ISSN Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol 3 (16) December 2012

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1 A Study on Women Empowerment in South-Asian Countries: A Contemporary Analysis Shobana Nelasco Department of Economics, Bharathidasan University, Kajamalai, Trichy , TN, India Doi: /mjss.2012.v3n16p37 Abstract Women are marginalized in the human society from the day of its origin in all parts of the world. Like any other region of the world, south Asia is not a region, with this major problem. This paper is an attempt to make a comparative analysis on Women empowerment in seven South Asian countries. Since international comparison provides us a better comparison of status, ranking is compared mainly. This comparison can be done effectively by comparing few indices like Gender Related Development index, Gender empowerment measure, Gender inequality in Education, Gender Inequality in Economic activity, Political Empowerment Measure etc. This paper is a small piece of a major research done over this area. This paper has compared only the comparative women empowerment indicators like Gender Related Development index and Gender empowerment measure for a point of time and found that women are not in equal status throught this South Asian Region. Again Gender Development index ranking and Human Development Ranking alone are compared over a period of time ie. from 1994 to The overall analysis has brought a conclusion that South Asia is a region that need special attention from the world and international agencies for its gender empowerment and human development as they are ranked beyond 134 th Rank in Human Development Index and are placed beyond 98 th rank in case of Gender Development Index except in case of Sri lanka and Maldives where there are continuous crisis. Keywords: Marginalization-Empowerment - Gender Related Development index - Gender empowerment measure ranking of countries Introduction The women's advancement is a process, by which women achieve increased control over their own and public decision making. Empowerment means moving from a position of Powerlessness to the one of power. Women Empowerment is a broader concept including economic empowerment assessed by earning capacity, economic status, type of employment, etc., Social empowerment is calculated by health, education etc. Political empowerment is assessed by the percentage of women in parliament, percentage of women in legislature etc. The crimes against women are also an indicator to assess the level of women empowerment. It needs no research to say that women are marginalized in the human society. Marginalization of Women It needs no research to say that women are marginalized in the human society from the day of its origin. Women bear almost all responsibility for meeting basic needs of the family, yet are ~ 37 ~

2 systematically denied the resources, information and freedom of action they need to fulfill this responsibility. The vast majority of the world's poor are women. Two-thirds of the world's illiterates are female. Of the millions of school age children not in school, the majority are girls. And today, HIV/AIDS is rapidly becoming a woman's disease. In several southern African countries, more than three-quarters of all young people living with HIV are women. Whenever the world food price prices rise, it has significant and severe impact on women and their consumption. While, millions of people eat two or three times a day, a significant percentage of women eat only once. To ensure that their children are fed, they deny themselves even that one meal in many cases. These women are already suffering the effects of even more severe malnutrition, which inevitably will be their children's fate as well. Like any other region of the world, south Asia is not a region, with this major problem. Whenever the women are supported and empowered, the remaining society is benefitted. They give birth to healthy children, they support their family productively in all possible better ways and they help the forthcoming generation to make the world a better place for everyone to live. Area of study-asia Asia is the largest continent in the world. Based on the regions, Asian Developing countries 1 are divided into South-East Asian countries, the South Asian countries, Central Asian Economies and Pacific DMCs. Southern Asia, is the southern region of the Asian continent, which comprises the sub-himalayan countries. South Asia is surrounded (clockwise, from west to east) by Western Asia, Central Asia, Eastern Asia, Southeastern Asia and the Indian ocean. South Asia consists of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Some definitions may include Afghanistan, Burma, Tibet, and the British Indian Ocean Territories. Some definitions may exclude Pakistan. South Asia is home to over one fifth of the world's population, making it both the most populous and most densely populated geographical region in the world. Methodology and Problem of Study Comparative analysis on Women empowerment in seven South Asian countries is carried out in this paper. International comparison provides us a better comparison. It helps us to gain better knowledge about the Women empowerment among nations. This comparison can be done effectively by comparing few indices like Gender Related Development index, Gender empowerment measure, Gender inequality in Education, Gender Inequality in Economic activity, Political Empowerment Measure etc. This paper is a small piece of a major research done over this area. This paper is concentrating only on the comparative women empowerment indicators like Gender Related Development index and Gender empowerment measure for a point of time only. Gender Development index ranking and Human Development Ranking alone are compared over a period of time ie. from 1994 to Asian Development Outlook, 2001, Asian Development Bank, Oxford University Press. ~ 38 ~

3 Source: UNDP Human Development Report Gender Related Development Index a comparison Countries GDI HDI Life expectancy rate at birth Adult literacy rate % 15 & above Combined gross enrolment ratio% Estimated earned income% Rank Value Rank Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri lanka A Comparison of Gender Related Development Index in South Asia The following table attempts to compare the Gender Related Development Index and its components like Life expectancy rate at birth for female to male, Adult literacy rate of age 15 & above the % of female to male, Combined gross enrolment ratio% of female to male and Estimated earned income% of female to male. The data above shows the gender related development index of 7 south-east Asian countries in The parameters of gender related development index, like GDI rank and its value, HDI rank, Life expectancy rate at birth for female and male, Adult literacy rate in percentage, aged 15 & above, Combined gross enrolment ratio in education percentage for male and female, Estimated earned income for male and female at ppp US $ and difference between GDI and HDI. Gender Related Development Index-GDI GDI value is calculated using Life expectancy rate at birth for female and male, Adult literacy rate in percentage, aged 15 & above, Combined gross enrollment ratio in education percentage for male and female and Estimated earned income for male and female at ppp US$ I In 2007, Sri Lanka was in the top of GDI among south-east Asian countries with 83 rd rank. Maldives was second with 94 th rank. Bhutan holds 113 th and India holds 114 th rank. Nepal got 119 th rank. Bangladesh got 123 rd rank and Pakistan was in the last with 124 th rank. When comparing with the world countries, over all south east countries rank is poor. Highest rank hold by it is 83 rd only. Human Development Index - HDI In HDI rank also, Sri Lanka was in the top among south-east Asian countries with 102nd rank. Maldives was second with 111 th rank. Bhutan holds 132 th and India holds 134 th rank. Pakistan got 141 st rank, Nepal got 144 and Bangladesh was in the least with 146 th rank. Life expectancy rate at birth Life expectancy rate at birth is one of the indicators in GDI. Sri Lanka has higher rte with 77.9 for female and 70.3 for male. Bhutan has 67 for female and 64 for male. Three countries, Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan has almost same rate with 66.7, 66.9, 66.5 for females and 64.7, 65.6, 65.9 for males respectively. India has 64.9 and 62.6 for female and male respectively which is comparatively low. ~ 39 ~

4 Adult literacy rate Adult literacy rate is the best way to understand the women empowerment. Adult literacy rate was higher in Maldives with 92.9 for female and 93.1 for male. Sri Lanka has 89.1 for female and 92.7 for male. In India it was 54.5 for female and 76.9 for male. Other countries have literacy rate less than 50 in female literacy. In Bangladesh, literacy rate was 48.0 for female and 58.7 for male. In Nepal it was 43.6 for female and 70.1 for male respectively. Pakistan has 39.6 and 67.7 respectively. Bhutan has least literacy rate with 38.7 and 65.0 for female and male respectively. Combined Gross Enrolment Ratio in Education This was used to show how many children were engaged in education (elementary, primary, and higher education). It was higher in Maldives with 70 for both. Sri Lanka has 69.9 and 67.5 female and male respectively. Nepal has 58.1 for female and 63.4 male. In India, it was 57.7 and 63.4 for female and male respectively. It was 53.7 for female and 54.6 for male in Bhutan and 52.5 for female and 51.8 for male in Bangladesh. Pakistan has the least rate with 34.4 for female and 43.9 for male. Estimated Earned Income Estimated earned income is highest for female in Sri Lanka with 3,064 and least as 760 in Pakistan. Considering the male estimated earned income it was highest in Sri Lanka with 5450 and least as1309 in Nepal. Difference in GDI and HDI rank value Difference between GDI and HDI rank value was 2 in Sri Lanka, Maldives and Nepal. In Bangladesh and India it was 0. In Bhutan it was -1 and in Pakistan it was -5. Comparative study on the gender empowerment measure 2007 The gender empowerment measure in South Asian countries is the major indicator for comparing the political empowerment of different countries. This is decided by the Gender empowerment measure rank, Percentage of seats held by women in parliament, Percentage of female legislators, senior officials and managers, Percentage of female professional and technical workers and the estimated ratio of female to male earned income. Countries Comparative study on the gender empowerment measure 2007 Gender Empowerme nt Measure Rank % Seats held by women In Parliament % Female Legislators Senior Officials & Managers %Female Prof & Tech Workers BANGLADESH BHUTAN INDIA MALDIVES NEPAL PAKISTAN SRI LANKA Ratio Estimated Female To Male Earned Income ~ 40 ~

5 Comparative Gender empowerment measure Ranking In gender empowerment measure rank Nepal stands at the top rank with 83. Second was occupied by Maldives with 90 th rank. Sri Lanka got 98 and Pakistan got 99 th ranks respectively. Last is with Bangladesh and its rank was 108. Thus gender empowerment measure is very low in Bangladesh. Looking at Indian position with 1997 data, India is ranked Third among the seven countries. Percentage of seats held by women in parliament Nepal has the highest percentage with 33 held by women in parliament. In Pakistan and Bhutan women held 14%. In Maldives women held 12% seats. In India it was 9. Both in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka it was 6. India Ranks fifth among the Seven South Asian Countries. It is presented in the following bar diagram, where Nepal tops the list. Percentage of seats held by women in parliament in South Asian Countries 2009 Percentage of seats held by women in parliament BANGLADESH BHUTAN INDIA MALDIVES Percentage of Female Legislators, Senior Officials and Managers The Percentage of Female Legislators, Senior Officials and Managers was highest in Sri Lanka with 24%. Pakistan stands second with 21%. Maldives and Nepal has 14 and Bangladesh has 10 percent. Considering the status of India based on the 1997 data, it stands last. And hence Indian government needs to consider this area for women empowerment. Percentage of Female Professional and Technical Workers The Percentage of Female Professional and Technical Workers was highest in Maldives with 49% and next comes Sri Lanka with 46%. In Bangladesh it was 22% and in Nepal it was 20%. And last rank goes to Pakistan with 3%. For India and Bhutan data are not available. Estimated Ratio of female to male earned income Estimated Ratio of female to male earned income was highest in Nepal with In Sri Lanka it was 0.56 and in Maldives it was Bangladesh has the ratio of In Bhutan it was 0.39 and in India it was Since data for 1997 is also given it is seen the ratio has come down from 0.38 to Least was in Pakistan with These figures are presented in bar diagram. NEPAL Countries PAKISTAN SRI LANKA ~ 41 ~

6 Comparative Ratio Estimated Female to Male Earned Income in South Asian Countries in 2007 Ratio of Estimated Female t Male Earned Income BANGLADESH BHUTAN INDIA MALDIVES NEPAL Countries PAKISTAN SRI LANKA Trend of HDI, GDI /GII in South Asia Human Development Index (HDI) and Gender Related Development Index (GDI) is compared in this analysis. In 2011 Report, instead of the Gender Development Index, Gender Inequality Index is used. Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure reflecting inequality in achievements between women and men in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment and the labour market. Gender Development Index and Human Development Index of South Asian Countries Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka YEAR GDI HDI GDI HDI GDI HDI GDI HDI GDI HDI GDI HDI GDI HDI Rvalue Source: UNDP Human Development Reports ~ 42 ~

7 Human Development Index of South Asian Countries Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri lanka Gender Development Index of South Asian Countries Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka In case of both Human Development Index and Gender Development Index, Maldives and Sri lanka are placed in a better position. There is a great gap over these two countries and the remaining countries, though they are in the same region. While analysing the reason few major reasons are assigned. There has been clan clash in Sri lanka over many years, due to the suppression of minority clan. And the women alone stay at home and they are forced to earn for their survival and this crisis has helped them to elevate the position of their women and in turn the human development in this country. Again Maldives, though associated with Asian region, is excluded more from this region. And this island state faces continuous risk for life. And as everyone is aware of the ~ 43 ~

8 fact that this group of small islands face the crisis of its existence itself, due to the raising of global warming and the subsequent rise in sea water level. This fear is accentuated by the establishment of nuclear plants by nearby countries and the resultant sea water warming. The fight for the survival and living has helped these countries to raise their standard and are ranked in a better position. The other four countries have invariably in same lower position with high ranks. Again Karl Pearson s correlation co-efficient is worked out between GDI and HDI for all countries. The result shows that except in case of Nepal and Maldives, in all other countries, high human development is directly related to high Gender development index and hence efforts to raise the HDI will directly increase the raise in GDI. Changes in GDI and HDI over 2007 and 2011 GDI 2007 HDI 2007 GII 2011 HDI 2011 Rank Position Rank Position Rank Position Rank Position Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri lanka While glancing at the Human Development Index, Bangladesh ranks the last 146 and Nepal the next with 144 th rank, Pakistan stands in the 141 st position, then comes India with 134 th rank. Bhutan stands in the third position in South Asia. Maldives and Sri Lanka stands in the first and second position as in the case of GDI. In both the cases Maldives and Sri Lanka are in a better of position. Bangladesh and Nepal are in worst position. This analysis has brought to the light that countries with high Human Development Index will have Gender Development Index. There are lot of changes in 2011 over these two indices. There are shifts in positions among themselves. Maldives lost the first position in HDI and Sri Lanka got the first position, while their GDI rank remains the same. In case of HDI calculations, India has got third position in HDI in South Asian Region, while Bhutan leaves the third and goes to fourth position of India. While looking at the Gender Development Index, India goes to the last position in the region. Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan are under the Low Human Development Index, whereas the other four countries come under the medium human development index in both 2007 and Findings and Conclusions First an analysis is done to compare the Gender Related Development Index and its components like Life expectancy rate at birth for female to male, Adult literacy rate of age 15 & above the % of female to male, Combined gross enrolment ratio% of female to male and Estimated earned income% of female to male for all South Asian Countries and found that women are not in equal status. Then Gender empowerment measure is compared. The GEM rank, Percentage of seats held by women in parliament, Percentage of female legislators, senior officials and managers, Percentage of female professional and technical workers and the estimated ratio of female to male earned income etc are compared and found that in all the South Asian countries women are in a far worst position when compared to men. ~ 44 ~

9 In the next analysis, the Human Development Index (HDI) and Gender Related Development Index (GDI) were compared. Karl Pearson s correlation co-efficient is worked out between GDI and HDI for all countries. The result shows that except in case of Nepal and Maldives, in all other countries, high human development is directly related to high Gender development index and hence efforts to raise the HDI will directly increase the raise in GDI. The overall analysis has brought a conclusion that South Asia is a region that need special attention from the world and international agencies for its gender empowerment and human development as they are ranked beyond 134th Rank in Human Development Index and are placed beyond 98th rank in case of Gender Development Index except in case of Sri lanka and Maldives where there are continuous crisis. Bibliography Key Indicators for Asia and Pacific, ADB Publication UNDP Human Development Report Aiyar, S. A, Narayan, D, and Raju, K. (2007). Empowerment through self-help groups. In D. Narayan and E. Glinskaya (Eds.). Ending Poverty in South Asia: Ideas that work (pp ). Washington DC: The World Bank. Archana Kumari Sahu (2000), Women Empowerment: challenges & prospects Competition Refresher May, 2000 Bridging the Gender Gap: Opportunities and Challenges, Report No PAK A Plan to Get Girls in School in Pakistan Hadi, A. (2005). Women's productive role and marital violence in Bangladesh. Journal of Family Violence, 20(3), Narayan, D. (2002). Empowerment and poverty reduction: A sourcebook (Ed.). Washington, DC: The World Bank. Narayan, D. (2005a). Conceptual framework and methodological challenges. In D. Narayan (Ed.), Measuring empowerment: Cross-disciplinary perspectives (pp.3-38). Washington, DC: World Bank. Shamila Daluwatte - Attorney-at-Law Sri Lanka, Paper published in Brandies Gender and Development forum news letter. ~ 45 ~

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