness. If they don t help, tell your specialist, as there are different types you can try. What you can do Follow the instructions you are given about when and how to take the anti-sickness drugs. Try eating dry foods, such as crackers or plain biscuits, before you get up in the morning. Avoid greasy, fatty or fried foods. Have some fresh air around you when you eat. Sit upright at the table to eat, and stay upright for at least 30 minutes after eating. Food or drink containing ginger can help. Sipping a fizzy drink that has gone flat helps some people. Try having drinks between meals rather than with your food. Wear Sea Bands on your wrists. You can get them from your chemist. Relaxation techniques may help. Try to avoid constipation by drinking lots of fluids, eating well and being physical active. Page 5 of 13 Macmillan fact sheet 2015: Eating problems and cancer

23 Heartburn and indigestion Heartburn is a burning feeling in the chest. It can be very painful. It happens when acid from the stomach irritates the lining of the gullet (oesophagus). Indigestion is discomfort in the upper part of the tummy. It happens mostly after meals. It can happen when stomach acid irritates the stomach or small bowel. Some cancer treatments and other drugs can irritate the stomach. You may get indigestion if you have a small stomach, if you don t eat or drink much, or if you don t move around very much. Tell your doctor if you have heartburn or indigestion. They can often give you medicines to help reduce or relieve it. What you can do Avoid foods that cause you discomfort. Avoid large meals. Avoid chocolate, alcohol, spicy food, fatty food and aniseed, as these are known to cause problems. Wear lose clothing around your waist. Don t be active for minutes after you eat. If you smoke, try to stop or cut down. Avoid lying down after a meal. Try to stay a healthy weight. Eat regular meals and avoid eating late at night. Eat slowly. Constipation This is when you find it difficult or painful to open your bowels (go to the toilet). Some drugs can cause constipation. Talk to your doctor if you are constipated. They may give you medicines called laxatives. Or they may adjust your current medicines if they are causing constipation. What you can do Eat lots of fibre, such as fresh fruit and vegetables, wholemeal bread, oats, beans, pulses (lentils, peas), wholegrain rice and pasta. Drink lots of fluids. Try to drink two litres each day. This is important if you are increasing the amount of fibre you eat. Natural remedies such as prune juice, prunes or syrup of figs might help. Gentle exercise, such as walking, can help. If you have bowel cancer, it is important to talk to your dietitian, doctor or nurse before trying these tips. Page 6 of 13 Macmillan fact sheet 2015: Eating problems and cancer

24 Diarrhoea This is when you need to empty your bowels more often than normal, and the stools you pass are looser than normal. Several cancer treatments can cause diarrhoea. Other medications or an infection can also cause diarrhoea. Diarrhoea can be a temporary, mild side effect. But for some people, it can be severe and they need to see a doctor. Tell your doctor if you have diarrhoea or if it is getting worse. What you can do Drink lots of fluids. Eat small, frequent meals. Eat light foods, such as fish, chicken and well-cooked eggs. Eat less fibre until the diarrhoea improves. Avoid greasy and fatty foods. Avoid spicy foods. Wind After radiotherapy, some people have more wind. Some types of bowel surgery can also cause wind. It can also be caused by constipation and some medicines. If you find the wind difficult to cope with, talk to your doctor or specialist nurse. If passing wind becomes painful, tell your doctor. What you can do Eat and drink slowly. Take small mouthfuls and chew food well. Avoid beans, pickles, sweetcorn, onions and fizzy drinks. Try two teaspoons of peppermint water dissolved in a glass of warm water. Charcoal tablets may help - you can get some from your chemist. Gentle exercise can help. Try to avoid constipation (see above). Your GP can give you peppermint capsules that may help. Page 7 of 13 Macmillan fact sheet 2015: Eating problems and cancer

25 Your appetite and weight loss Many people with cancer have times when they can t eat as much as usual. Sometimes people lose weight. There are lots of reasons for this. It can be because of the cancer, or it could be a side effect of treatment. Some types of cancer make your body use more energy, even if you re not very active. This can make you lose weight, even though you may still be eating well. Coping with weight loss Weight loss can be upsetting as it can be a visible reminder of your illness. You may worry that the change in your appearance will affect relationships with your partner, family and friends. Or you may feel self-conscious about eating in front of your family or friends. Many people find it helps to talk about their worries to someone close to them. If you find it difficult to talk about your feelings with your partner, family or friends, you could talk to your doctor or nurse. Some people also find it helpful to speak to a counsellor. Your nurse can tell you how to contact a counsellor. Keep active It s important to try to keep active, even if you are losing weight. Without some form of activity, our muscles can quickly get weak. Gentle exercise, such as going for a short walk, may be all that you need. Your doctor, nurse or physiotherapist can advise you about how much and which type of exercise would be helpful for you. Avoiding weight loss If you are losing weight or finding it hard to eat, you need to find ways to get more calories (energy) and protein in your diet. Your doctor or dietitian may recommend foods that you would normally think of as unhealthy. Adding calories (energy) and protein to your diet If you have a good appetite, it shouldn t be too hard to eat extra calories and protein. If your appetite isn t very good, there are ways to add extra calories and protein to your diet without having to eat more food. Talk to your doctor, nurse or dietitian if you are losing weight or struggling to eat. They may first suggest you eat everyday foods that are high in energy and protein. They might also suggest food supplements. Page 8 of 13 Macmillan fact sheet 2015: Eating problems and cancer

26 Ideas for increasing calories and protein Fortified milk Add 2 to 4 tablespoons of dried milk powder to a pint of full-fat milk. Keep it in the fridge and use it in drinks, on cereal or for cooking. You can also use it instead of water to make soups, jellies, custards and puddings. Cereal and porridge Use fortified milk or a milk-based supplement (see below) on your cereal. Make porridge with full-fat milk or cream. Add golden syrup, maple syrup, honey or sugar. Try adding stewed fruit or dried fruit. Casseroles and soups Add lentils, beans and noodles. Stir a tablespoon of cream into canned soups, or add energy and protein supplements (see below). Grate some cheese over your soup. Try making packet soups using fortified milk (see above). Mashed potato Add cream or butter and sprinkle with grated cheese. Vegetables Melt butter on hot vegetables and have them with grated cheese or a hard-boiled egg. Add a sauce made with fortified milk (see above) or cream. Snacks A handful of nuts or seeds contains lots of calories and is healthy. Crisps, chocolate and ready-made puddings also contain lots of calories and are often easy to eat. Food supplements The best way to get more calories (energy) and protein into your diet is by eating everyday foods. But if you still have problems or keep losing weight, talk to your doctor, nurse or dietitian. They can give you more advice. There are supplements that can add extra energy or protein to your diet. Some replace meals. Others are used with your normal diet. Some of these products are available from your chemist or supermarket. Your doctor, nurse or dietitian will need to prescribe some of them for you. They can also give you advice about how and when to use them. Supplements can be milkshakes, juices, soups, powders or puddings. High-protein or high-energy supplements should only be used with advice from your doctor or dietitian. If you are diabetic, it s important to get advice from your doctor, nurse or dietitian before using food supplements or changing the amount of sugar in your diet. Examples of supplements include: Powdered drinks such as Complan or Build-Up Milk-based supplements Juice-tasting supplements Energy and protein powders. Page 9 of 13 Macmillan fact sheet 2015: Eating problems and cancer

27 Caring for someone with weight loss If you are looking after someone with cancer, it can be upsetting if they have a poor appetite and are losing weight. You might find it hard to know what to do. How much the person can eat and what they like or dislike may change from day to day. It can help to know when their appetite is at its best. Choose these times to treat them to their favourite foods. What you can do Take time to ask the person what they d like to eat. Encourage them to eat small meals and snacks throughout the day, rather than three big meals. Keep servings small and offer second servings. Too much food on the plate can be off-putting. Encourage them to eat when their appetite is good, but try not to push them too much. Keep snacks nearby so they are ready when the person feels hungry. Make a batch of the person s favourite soup or meal and freeze it. This can be used for a quick meal at a later date. Don t freeze anything that has had cream added to it. Talk to the person about their weight loss and the different ways you could both manage it. This can help you both feel more in control. Page 10 of 13 Macmillan fact sheet 2015: Eating problems and cancer

28 Glossary Antibiotics Medicine given to treat an infection. Calories Calories are units of energy contained in food. Your body needs energy from food to function. Chemotherapy A treatment for cancer where drugs are given to destroy cancer cells. Constipation When you find it difficult or painful to open your bowels (go to the toilet). Dietitian An expert in food and nutrition. They can tell you which foods are best for you. Gullet The tube that goes from the mouth to the stomach. Food passes down it when you eat. It s also called the oesophagus. Indigestion Pain or discomfort in the upper part of the tummy. It can happen when stomach acid irritates the lining of the stomach. It happens mostly after meals. Nutrients The parts of food that help keep the body healthy. Oesophagus - The tube that goes from the mouth to the stomach. Food passes down it when you eat. It s also called the gullet. Physiotherapist A healthcare professional trained to treat people using physical methods, such as working with joints and muscles, massage and heat treatment. Protein A substance found in food that is important in a healthy diet. Our body needs protein to function, grow and repair itself. Radiotherapy - A treatment that uses high-energy x-rays to destroy cancer cells. Saliva Also called spit. Helps to keep your mouth healthy and moist. Salivary glands Glands around the mouth that make saliva. Speech therapist A professional who can help if you have problems with speech and swallowing. Supplements Things that can be added to your diet to boost your intake of calories, protein and nutrients. Supplements can be drinks, powders or foods. Surgery - A way of treating cancer by removing all or part of the cancer. This is also called doing an operation. Targeted therapy - A cancer treatment using drugs that interfere with the way that cancer cells grow. Also called biological therapy. Page 11 of 13 Macmillan fact sheet 2015: Eating problems and cancer

29 More information in other languages We have information in other languages about these topics: Types of cancer Breast cancer Large bowel cancer Lung cancer Prostate cancer Treatments Chemotherapy Radiotherapy Surgery Coping with cancer Claiming benefits End of life Healthy eating If you re diagnosed with cancer a quick guide Side effects of cancer treatment Tiredness (fatigue) and cancer What you can do to help yourself To see this information, go to macmillan.org.uk/translations Speak to us in another language You can call Macmillan free on and speak to us in your own language through an interpreter. You can talk to us about your worries and medical questions. Just tell us, in English, the language you want to use. We are open Monday to Friday, 9am to 8pm. If you have problems hearing you can use textphone or Text Relay. Page 12 of 13 Macmillan fact sheet 2015: Eating problems and cancer

30 References and thanks All of this information has been written and edited by Macmillan Cancer Support s Cancer Information Development team. The information in this fact sheet is based on the Macmillan booklets Eating problems and cancer and The building-up diet. We can send you copies, but the full booklets are only available in English. The content has been reviewed by relevant experts and approved by our medical editor, Dr Tim Iveson, Consultant Medical Oncologist and Macmillan Chief Medical Editor. With thanks to Debbie Provan, National AHP Lead for Cancer Rehabilitation & Macmillan TCAT Project Manager, and Loraine Gillespie, Dietetic Manager. Thanks also to the people affected by cancer who reviewed this edition. All our information is based on the best evidence available. For more information about the sources we use, please contact us at bookletfeedback@macmillan.org.uk MAC15753 Content reviewed: December 2015 Next planned review: 2018 Page 13 of 13 Macmillan fact sheet 2015: Eating problems and cancer

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