The Gender Index. Gender Inequality in Israel. Hagar Tzameret-Kertcher Hanna Herzog Naomi Chazan. Yulia Basin Ronna Brayer-Garb Hadass Ben Eliyahu

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1 The Gender Index Gender Inequality in Israel 216 Hagar Tzameret-Kertcher Hanna Herzog Naomi Chazan Yulia Basin Ronna Brayer-Garb Hadass Ben Eliyahu

2 2 The Gender Index The Gender Index is an innovative tool developed by WIPS The Center for the Advancement of Women in the Public Sphere at the Van Leer Jerusalem Institute, which serves to evaluate gender inequality in Israel across a spectrum of fields over time. The Gender Index is based on the calculation of gender inequality in Israel in key domains: education, the labor market, gendered segregation of professions, poverty, power, media and culture, health, violence against women, time and family status; as well as gender inequality in the periphery and gender inequality in Arab society in Israel. Every year the Index is developed and expanded. The Gender Index addresses issues of diversity and social structures of inequality by looking at the intersections of gender with ethnicity and graphical location. The Gender Index is a tool for decision-makers in the government and the public institutions. Education Labor Market Gendered Segregation of Professions Poverty The Level of Inequality Over the Years The level of gender inequality remained largely stable between 24 and 21. Since 211, the level of inequality was slightly reduced, but this was due more to the worsening in various aspects of men's employment than to the advancement in the state of women. Inequality Equality Power Media and Culture Family Status Time Violence against Women Health Arab Society Periphery Throughout the booklet women are marked in gray and men in black

3 4 Continuous Gender Gap in All Areas of Life In most areas of life the gender gap is maintained in favor of men. In some areas the gender gap even increases over time % 69.5% 8% 4, 38,862 4% 2, 6,955 % Labor Force Participation, by Gender Number of CEO's 7,439 11,114 12, 1% 12.5% 87.5% 8, 4, % % 24 Average Monthly Salary, by Gender (NIS) Popular Singers' Charts, by Gender

4 6 Continuous Gender Gap in All Areas of Life Magnitude of Inequality 7 The calculation of the magnitude of inequality enables to identify in which area the gender gap is the greatest and in which the smallest Political and Economic Power 57.1% Gendered Segregation of Professions 52.4% Number of Women in the Knesset Arab Society 45.1% 76% 9% Poverty 32.8% 24% 6% 3% 215 % women and Men in News Coverage The Labor Market 3.7% Time 14.% Periphery 29.% Education 3.7%

5 8 Education and Employment More and more women are acquiring higher education and expanding their fields of study. However, structural and cultural obstacles limit their ability to translate these achievements into improvements in the labor market and in attaining power positions % 2.5% 3% Hi-Tech 182,774 Care Professions 174,978 Teaching Professions 227,355 Law Health Professions Architecture and Engineering 15% 1,489 67,296 84,12 % ,252 25,764 2,925 35,579 26,161 26,282 Rate of Those with Years of Education Gender Inequality in Professions Gendered Segregation in Employment Gendered Segregation in Higher Education 25.9% 25.9% 3% 6% Fields of Employment 15% 3% % 1995 Rate of Those with 16+ Years of Education % 24 Fields of Education Gender Segregation in Professions and in Higher Education

6 1 Work-Family Balance Women are still primarily responsible for care of family members and house work. This is Invisible Work which is unrecognized and unpaid, but functions as a barrier for women from a full and equal participation in the labor market and the public sphere 11 5 Muslim Women Jewish Women Christian Women Druze Women Fertility Rate by Population Groups Fertility Rate, 6, 25% 4% 18, 3, 15% 2% 12, 6, % 1996 % Number of Part-Time Workers, by Gender Women Working Part-Time Due to Home-Making Women Unemployed Due to Home-Making Heads of Single-Parent Families, by Gender

7 12 Vulnerability Women on the whole are poorer than men and are more exposed to gender-based violence. These facts effect their presence and positions in the public sphere % 17.1% 8,938 4,154 1, 25% 2% 5, % 1% 1999 Number of New Calls to Rape Crisis Centers Incidence of Poverty after Transfer Payments and Taxes, by Gender 81,958 62% 83% 1% 14, 51,659 5% 7, % 24 Feeling of Safety While Walking in the Street, by Gender 24 Recipients of Income Support, by Gender

14 Economic and Political Power Key positions of power in the political and economic arenas are still largely held by men 15 77% 3 Women MP's Women Ministers 14, 96,496 23% 2 59,644 1 7, Senior

8 14 Economic and Political Power Key positions of power in the political and economic arenas are still largely held by men 15 77% 3 Women MP's Women Ministers 14, 96,496 23% 2 59, , Senior Academic Faculty, by Gender 1995 Number of Women in the Knesset and the Government 23 Senior Managerial Positions, by Gender 25 Sweden 44% 3 U.S.A 19% Britain 29% Poland 27% 2 1 Spain 4% Israel 27% 6 24 Heads of Local Municipalities, by Gender Women in Parliaments Around the World, 216

9 16 Diversity Among Women 17 In order to fully understand the lives and perspectives of different women we also have to consider their ethnic and national identities, their economic status, geographic location, and exposure to violence. The intersection between gender and other social factors creates many differences among women, and point to the more disadvantaged groups. Thus, the average monthly wage of Arab women is significantly lower than that of Arab men and that of Jewish women. Women in the geographic periphery earn less than men in these locations and less than women in the center. Periphery 5,75 nis 64% 7% 28% 35% Center 11,677 nis Center 7,699 nis % 23 Labor Market Participation, by Gender 5,271 7,662 5,271 7,19 8, Periphery 8,648 nis Arab Jewish 4, Average Monthly Salary of Jewish and Arab Women 24 Average Monthly Salary in Arab Society in Israel, by Gender Average Monthly Salary in the Center and the Periphery

10 18 Policy Recommendations 19 1 change Setting measurable objectives for reducing gender gaps in various fields and achieving significant within a decade 4 women Rethinking the gendered structure of the labor market to address the need for work-family balance (including altering the work patterns of men, rearranging responsibilities and rethinking time distribution between men and in the home) 2 Using gender mainstreaming strategies to ensure equal representation for women and men in decision-making at all levels 5 of Reconceptualizing and recalculating national accounts to reflect the activities and economic contributions of the invisible work women 3 Promoting legislation that will ensure systematic data collection by gender The Van Leer Jerusalem Press, 216 Design: Yael Katzeer, katzeery@gmail.com Printiv Press Jerusalem

The Center for the Advancement of Women in the Public Sphere (WIPS) at the Van Leer Jerusalem Institute

status of women in diverse social groups.

relates to both women and men and to all social structures the WIPS center aims to make gender equality

WIPS conducts research, promotes strategic thinking, and initiates projects and programs in areas

The founders of WIPS seek to make it a framework that brings together women s organizations, feminist

will serve as a source of knowledge, guidance, and experience for anyone interested in promoting gender

The development and publication of the Gender Index was made possible by generous donations from the

11 The Center for the Advancement of Women in the Public Sphere (WIPS) at the Van Leer Jerusalem Institute is committed to gender mainstreaming as an overall strategy for promoting the democratic and civil status of women in diverse social groups. Through its focus on transforming the issue of gender inequality into a general social worldview that relates to both women and men and to all social structures the WIPS center aims to make gender equality an inseparable part of the thought and action of legislators and decision makers in various areas. WIPS conducts research, promotes strategic thinking, and initiates projects and programs in areas relevant to implementing gender mainstreaming and gender equality in Israel. The founders of WIPS seek to make it a framework that brings together women s organizations, feminist activists, researchers, legislators, and decision makers, so that their dialogue and sharing of ideas will serve as a source of knowledge, guidance, and experience for anyone interested in promoting gender equality and gender mainstreaming in Israel. The development and publication of the Gender Index was made possible by generous donations from the following foundations: רחוב ז'בוטינסקי 43, ירושלים 9141, ת"ד 47, טל ; פקס Jabotinsky St., Jerusalem 9141, P.O.B. 47, Tel , Fax شارع جابوتنسكي 43 القدس 914 ص. ب. 47 تلفون: فاكس: vanleer@vanleer.org.il

From Gendered Practice. to Practice of Equality

From Gendered Practice. to Practice of Equality Advancement of Women In the Public Sphere This field guide presents the program of Gender Equality in Action and its intervention model, developed to promote gender equality in organizations. The program