MONGOLIA - PREVALENCE OF UNDERWEIGHT CHILDREN (UNDER FIVE YEARS OF AGE)

Transcription

1 MONGOLIA 4. Prevalence of underweight children (under five years of age) Kachondham Y. Report of a consultancy on the Mongolian Child Nutrition Survey. Institute of Nutrition. Nakompathom, Thailand; 1992 Kachondham Y. Report on the 2nd national child and nutrition survey. Mongolia Institute of Nutrition and Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand, 2000 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2000 Acronym CNS92 CNS99 MICS00 20 MONGOLIA - PREVALENCE OF UNDERWEIGHT CHILDREN (UNDER FIVE YEARS OF AGE) % of children under CNS92 CNS99 MICS00 Observed Line MDG Line CNS92: Children 0-3 years old. CNS99, MICS00: Children 0-4 years old. Percentage of children under five years who are classified as undernourished according to the anthropometric index of nutritional status: weight-for-age. The index is expressed in terms of the number of standard deviation (SD) units from the median of the NCHS/CDC/WHO international reference 1

2 population. Children are classified as malnourished if their z-scores are below minus two standard deviations (-2 SD) from the median of the reference population. To achieve MDGs (to halve the prevalence of underweight children), 2.8% of annual reduction is needed between , shown as MDG line in the graph. Mongolia s progress, shown as observed line, is slower than MDG line, and it is about 0.3 % of annual increase. Additional indicators: Stunting, Breastfeeding, Vitamin A Prevalence of stunting (height for age <2 Z-scores) in children under 5 (%) % of infants under 6 months who are exclusively breastfed 0-3 months 4-6 months % of children months who consumed vitamin A supplements Note: Breastfeeding status refers to 24 hours preceding the survey. Stunting data refers children the same age as underweight. Source: For vitamin A, UNICEF/Nutrition Section survey 2000 For stunting and breastfeeding, the same as underweight 2

3 13. Under-five mortality rate Acronym 1994 Mongolian Demographic Survey (indirect) MDS94i 1998 Reproductive Health Survey (indirect) RHS98i 1998 Reproductive Health Survey (direct) RHS98d 2000 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey MICS00i 200 MONGOLIA - UNDER-FIVE MORTALITY Under-five mortality rate (per 1000 births) MDS94i RHS98d RHS98i MICS00i KH line WDI04 MDG Line Direct estimates: Infant and under-five mortality rates are calculated from the data from a sample survey that collects birth histories, with a mother being asked for information on the date of birth and, if relevant, the age at death of every live-born child she has had. However, the collection of such information by surveys is complex and requires high levels of interviewer quality and training. The surveys are therefore quite expensive and can only cover small samples. Indirect estimates: Indirectly, under-five mortality and infant mortality can be calculated by asking each woman surveyed for very simple information: her age, the total number of children she has borne, and the number of those children that have died. Indirect estimates adjust the proportions dead by age group of mother for an estimated exposure distribution in order to arrive at pure measures of under-five mortality and of reference dates for these measures. The information from the younger women gives under-five mortality of more recent years whereas the information from the older women gives under-five mortality of 3

4 more distant years. The adjustment process assumes certain patterns of fertility and under-five mortality by age (East, North, South, West model life tables), and results can be quite sensitive to the choices made. KH line: The line was estimated by fitting a regression line to the relationship between infant or under 5 mortality rates and their reference dates using weighted least squares. The method of estimation is adopted from the papers: 1) K. Hill, R. Pande and G. Jones, Trends in child mortality in the developing world: 1990 to 1995, UNICEF staff working papers, Evaluation, Policy and Planning Series, UNICEF, New York, ) K. Hill et al, Trends in child mortality in the developing world: 1990 to 1996, unpublished report, UNICEF, New York, January The weights are listed in the table in the last section of this document. WDI04: Estimates used for World Development Indicators To achieve MDGs (to reduce under five mortality by 2/3), 4.4% of annual reduction is needed between Mongolia s progress, shown as WDI04 line, is slower than MDG line, and it is about 3.4% of annual reduction between Additional indicators: Child (aged 1-4) mortality rate by gender Child (aged 1-4) mortality rate (per 1000 births) Survey year Male Female Note: Mortality rates are for the ten-year period preceding the survey Source: 4

5 14. Infant mortality rate Acronym 1994 Mongolian Demographic Survey (indirect) MDS94i 1994 Mongolian Demographic Survey (direct) MDS94d 1998 Reproductive Health Survey (indirect) RHS98i 1998 Reproductive Health Survey (direct) RHS98d 2000 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey MICS00i 140 MONGOLIA - INFANT MORTALITY Infant mortality rate (per 1000 births) MDS94i MDS94d RHS98d RHS98i MICS00i KH line WDI04 MDG Line Direct estimates: Infant and under-five mortality rates are calculated from the data from a sample survey that collects birth histories, with a mother being asked for information on the date of birth and, if relevant, the age at death of every live-born child she has had. However, the collection of such information by surveys is complex and requires high levels of interviewer quality and training. The surveys are therefore quite expensive and can only cover small samples. Indirect estimates: Indirectly, under-five mortality and infant mortality can be calculated by asking each woman surveyed for very simple information: her age, the total number of children she has borne, and the number of those children that have died. Indirect estimates adjust the proportions dead by age group of mother for an estimated exposure distribution in order to arrive at pure measures of under-five mortality and of reference dates for these measures. The information from the younger women gives under-five 5

6 mortality of more recent years whereas the information from the older women gives under-five mortality of more distant years. The adjustment process assumes certain patterns of fertility and under-five mortality by age (East, North, South, West model life tables), and results can be quite sensitive to the choices made. KH line: The line was estimated by fitting a regression line to the relationship between infant or under 5 mortality rates and their reference dates using weighted least squares. The method of estimation is adopted from the papers: 1) K. Hill, R. Pande and G. Jones, Trends in child mortality in the developing world: 1990 to 1995, UNICEF staff working papers, Evaluation, Policy and Planning Series, UNICEF, New York, ) K. Hill et al, Trends in child mortality in the developing world: 1990 to 1996, unpublished report, UNICEF, New York, January The weights are listed in the table in the last section of this document. WDI04: Estimates used for World Development Indicators To achieve MDGs (to reduce under five mortality by 2/3), 4.4% of annual reduction is needed between Mongolia s progress, shown as WDI04 line, is slower than MDG line, and it is about 2.4% of annual reduction between Additional indicators: Infant mortality rate by gender Infant mortality rate (per 1000 births) Survey year Male Female Note: Mortality rates are for the ten-year period preceding the survey Source: 6

7 15. Proportion of 1-year-old children immunized against measles Reported to WHO by country Reported to UNICEF by country Mongolia, Child and Development survey-2000 (MICS-2), The graph is taken from WHO web site. Draft WHO/UNICEF estimate: WHO/UNICEF estimates of the most likely coverage for each year and antigen were made based on data from the WHO and UNICEF data bases and information from other sources. WHO and UNICEF consulted with Regional Offices and, where possible, national experts, to seek more in-depth knowledge regarding the functioning of the immunization system. 7

8 Additional indicators: WHO/UNICEF estimate of immunization coverage, BCG, DPT3, Pol3 Immunization coverage (%) WHO/UNICEF estimate BCG DPT3 Pol Source: WHO/UNICEF Review of National Immunization Coverage

9 16. Maternal mortality ratio Estimate by WHO, UNICEF Estimate by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA Estimate by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA Acronym WHO90 WHO95 WHO MONGOLIA - MATERNAL MORTALITY Maternal Mortality Ratio (per 100,000 live births) WHO90 WHO95 WHO00 WHO90: The WHO-UNICEF estimate. For countries with good death registration but poor or non-existent attribution of cause of death. The model is used to predict the proportion of deaths of women of reproductive age that are maternal. This proportion is then applied to the deaths of women of reproductive age actually registered to obtain the number of maternal deaths and the maternal mortality ratio. Source: Revised 1990 estimates of maternal mortality: a new approach by WHO and UNICEF. WHO95:The estimate is developed using the model. The regression model was used to predict the proportion maternal among deaths of women of reproductive age (PMDF), and the prediction was then applied to an envelope of deaths of females of reproductive age in 1995 to estimate maternal deaths. The maternal mortality ratio was then obtained by dividing the number of maternal deaths by an estimate of the number of births in In almost all cases, the deaths envelope was obtained from the UN population projections (1998 Revision). Source: Maternal mortality in 1995: Estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA WHO00: The WHO, UNICEF and UNFPA estimate. The method is used for countries with complete vital registration (as classified by the United Nations Statistics Division and WHO. Complete means 90% or more of adult deaths are reported. WHO estimates of the quality of cause of death attribution were used) with good attribution of cause of death. Maternal mortality estimates are based on the observed value adjusted by a nationally reported adjustment factor if available or by 1.5 if not. In order to reduce the problem of stochastic fluctuation due to small numbers, the average value for the most recent three-year period was used as the basis for the adjustment. Source: Maternal mortality in 2000: Estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF and UNFPA 9

10 17. Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel Reproductive Health Survey 1998 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2000 Acronym RHS98 MICS MONGOLIA - % of Births Attended by Skilled Health Personnel % of Births Attended by Skilled Health Personnel RHS98 MICS00 The year in the graph indicates the year of the survey. MICS00: Proportion of births in the one year before the survey attended by skilled health personnel. Doctor, nurse/midwife, auxiliary midwife is considered to be skilled health personnel. Additional reproductive health indicators: Fertility rate Adolescent fertility Total fertility rate (per woman) rate (per 1000 women aged 15-19) Note: Total fertility rate is average lifetime total of live births per woman at the fertility rates of the year. Adolescent fertility rate is an annual number of live births to girls aged per 1,000 girls aged Source: UNICEF End-decade Databases 10

11 18. HIV prevalence among 15-to-24-year-old pregnant women HIV prevalence among 15-to-24-year-old pregnant women (No data) 11

12 HIV prevalence among pregnant women UNAIDS/WHO Epidemiological Fact Sheet 2002 Update (No data) The graphs are taken from WHO web site. Trends in HIV prevalence among antenatal clinic attendees. The data reported are mainly based on the HIV database maintained by the United States Bureau of the Census where data from different sources, including national reports, scientific publications and international conferences are compiled. Studies conducted in the same year are aggregated and the median prevalence rates are given for each of the categories. The maximum and minimum prevalence rates observed are also provided. The differentiation between the two geographical areas Urban and Rural is not based on strict criteria, such as the number of inhabitants. For most countries, urban areas were considered to be the capital city and where applicable other metropolitan areas with similar socio-economic patterns. The term rural considers that most sentinel sites are not located in strictly rural areas, even if they are located in somewhat rural districts. 12

13 HIV prevalence among young people 15 to 24 years UNAIDS Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic June UNAIDS Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic July (No data) Regarding the UNAIDS data, the estimated number of young people (15-24) living with HIV/AIDS at the end of the year divided by the population of young people (15-24) of the year. The estimates are expressed as a range generated by regional modeling. 13

14 19. Contraceptive prevalence rate Any method and modern method Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2000 Acronym MICS MONGOLIA - CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE 80 Contraceptive prevalence (%) MICS00(any) MICS00 (modern) Percentage of women in union aged who are using any contraception and modern contraception 14

15 Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2000 Acronym MICS00 MONGOLIA - CONDOM USE RATE OF THE CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE RATE 20 Condom use rate (%) MICS00 Percentage of women in union aged who or whose partner are using male or female condoms for contraception among women in union aged who or whose partner are using any method. Simply calculated by: condom use divided by all methods. 15

16 20. Number of children orphaned by HIV/AIDS Number of orphans (No data) Number of children (aged 0-14) currently living whose mother, father or both parents have died due to AIDS (including those children who lost both parents and those who lost one parent to AIDS and the other parent due to another cause) 16

17 Ratio of proportion of orphans to non-orphans aged 10 to 14 years who are attending school (No data) The ratio of children (aged 10-14) who lost both parents and are attending school to non-orphaned children the same age who are attending school 17

18 21. Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria (No data) 18

19 22. Proportion of population in malaria risk areas using effective malaria prevention and treatment measures Bednet usage Acronym (No data) 19

20 Bednet treatment Acronym (No data) 20

21 Malaria treatment Acronym (No data) Percentage of children who received antimalarial medicine, among children who had fever in the last 2 weeks before the survey. 21

22 23. Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis Prevalence rates WHO TB data submitted to the UN in May 2002 Acronym WHO 500 MONGOLIA - TUBERCULOSIS PREVALENCE Prevalence rate per 100, WHO Rates for tuberculosis prevalence excluding cases attributable to HIV/AIDS. Prevalence of smear-positive disease. 22

23 Death rates WHO TB data submitted to the UN in May 2002 Acronym WHO MONGOLIA - TUBERCULOSIS MORTALITY 100 Death rate per 100, WHO Rates for tuberculosis mortality excluding cases attributable to HIV/AIDS. 23

24 24. Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under directly observed treatment short course (DOTS) Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected WHO Report 2004 Global Tuberculosis Control 100 MONGOLIA - PROPORTION OF ESTIMATED NEW SMEAR-POSITIVE TB CASES DETECTED UNDER DOTS DOTS detection rate (%) Proportion of estimated new smear-positive tuberculosis cases detected under DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short Course) 24

25 Proportion of tuberculosis cases cured WHO Report 2004 Global Tuberculosis Control MONGOLIA - PROPORTION OF REGISTERED NEW SMEAR-POSITIVE TB CASES SUCCESSFULLY TREATED UNDER DOTS 100 DOTS treatment success (%) Proportion of registered new smear positive tuberculosis cases successfully treated under DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short Course) 25

26 Data: Maternal mortality Proportion of Prevalence of ratio (per births attended underweight 100,000 live by skilled health children (%) Proportaion of 1-year-old children immunized against measles (%) births) personnel (%) HIV prevalence among 15-to-24-year-old pregnant women HIV prevalence among pregnant women (%) Reported by Reported by WHO/UNICE country to country to F estimate WHO UNICEF Government official estimate Reported doses administered Survey months Survey <12 months Major urban areas, age Major urban areas, age Outside major urban areas, age Outside major urban areas, age Urban Rural Minimum Median Maximum Minimum Median Maximum Ratio of proportion of Condom use Number of orphans to non- Proportion of Proportion of rate of the children orphans aged 10 Prevalence and tuberculosis tuberculosis contraceptive orphaned by to 14 years who death rates Treatment Tuberculosis Tuberculosis cases detected cases cured Contraceptive prevalence rate HIV/AIDS are attending associated w ith Bednet usage bednet usage Malaria prevalence rate death rate (per under DOTS under DOTS HIV prevalence among young people aged (% ) prevalence rate (% ) (% ) currently living school (% ) malaria (% ) (% ) treatm ent (% ) (per 100,000) 100,000) (% ) (% ) Fem ale low Female high Male low Male high Modern estim ate estim ate estimate estimate All mdthods methods

27 Estimates of Under-five mortality and IMR, data and weights used for estimation: KH line MDS94 Indirect RHS98 direct Under-five mortality rate (per 1000 births) Data used RHS98 Indirect MICS2000 Indirect Rate Reference year Rate Weight Reference year Rate Weight Reference year Rate Weight Reference year Rate Weight Infant mortality rate (per 1000 births) Data used KH line MDS94 Indirect MDS94 Direct RHS98 direct RHS98 Indirect MICS2000 Indirect Rate Reference year Rate Weight Reference year Rate Weight Reference year Rate Weight Reference year Rate Weight Reference year Rate Weight