Women Empowerment in India - A Dream Yet To Be Fulfilled

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1 Women Empowerment in India - A Dream Yet To Be Fulfilled Dr.Nabanita Deka Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Women s College, Tinsukia, Assam, India ABSTRACT : Women empowerment has become such a topic which has very frequently been used in the discussions not only among the intellectuals but also among the commoners. Women empowerment means to let women live their own life in a way they think appropriate on the basis of their conditions, family circumstances, qualities and capabilities of which they themselves are the best judges. On the other hand, equal status, opportunity and freedom to develop themselves and to ensure their participation in the process of decision making in all spheres including political, economic and social processes. It is moving from the position enforced powerlessness to one of power. Educational attainment and economic participation are the key factors in ensuring the improvement of women. Frankly speaking the concept of women empowerment is very complex in itself indeed very fuzzy also specially in the Indian context. In India we need to do a lot to achieve this in the reality. Present paper is an attempt to throw some light on it from various perspectives. Keywords: Educational attainment, Economic participation, Equal status, Freedom, Powerlessness, Women empowerment. I. Introduction: Empowerment is probably the totality of the similar capabilities like the ability to make decisions about personal circumstances or to access information and resources for decisionmaking. Moreover, it is the ability to consider a range of options from which to choose and having positive thinking about the ability to make change. Empowerment is increasing one s positive self-image and overcoming stigma and increasing one s ability in discreet thinking to sort out right and wrong. It enables the people to inform others perceptions through exchange, education and engagement. It involves the growth process and changes that is never ending and self initiated. Women empowerment generally has important components such as women s sense of self worth, their right to have the power of control their own lives, both within and outside home and their ability to influence the direction of social change to create a just social and economic order nationally, internationally and universally. But in our country women in most cases till date cannot take their decision independently. Poor condition of health, preferences for son, female infanticide, female feticide.. all these are mark of women disempowerment. So, women empowerment is a challenge which is to be fulfilled by changing the social structure and social framework. A mass consciousness is required in this aspect to overcome the avoidable problems. Page 67

2 II. Need of the Study: The dignity and culture of a society can be detected from the status of women in that society. Empowerment has now become the key solution to many social problems. Empowerment of women is empowerment of family and in turn development of a nation or a country. Empowerment of women leads to benefit not only to the individual woman and to women groups, but also to the families and community as a whole through collective action for development. Women must define their own needs and goals as well as strategies. A prerequisite for women s participation in development process is their empowerment. Women must exercise full participation in decision making process in all walks of life and fully participate with men in finding equitable and practical solution to issues both in the family and society. My present paper is an attempt to throw light on some important issues related to women s empowerment in India as well as their disempowerment along with their objective analysis. III. Objectives of the Study: This paper deals mainly with the following objectives: 1. To analyse the meaning of the concept of women empowerment. 2. To find out both qualitative & quantitative indicators of it. 3. To analyse the factors of women empowerment. 4. To see the problems of women empowerment 5. To make a study on the problems of Indian women in life 6. And to suggest some measures in this respect. IV. Methodology: This paper is a theoretical one based on secondary data i.e. books, journals, government report etc. For the purpose of present analysis data from the National Family Health Survey has been used. The survey provides information on autonomy of expenditure patterns of women s cash earning, women s participation in decision making and women s freedom movement and the nature of domestic violence experienced by women. The security issues of women are also discussed based on recent report. While writing this paper The Global Gender Gap Report, 2010 of World Economic Forum (WEF), 2011[1], Geneva, Switzerland was also taken into consideration. Besides these the Government of India Census Report, 2011 was also a great source of information V. Review of Related Literature: For writing the present paper review of related literature has been done. A few of them may be cited here Page 68

3 1. Madhukar, G. [2] in his study Political Empowerment of Women in India: A Study published in Emerging Issues on Women Empowerment said that women s participation in the political process is critical both to the strengthening of democratic traditions and to their struggle against oppression. He also said that unless women are brought to the decision making level directly important women issues will never be tacked with the seriousness they require. 2. Dr. Kamanlnayan & Parmar, B [3} in their study Women Empowerment Through ICT published in Working Women: A Paradigm Shift opined that the lack of gender sensitivity in the media is evidenced by the failure to eliminate the gender based stereotyping that can be found in public and private local, national and international media organizations. VI. Result and Discussion: A] What is women empowerment? Power means control over material assets, intellectual resources and ideology. So the word empower means to make or cause power[4]. Empowerment literally means becoming powerful. In that perspective the empowerment of women and the improvement of their status, particularly in respect of education, health and economic opportunities is highly important. Women need to be empowered in order to become strong and ready to take up new challenges for the building up of the family, society and the nation. In fact women empowerment is human empowerment itself. Women empowerment can be considered a process which helps women to change other women by creating awareness. The concept of women empowerment was introduced at the International Women s Conference at NAROIBI in According to the country report of Government of India presented at Fourth World Conference on Women at Beijing Empowerment means working from a position of enforced powerlessness to one of power. It would promote women s inherent strength and selfimage [5]. B] Indicators of Women Empowerment As per Beijing Conference 1995, the qualitative and quantitative indicators of women empowerment are as follows: (i) Qualitative : 1. Increase in self esteem, individual and collective confidence. 2. Increase in health, nutrition, reproductive rights, Law and literacy related awareness. 3. Increase or decrease of workloads in new programmes. Page 69

4 4. Change in roles and responsibility in family and community. 5. Change in social custom like child marriage, dowry, and discrimination against widows. 6. Formation of women collectives. 7. Positive change in social attitudes. 8. Increase in decision making power of women over her work and income, etc. (ii) Quantitative : 1. Demographic trends which include maternal mortality rate, fertility rate, sex ratio, life expectancy at birth and average age of marriage. 2. Number of women participating in different development programmes. 3. Visible change in physical health status and nutritional level. 4. Changes in literacy and enrolment levels. 5. Participation of women in political process etc. C] Factors for Women Empowerment Factors responsible for women empowerment include all personal, economic, familial and political aspects. Kabeer [6] listed the following factors for women empowerment. 1. One s own decision making power 2. Access to information and resources for taking proper decision 3. Availability of range of options from which choices can be made (not just yes/no, either/or) 4. Ability to exercise assertiveness in collective decision making 5. Positive thinking on the ability to make change 6. Ability to learn skills for improving one s personal or group power 7. Ability to change other s perceptions by democratic means 8. Involvement in the growth process and changes that is never ending and selfinitiated 9. Increasing one s positive self image and overcoming stigma 10. Increasing one s ability in discreet thinking to sort out right and wrong. Amin, Becker and Bayues (1998) split the concept of women empowerment into three components. 1. Inter spouse consultation index which seeks to represent the extent to which husband consults their wife in house hold affairs Page 70

5 2. Individual autonomy index which represents women s self reported autonomy of physical movement outside the house and in matters of spending money 3. Authority index which reports on actual decision making power. Hashemi [7] indicated eight indicators of women empowerment as. Mobility, economic security, ability to make a small purchase, ability to make large purchases, involvement in major decisions, relative freedom from domination by the family, political and legal awareness and involvement in political campaigning and protest. D] Problems of Women Empowerment: The parameters which are generally used to analyse women empowerment in Indian context are literacy rate, work participation rate, sex ratio, Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR), Gender Development Index (GDI), Human Development Index (HDI), women s political participation and crime against women. Here I have discussed some problems of women empowerment which are mentioned below. In Indian society because of patriarchy women have no basic right to live. One of the hurdles in the way of empowerment is the dominating attitude of the male colleagues. The very important reason of Gender discrimination in our society is a patriarchal sense which rarely ensures that women have an independent right to take decision. Female infanticide, domestic violence and dowry system are associated with patriarchy. All women whether they live in rural, urban and semi-urban region, they are still demanding for social justice. Problem coming in the way of empowerment from exploration in every realm. Women have been exploited in all ages and thus could not break the process of illiteracy, poverty and tradition overnight. The cases of sexual assault never end. Most of the women work in non government sector. They never get pay for house hold work. Men are also never sensitive for women s double work in both house and office. The women s reservation bill is pending in parliament. In the Panchayati Raj system, however, women have been given representation as a sign of political empowerment. However, their power is restricted by male members of Panchayati Raj. In practical, welfare and development schemes and programmes for women made by government are not implemented successfully. E] Why Women Empowerment Is Needed In India? What Are The Problems Faced By Them In Our Society? The principle of gender equality is enshrined in the Indian constitution in its preamble, Fundamental rights, Fundamental Duties and Directive Principal of State Policy. The Page 71

6 constitution officially grants equality to women and also empowers the state to adopt measures of positive discrimination in favour of women. The role of education in facilitating social and economic progress is well accepted. Access to education is critical for benefiting from emerging opportunities that are accompanied by economic growth. Keeping in view this accepted fact there has been a thrust on education of girls since India s independence. There are some basis through which a differentiation between men and women is seen. a) Population of women: According to Census of India, The total population of India was million persons which include million males and million females. It is obvious from the data that the population of females is less than the population of males. As an independent group, women constitute 48.26% of the total population of India as per 2011 Census report. Although, the decadal population growth of females from 2001 to 2011 has been favourable as it is clear from these figures that 18.12% in comparison to 17.19% of males and 17.64% of persons, while the same case has been different in case of population in age group of 0 6 years of age. The percentage of total population of 0-6 years of age in 2011 was 12.93% of females, 13.30% of males and 13.12% of persons, so it is clear that the percentage of females in percentage to total population in age group of 0 6 years was less than the percentage of males and persons. Furthermore, the percentage of total population of 0 6 years of age in 2001 was 15.88% of females, 15.97% of males and 15.93% of persons, so it is also clear from the data that the percentage of males in percentage to total population in age group of 0 6 years in 2001 was also less than the percentage of males and persons. The decline in percentage of population in age group of 0-6 years in 2011 in comparison of 2001 was also higher in females that (-) 2.95 in comparison of males (-) 2.67 and (-)2.81 in persons. It shows that there has been a discriminatory attitude towards the birth of child in India and the case is being serious since Table 1: Sex Ratio of Some Selected Countries. World Average 984 Russian Federation 1167 Japan 1055 Brazil 1042 USA 1025 Indonesia 988 Nigeria 987 India 940 China 926 Source : Census of India, Page 72

7 It can be seen from the Table 1 that the sex ratio of India (940) is way below the world average i,e, 984 and is lower than the sex ratio of the developed countries. Table 2: Sex Ratio in India from 1901 to 2011 Years Sex Ratio Source : Census of India, It can be observed from the Table 2 that India s sex ratio has decreased since However, in the last decade there has been a slight improvement in the sex ratio, in 2001 it was 933 and in 2011 it increased to 940. But still the condition is not satisfactory. Table 3: Sex Ratio in Different States of India in 2001 and 2011 States Bihar Gujarat Haryana J & K Punjab Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Source : Census of India, It can be easily interpreted from the Table 3 that the states which had very less sex ratio on 2001, their sex ratio in 2011 have further declined, which is not a good sign. b) Poor Quality of Life: The status of women in our society is low due to poor quality of life. The women in our society are not having good health because of lack of nutritious food which is important for their health. In our country women is dependent Page 73

8 on men which also affect their quality of life because for everything they have to depend on men. c) C) Poor Level of Women Literacy: Table 4: Literacy Rate in India 1951 to 2011 Year Persons Males Females Male-Female Gap in Literacy Rate Source: Census of India, It is clear from the Table 4 that closing the gender gap in education is a development priority. Female literacy rates are very low nationally. Though it has progressively increased yet it is below the desired level. It is clear that female literacy is neglected. This gap ultimately contributes to the social evils against women. Table 5: Female Literacy Rate in Different States in 2011 States Female Literacy Rate Orissa Chhattisgarh MP Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh UP J & K Jharkhand Bihar Rajasthan National Average Source : Census of India, It is being clear from Table 5 that female literacy rate in states such as Rajasthan, Bihar and Jharkhand is very less than the national average. Page 74

9 d) Social Evils: There are many social evils prevalent in India such as Dowry system, Physical & sexual abuse, low safety level of women in society etc, The condition of women in Indian society is very pathetic due to prevalence of social evils which are very much deep rooted. e) Domestic Violence: It is very common in our society because of our social structure which is patriarchal in nature. f) Female Feticide: This is the most common practice in India. The birth of a girl child is still considered a sin in most of the communities. Usually people think that the birth of a baby boy will support the family in the future and secure them. g) Low Level Of Employment: Here women are having low level of employment because they are not considered equal to men. Even they are also not getting equal salary as men. h) Less Ownership on Family Assets: It also affects the status of women in our society. i) Maternal Mortality: It is highest in the world. As females are not given proper attention, which results in the malnutrition and they are married at an early age which leads to pregnancies at younger age when the body is not ready to bear the burden of a child. All these result in complications, which may lead to gynecological problems, which may become serious with time and may ultimately lead to death. F] Suggestions for Improvement: Empowerment of women calls for sensitive, empathetic and egalitarian governmental and non governmental initiatives. It would also ensure change in value system of the society, bringing in greater freedom, reducing oppressions and inequality though next generation. All this will happen when women, incumbents equip themselves well in terms of awareness, competence and representatives with strong political will and urge voluntarily come forward [8]. Some effective steps have to be taken to remove these problems and constraints. Some are mentioned here in below: It is very important to educate the women. Education is an important variable of empowerment. The need of the day is to improve female literacy and education holds the key to development. Women should be aware of various development policies and programmes as well as those pertaining specifically to them. It can be possible, only when they are educated. The community s male members attitude need to get changed. It is required as it can provide within the chance to take part in resisting the discrimination. Page 75

10 Improvement in women s economic status could be facilitated by ensuring wealth matter such as land ownership, head role of house hold etc. The State Human Right Commission needs to have a special cell for women for the speedy disposal of cases of crime against women. In order to empower women we need not only to give them more economic power but bring changes in the entire social, political, educational and legal system of the country because these are responsible for women s status in society. VII. Conclusion: At the end it can be said that women empowerment came to be associated with social justice and equality. The women s group started evolving strategies to achieve the two goals of equality and social justice. Without future digressing into the issue of empowerment of women whether considered in absolute term or in comparison to men (whom women were too afraid to alienate), it was concluded that women s fight is not against men but against the system of patriarchy and all tits manifestations. In the words of Srivastava [9] we can also summarize that Women s development and empowerment through education, changes in their economic, social and political status will ensure sustainable development that we are sure off. Some factors such as traditional caste based attitude, gender insensitivity of the grassroots workers, illiteracy, lack of training of the marginalized women at the grassroots and the prevailing ideology of patriarchy and gender segregation etc. have contributed towards the process of marginalization of women who belong to the deprived sections of the society. Thus it becomes clear that mere change in structure from a composition and representation will not bring the desired changes in the empowerment process. What is needed is proper orientation of the people and their representatives coupled with proper training and awareness programmes. References : [1] World Economic forum (2011): The Global Gender Gap Report, 2010, Geneva. Switzerland. [2] Madhukar, G. (2013): Political Empowerment of Women in India: A study in Emerging Issues on Women Empowerment (edited book) by Kunal Books, New Delhi. page 271. [3] Parmar, Dr Kamalnayan & B. (2013): Women Empowerment through ICT in Working Women, : A paradigm Shift (Edited book) by The ICFAI University Press. Page 97 [4] Beena Dominic, C & Amritha Jothi (2012): Education A tool of Women Empowerment: Historical study based on Kerala Society. International Journal of Scientific & Research Publications Vol. 2, Issue 4 [5] Chauhan, S.S.S and Bansal, G (2002): Various Dimensions of Women s Empowerment Social Welfare. Vol. 49, No.5 Page 76

11 [6] Kabeer, Naila.(2005) : Gender Equality and Women s Empowerment: A Critical Analysis of the Third Millennium Development Goal, Gender and Development, Vol. 13, No-1. Millennium Development Goals( March, 2005) [7] Hashemi, S. M., Schuler, R. and Riley, A. P. (1996) "Rural credit programs and women's empowerment in Bangladesh", World Development, Vol. 24, No. 4, [8] Mishra, S.(2002) : Empowerment of Women in Urban Local Bodies : AN Assessment, Social Welfare, Vol. 49, No.5. [9] Srivastava, A (2009) : Empowerment of Women Need Constraint and Govt Efforts, in Ahmed, R(ed.), Micro-Finance and Women Empowerment [Three Part] Part-I, Mittal Publication, New Delhi. [10] Bindra, Anju (2007): Women and Human Rights, Mangalam Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi. [11] Census of India, (2011), Govt. of India. [12] Mathur, Kanchan (2004): Countering Gender Violence, Sage Publications, New Delhi. [13] Mazumdar, Maya(2004): Social Status of Women in India, Dominant Publishers and Distributors,Delhi [14] National Family Health Survey (NFHS-III) (2009) Govt. of India [15] Thakur Joshi, Savita(1999): Women and Development-the Changing Scenario, Mittal; Publications, New Delhi. [16] Tiwari, Geeta(2006): New Prospects and Development for women, Mahabeer & Sons, New Delhi. Page 77

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