A STUDY OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS AND DECLINE CHILD SEX RATIO IN HIMACHAL PRADESH
|
|
- Erick Underwood
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 A STUDY OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS AND DECLINE CHILD SEX RATIO IN HIMACHAL PRADESH PIAR CHAND RYHAL AND SHASHI PUNAM IntroductIon Considering that India has undergone significant economic and social changes in the past eighteen years, why are female children still at risk despite marked progress in female literacy and increased participation of women in economic and political life? In much of South Asia, sons are preferred over daughters for a number of economic, social and religious reasons, including financial support, old age security, property inheritance, dowry, family lineage, prestige and power, birth and death rituals and beliefs about religious duties and salvation. 1-6 The declining number of females compared to the number of males in Indian population has been a cause for concern during the past three decades brought to attention the growing gender discrimination by analyzing the malefemale sex ratio The results of the 2001 census have further intensified the debate. The main focus has been on the increasing masculinity of the child sex ratio. India already has an abysmal sex ratio, with 80 percent of its districts recording a declining child sex ratio since 1991, as thousand of girls children are being killed before or at birth. This is according to a new report by UNICEF on the global status of children. Kerala, Pondicherry and Lakshadweep Islands are the only exceptions to this rule. 11 The female to male ratio in Himachal Pradesh rose from 884 females per 1000 males in 1901 to 912 in 1951 to 976 (second only to Kerala) in In light of the sharp decrease in the sex ratio for India as a whole, during the same period, this is an extraordinary achievement. But the census figures of and shows a worrying trend in Himachal Pradesh, where less than 900 girls to 1000 boys in the age group of 0-6 years has been reported. During the past 50 years, the gap between the number of women and men Piar Chand Ryhal, Professor and Shashi Punam, Research Scholar, Department of Applied Science and Humanities, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur , Himachal Pradesh. 70 The Journal of Family Welfare
2 was increasing rapidly. During the last 10 years there has been a sharp decline in the sex ratio in general and the child sex ratio in particular, although health and social indicators in Himachal Pradesh have climbed from below the national average to levels that approach or exceed those of Kerala. Himachal Pradesh is one of the fastest growing economies in India, increase in productivity in agriculture from 1951 to As of , its poverty rate was less than percent, the national average (21.8%).15 The greatest parities in wealth that characterize most of India were less severe in Himachal Pradesh. It has also excelled in its commitment to public education: per capita Government expenditure on education and teachers to population ratio has been increased against the national average and the result has been impressive. In 1951, the literacy rate in Himachal Pradesh was only 7.7 percent, the lowest in India, and less than one half the national average,16 however, the literacy rate of the state surpassed the national average and by 2001 it had far exceeded it. In addition, indicators of health and social well being in Himachal Pradesh has improved dramatically: rate of infant mortality 36 per thousand live births and total fertility rate 1.9 percent, the percentage of married women aged 15 to 19 has been reported as three percent and prenatal care and child vaccinations (74%) is above the national average, (NFHS-3). 17 Even then, the declining child sex ratio has become a disturbing fact and raises a pertinent question: where have 632,101 girls in Himachal Pradesh gone? It means that discrimination against females is engineered even before the birth through female foeticide in the one of the most progressive hilly states of India. This is being practiced by educated women, better off sections of the population, and it is more rampant among rural areas of Himachal Pradesh. Keeping in view the above facts, the present study has been designed with the objective to study the declining child sex ratio in Himachal Pradesh and to study the relationships between declining child sex ratio and selected human development indicators. Methodology This paper is based on Census and NFHS-II data. results and discussion In Himachal Pradesh, the median age at marriage is 19.7 years among women aged years, three years more than the national average age of Among women age years in Himachal Pradesh, only a very small proportion (3%) have begun childbearing, compared with 16 percent at the national level. Himachal Pradesh whose rank in development indicators such as education, literacy, and health is very high shows a tendency for skewed sex ratio. Table 1 shows the decline in child sex ratio in all except two districts of Himachal Pradesh. The Table shows the declining trend of child sex ratio of girls in the state from 1971 to The child sex ratio in the age group of 0-6 years has dipped to 896 from 982 in Himachal Pradesh from 1971 to 2001, four districts namely Kangra (836), a decline of 103 points; Una (839), a decline of 84 points; Hamirpur (864), a decline of 72 points; Bilaspur (884), a decline of 37 points; from census point of view these are considered as red alert districts of the state. All districts of the state except Lahul and Sapiti and Kinnour have shown decrease in child sex ratio in the age group of 0-6 years in This may be because in these areas access to technology (including pre-natal diagnostic tests) and services coupled with purchasing power. The lack of infrastructure in tribal areas has allowed the girl child to survive, in other words where the difference is less between rural and urban infrastructure in terms of roads and general mobility, the disparity in child sex ratio is higher. The tribal belt of Vol. 55, No. 1, June
3 Himachal Pradesh is very difficult to have access, therefore, these districts have better child sex ratio than other districts. TABLE 1 District-wise distribution of child sex ratio in Himachal Pradesh ( ) District Child Child Child Child sex ratio sex ratio sex ratio sex ratio (2001) (1991) (1981) (1971) Hamirpur Kangra Mandi Una Bilaspur Chamba Kullu Sirmour Shimla Solan Kinnour Lahul & Sapiti Himachal Pradesh Source: Directorate of Census Operations, Shimla, The districts namely Kangra, Una, Hamirpur and Bilaspur are the more literate districts of the state and have less than 900 girls in the age group of 0-6 years in It may be because these districts are adjoining to the states of Punjab and Haryana, where access to modern technology is easily available. People of these districts have both access and money to misuse technology. That is why Donna Fernandis of the Vimochana forum for women rights, has rightly said that sex selection is the instance of how technology in globalised economy had dragged even the foetus to market place. Secondly, literacy rate in these districts are much higher than the rest of the districts in the state. This shows that most probably sex ratio has nothing to do with literacy or being educated to imbalance the sex ratio at birth. These findings conform with the study of Bhargava and Hiremith18 who found, that higher the level of female literacy lower will be the child sex ratio indicating higher usage of sex determination test by literate women. The immediate fall out of this decline in sex ratio will be a significant decline in marriage of women in the coming year. Preference for a male child may be one of the causes for sharp decline in child sex ratio in Himachal Pradesh; there appears to be sex selective abortions occurring. The study has shown consistency with the result of earlier studies. A pronounced preference of a male child has been found to be pervasive in Indian society, affecting both attitudes and behavior with respect to 1, 4, children. A decreasing trend is observed not only in the overall child sex ratio of urban areas of Himachal Pradesh but also in rural areas. An alarming decline has been found during the period 1991 to 2001 as Table 2 clearly indicates that in Himachal Pradesh 30 percent villages are having a child sex ratio of less than 700, 4.6 percent villages have a child sex ratio between , six percent villages have a child sex ratio between This may be because all these villages are well connected with roads and having more mobility in comparison to the far-flung climatically harsh areas of Himachal Pradesh. Over six percent (6.4%) villages have a child sex ratio between and 5.3 percent villages have a child sex ratio between Only less than 50 percent villages have a child sex ratio of more than 900 females per 1000 males. TABLE 2 Child (0-6 years) sex ratio of villages of Himachal Pradesh Sex ratio No. of % Cumulative villages % <700 5, , , , , Himachal Pradesh 17, Source: Directorate of Census Operations, Shimla The Journal of Family Welfare
4 The reason for the worsening of the sex ratio in Himachal Pradesh is indicated by the higher prevalence in urban areas despite higher levels of education and affluence as compared to rural areas, is the availability of PNDT despite laws banning its misuse. The number of girls in rural areas is 900 per 1000 boys compared with a grimmer 844 in urban areas. While investigating urban/rural differences in child sex ratio in this study the difference in child sex ratio between rural and urban areas have been increasing mostly in high altitude hilly districts of Himachal Pradesh. In urban areas there are more advanced health facilities, high economic resources, income status and better educational facilities. In urban areas, the health advancement can adversely affect the female to male ratio by providing the couples facility of medical termination of pregnancies after the Pre Natal Sex Determination Test. TABLE 3 District-wise rural and urban child sex ratio (2001) Districts Total Rural Urban Difference Kinnaur Lahul & Sapiti Kullu Chamba Sirmour Shimla Mandi Solan Bilaspur Hamirpur Una Kangra Himachal Pradesh to younger women below 30 years of age, as indicated by the percent of women who want more sons than daughters (14-16% older women; 8% younger women) and percent who want at least one son (82% older women; 52-65% younger women). More women living in rural areas (12.3%) than urban areas (8%) want more sons than daughters, as also at least one son. A higher percent of women in urban areas (3.8%) than rural areas (1.8%) want more daughters than sons. Although the percent women who want more sons than daughters declined with increase in education, very little difference was noted for those wanting more daughters than sons. Although son preference cuts through wealth index, women falling under the lower wealth index showed a higher son preference than those belonging to the higher wealth index. Figure 1 clearly indicates that the desire for more children is also affected by the number of sons a woman has. For example, among married women with two children, all women with two sons and 99 percent of women with one son do not want to have an additional child, compared with 64 percent of women with Source: Directorate of Census Operations, Shimla Table 4 clearly shows son preference, with 12 percent women wanting more sons than daughters and 71 percent wanting at least one son, compared to two percent women who want more daughters than sons and 66 percent who want at least one daughter. Older women (30+ years) showed a higher son preference compared FIGURE 1 Affect of number of living boys and girls on desire for additional children Source : National Family Health Survey-3 Vol. 55, No. 1, June
5 TABLE 4 Indicators of sex preference in Himachal Pradesh (NFHS-3) Background Number of Percentage of Percentage of Percentage of Percentage of characteristic women women who women who want women who women who want more sons more daughters want at least want at least than daughters than sons one son one daughter Age Residence Urban Rural Education (completed) No education <5 years years or more years Wealth index Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total Source: National Family Health Survey-3 two daughters. In the NFHS-3 women who gave a numerical response to the question on the ideal number of children, were also asked how many of these children they would like to be a boy and how many they would like to be a girl; and for how many would the sex not matter. The result showed a consistent preference for sons over daughters. The percentage of women not desiring an additional child increased with the number of living sons. It may be due to the declining fertility rate of among Himachali women, because in Himachal Pradesh, woman have an average of 1.9 children in her life time (at par with Kerala and 0.1 above Andhra Pradesh, Goa and Tamil Nadu). Fertility in Himachal Pradesh was already at replacement level at the time of NFHS-2 having decreased by 0.9 children between year 1998 to 1999 and It has further declined by 0.2 children in the state is now well below replacement level. Women who are having 5-9 years of education, women belonging to SC and women in the fourth wealth quintile have highest fertility rate ( children per woman). In the event of fertility decline, the preference for the male child becomes stronger. Thus, discrimination may be more visible when fertility declines. Discrimination in allocation of resources may also be practiced when demand for resources exceeds the supply. In the event of high fertility and high mortality net demand of resources may be low, enabling parents to avoid discrimination. However, when population increases and demand for resources increases, parents distribute limited resources to the advantage of the male child. Population growth may, 74 The Journal of Family Welfare
6 therefore, trigger the discrimination resulting in imbalance of the sex ratio. A less than exhaustive list of variables that may have a bearing on the child sex ratio and its decline can include: socioeconomic status of community reflected by female literacy; availability of various civil amenities reflected by urbanization; infant morality rate; a bias for male child among couple/ households. A comparative study of twelve districts of Himachal Pradesh given in Table 5 shows that Kinnaur, Lahul-Sapiti, Shimla and Solan have a lower overall sex ratio, on the other hand Kangra, Mandi, Hamirpur have much higher sex ratio. This study shows that seven districts are having higher child sex ratio than the overall sex ratio. The situation is entirely different of the Child Sex Ratio in other five districts. The Child Sex Ratio in case of nine districts in rural areas is better than the urban areas. Child Sex Ratio in urban areas of six districts is less than 850 and in case of rural areas only one district namely Una has less than 850. Una and Hamirpur districts have shown that rural-urban difference in Child Sex Ratio has already started reducing. The relationship between the Child Sex Ratio and literacy seems to be inverse districts with highest literacy rate have lower child sex ratio than the districts relatively with lowest literacy rate i.e. less than 80 percent. Districts Kangra, Una and Hamirpur have more than 80 percent literacy rate but the Child Sex Ratio is nearly or less than 850. Districts Solan, Mandi, Shimla, Sirmour, have more than 70 percent literacy rate in comparison to Child Sex Ratio less than 950. It is also observed that women with lowest literacy in rural areas are having better Child Sex Ratio than the literacy rate in comparison to Kangra, Hamirpur and Una having nearly 80 percent or more than 80 percent rural literacy rate have child Sex Ratio less than 850. District Kangra, Una and Hamirpur also have more than 73 percent female literacy rate and more than 72 percent rural female literacy rate but the Child Sex Ratio is less than 850. It is argued that women s education is the key to reducing discrimination against daughters. However, female literacy has risen even as Child Sex Ratio has fallen. Some studies have shown that educated mothers are more efficient in discriminating against daughters than uneducated mothers.21,24 But it is not true in the case of Kerala, Pondicherry and Lakshadweep Island are only exceptions to this rule. For the past 30 years, high female literacy has not prevented Himachal Pradesh from showing increased discrimination against female children. The Table also indicates that female work participation is more than 40 percent in the rural areas of ten districts out of twelve districts of Himachal Pradesh. But in case of urban areas it is much lower than rural areas. Literature on women often argue that women s labour force participation increase investment in female children and lower level of discrimination inspite of cultural preferences for sons.3,6 However, empirical literature has failed to show a strong direct connection. It is evident from the Table that human development does not mean more education, better health and a minimum income to live a reasonably decent life, it can never be complete without gender equality and attention to women s status Clark25 has also found that increase in social economic development and welfare contributes to continuing, and often more pronounced son preference. In fact, declining Child Sex Ratio in Himachal Pradesh reaffirms the central thesis of all human development resources, that economic prosperity in terms of a better per capita income need not necessarily lead to overall human development as reflected in the broad dimension of well being. It is argued that with increase in family income and education of women, in particular, it would start a process that would ensure equal status to women, which would help increasing the sex ratio Vol. 55, No. 1, June
7 TABLE 5 Gender and human development variables in Himachal Pradesh Geogra- Percentage Female work phical of decadal Female participation area growth of Sex ratio Literacy literacy rate sq. kms. population (Percentage to ( ) total population) Total Population 0-6 age group Districts Decadal Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban growth Kinnaur Lahul & Sapiti Kullu Chamba Sirmour Shimla Mandi Solan Bilaspur Hamirpur Una Kangra HP Source: Census of India, Himachal Pradesh 76 The Journal of Family Welfare
8 of the population which had occurred in some developed countries. But the ground reality is quite contrary in case of Himachal Pradesh, where development has been made in the field of agriculture and horticulture, infrastructural facilities such as power generation, roads, connectivity, transportation, health, employment generation, and educational facilities are much better in the state. It is, today, quoted as a successful model of not only hill area development, but also for having realized a sort of revolution in the level of social development such as education, health and social services. If we look at the scenario in Himachal Pradesh, we would find that increase in income and education of women has resulted in a biased attitude towards females, even before birth the sharply declining Child Sex Ratio (0-6 years) is most realistic indicator of the trend in sex selection abortion and continuing discrimination against the girl child. It constitutes a relatively stable population not migrating for education, work and marriage. In other words, we can say that one consequence of social and economic development could be fewer girls in the population compared to boys. This suggests that development in the form of education and reducing the gender gap in literacy does not automatically lead to more equal conditions for women and girls in terms of sex ratio.26 Increasing access to various aspects of modern life has imputed new values in the form of lower fertility and smaller family size, higher education and mobility, and higher mean age at marriage. These factors have been the main components in the process of an ongoing social change in India and have contributed to the declining trend in child sex ratio These findings pertaining to gender and human development variables in Himachal Pradesh is substantiated by these studies. Hence, declining Child Sex Ratio in Himachal Pradesh must be understood in the light of changing social and economic development context. conclusion A lot of development has been made in Himachal Pradesh in the field of education, health, female literacy and female work participation. But this development does not reflect Child Sex Ratio. The districts with high literacy have lower Child Sex Ratio than the districts with lowest literacy. Lowest female literacy in rural areas show better Child Sex Ratio than higher literacy in urban areas. Increase in family income and female work participation shows a bias towards the girl child, even before birth. Human development does not mean more education, better health and a minimum income to lead to reasonable better life, it can never be completed without gender equality. The decreasing Child Sex Ratio will impact the demographic and social system adversely. Hence, the declining Child Sex Ratio in Himachal Pradesh must be understood in the light of the changing context of social and economic development. references 1. Arnold, F., Choe, M.K. and Roy, T.K Son preference, the family building process, and child mortality in India. Population Studies, 52 (2): Basu, A.K Culture, the status of women and demographic behavior; illustrated with the case of India, New York: Oxford University Press. 3. Bardhan, P.K Little girls and death in India. Economic and Political Weekly, 17(36): Das Gupta, Bhat, M.P.N., Mari Fertility decline and increased manifestation of sex bias in India. Population Studies, 51(4): Kishor, S May god give sons to all: Gender and child mortality in India. American Sociological Review, 58(2): Miller, B.D The endangered sex: Neglects of female children in rural North India Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 7. Visaria, P Sex ratio of the population of India. Monograph No. 10, Census of India, Vol. 55, No. 1, June
9 1961, New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General. 8. Agnihotri, S.B Sex ratio patterns in the Indian population: A fresh exploration, New Delhi: Sage Publications. 9. Natarajan, D Changes in sex ratio, Census Centenary Monograph No. 6, New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General, India. 10. Sen, A More than 100 million women are missing, New York Review of Books, Pp UNICEF. World South Asia Report, January Kumar, Rajesh, et. al Reproductive health behavior of rural women. Journal of the Indian Medical Association. 93(4): Government of India. Census of India Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, Census of India Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, National Sample Survey Organisation Sharma, Arvind ed Women in world religions. New York: State University of New York P. 17. International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International National Family Welfare Survey (NFHS-3) , Vol. 1. Mumbai; IIPS. 18. Bhargava, P.K. and Hiremath, G.M Proximate determinants of sex ratio and its regional variations in India. Paper presented in the Seminar on Female Deficit in Asia, Singapore, 5-7 December. 19. Arnold, F., Kishor, S. and Roy, T.K Sex selective abortions in India. Population and Development Review, 28(4): Basu, A.M Is discrimination in food really necessary for explaining sex differentials in childhood mortality? Population Studies, 43(2): Das, Gupta, M Selective discrimination against female children in Punjab. Rural Population and Development Review, 13(1): Kishor, S Gender differentials in child mortality: A review of evidences, In Monica Das Gupta, Lincoln C. Chen and T.N. Krishnan (eds.), Women s Health in India: Risk and Vulnerability, pp , Bombay: Oxford University Press. 23. Koenig, M., Gillian, A. and Foo, H.C Patriarchy, women s status and reproductive behavior in rural North India. Demography India, 21(2): Clark, A.W. and Shreeniwas, S Questioning the links between maternal education and child mortality: The case of Gujarat. Paper presented at the Population Association of America Annual Meeting, San Francisco, 9-11 May. 25. Clark, S Son preference and sex composition of children: Evidence from India. Demography, 37(1): Jha, P. et al Low male to female sex ratio of children born in India. National Survey of 1.1 million household. The Lancet, Published on line, 9799: Caldwell, J., Caldwell, P. and Reddy, P.H The causes of demographic change in rural south India. Population and Development Review, Vol. 8, No Hatti Impact of education on age at marriage in India, Demography India, 14(2): Rele, J.R. and Alam, I Fertility transition in Asia: The statistical evidence, 1993, In Leete, Richard and Alam Iqbal, The Revolution in Asian Fertility, Oxford. 78 The Journal of Family Welfare
EFFECT OF SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS ON THE PREFERENCE FOR THE SEX OF CHILDREN BY WOMEN IN AHMEDABAD DISTRICT
HPPI, Health Vol. and 32 Population: (4), 2009 Perspectives and Issues Vol. 32 (4), 184-189, 2009 EFFECT OF SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS ON THE PREFERENCE FOR THE SEX OF CHILDREN BY WOMEN IN AHMEDABAD DISTRICT
More informationGender Inequality in Terms of Health and Nutrition in India: Evidence from National Family Health Survey-3
Pacific Business Review International Volume 5 Issue 12 (June 2013) Gender Inequality in Terms of Health and Nutrition in India: Evidence from National Family Health Survey-3 A K Tiwari * Gender inequality
More informationGender Differences in Child Survival in India: What do we Know?
Gender Differences in Child Survival in India: What do we Know? Sonalde Desai, Sonya Rastogi and Reeve Vanneman Department of Sociology University of Maryland College Park MD 20742-1315 sdesai@socy.umd.edu
More informationDoctoral Student, International Institute for Population Sciences
Explaining gender differentials in child mortality in India: Trends and determinants First author and presenting author: Shrikant Kuntla Doctoral Student, International Institute for Population Sciences
More informationDeclining Child Sex Ratio of India: A State Wise Profililing
International Journal of Social Impact ISSN: 2455-670X ISBN: 978-1-365-23991-5 Volume 1, Issue 3, DIP: 18.02.002/20160103 www.ijsi.redmac.in July-September, 2016 Declining Child Sex Ratio of India: A State
More informationTRENDS AND DIFFERENTIALS IN FERTILITY AND FAMILY PLANNING INDICATORS IN JHARKHAND
Journal of Economic & Social Development, Vol. - XI, No. 1, June 2015 ISSN 0973-886X 129 TRENDS AND DIFFERENTIALS IN FERTILITY AND FAMILY PLANNING INDICATORS IN JHARKHAND Rajnee Kumari* Fertility and Family
More informationSaudi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (SJHSS)
Saudi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (SJHSS) Scholars Middle East Publishers Dubai, United Arab Emirates Website: http://scholarsmepub.com/ ISSN 2415-6256 (Print) ISSN 2415-6248 (Online) Spatio-Temporal
More informationCHARACTERISTICS OF SURVEY RESPONDENTS 3
CHARACTERISTICS OF SURVEY RESPONDENTS 3 The health, nutrition, and demographic behaviours of women and men vary by their own characteristics, such as age, marital status, religion, and caste, as well as
More informationPROGRESS OF FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAMMES IN ANDHRA PRADESH
PROGRESS OF FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAMMES IN ANDHRA PRADESH T.Sankaraiah *, K.Rajasekhar** and T.Chandrasekarayya*** *Research Scholar, ** Associate Professor and *** Assistant Professor Dept. of Population
More informationImpact of Violence On Women s Reproductive Health: A Case Study in India Ananya Patra* Dr. Jalandhar Pradhan
EXTENDED ABSTRACT Impact of Violence On Women s Reproductive Health: A Case Study in India Ananya Patra* Dr. Jalandhar Pradhan Introduction Domestic violence has become a matter of serious concern in both
More informationFertility trends, timing and postponement
ANNQUEST DECEMBER 215 ISSN: 2321-343 www.stannsannquest.com Fertility trends, timing and postponement V.Sai Sri Kishore, Amala Bharath G S Abstract This paper addresses the issue of the trend and the level
More informationA Declining Child Sex Ratio in Haryana: a Spatio- Temporal Analysis
A Declining Child Sex Ratio in Haryana: a Spatio- Temporal Analysis 1 Suman Chauhan, 2 Sunil Kumar, 3 Anju Gupta Assistant Professor 1,3, Research Scholor 2 Department of Geography,Kurukshetra University
More informationTrends and Differentials in Fertility and Family Planning Indicators of EAG States in India
Trends and Differentials in Fertility and Family Planning Indicators of EAG States in India September 2012 Authors: Dr. R.K Srivastava, 1 Dr. Honey Tanwar, 1 Dr. Priyanka Singh, 1 and Dr. B.C Patro 1 1
More informationInternational Journal of Health Sciences and Research ISSN:
International Journal of Health Sciences and Research www.ijhsr.org ISSN: 2249-9571 Original Research Article Situation Analysis of Sex Ratio in Gujarat and India Gaurav J. Desai Assistant Professor, Community
More informationCHAPTER 5 FAMILY PLANNING
CHAPTER 5 FAMILY PLANNING The National Family Welfare Programme in India has traditionally sought to promote responsible and planned parenthood through voluntary and free choice of family planning methods
More informationCOMPARATIVE STUDY OF SELECTED PARAMETERS OF GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN RURAL VERSUS URBAN POPULATION OF AHMEDABAD, GUJARAT
Original Article. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SELECTED PARAMETERS OF GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN RURAL VERSUS URBAN POPULATION OF AHMEDABAD, GUJARAT Rashmi Sharma 1, S Mukherjee 2 1 Assistant Professor, Community
More informationThe predominance of female deficiency has been a
a case study International Journal of Commerce and Business Management ; Vol. 4 Issue 1 (April, 2011) : 155-162 A critical analysis of sex ratio in n scenario with special reference to Orissa Received
More informationIJCISS Vol.2 Issue-09, (September, 2015) ISSN: International Journal in Commerce, IT & Social Sciences (Impact Factor: 2.
(Impact Factor: 2.446) Infant and Child Mortality in India: Levels, Trends and Determinants Naveen Sood Naveen Sood, Assistant Professor PG Department of Economics, DAV College, Jalandhar, Punjab ABSTRACT
More informationDoes Empowerment of Women helps in use of Maternal Health Care Services in India: Evidences from North-East Region
Does Empowerment of Women helps in use of Maternal Health Care Services in India: Evidences from North-East Region Introduction Near about 500,000 women die every year because of pregnancy related complications
More informationEXTENDED ABSTRACT. Integration of Reproductive Health Service Utilization and Inclusive Development Programme in Uttar Pradesh, India
INTEGRATION, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, INCLUSIVE DEVELPOMENT PROGRAMME IN INDIA 1 EXTENDED ABSTRACT Integration of Reproductive Health Service Utilization and Inclusive Development Programme in Uttar Pradesh,
More informationMethodology. 1 P a g e
Extended Abstract Disparities in Social Development and Status of women: An analysis of India and its states Ranjana Kesarwani* *Doctoral Candidate, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai-400088,
More informationEFFECTS OF FEMALE S LITERACY ON MATERNAL HEALTH: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR STATE
EFFECTS OF FEMALE S LITERACY ON MATERNAL HEALTH: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR STATE DR DEEPTI GUPTA Assistant Professor (Sociology) The Law School University of Jammu Jammu and Kashmir ABSTRACT
More informationHUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX: STATUS IN TELANGANA
Chapter6 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX: STATUS IN TELANGANA People are the real wealth of nations, and human development focuses on enlarging people s choices Human Development Report, 2015, UNDP. Human development
More informationAssessment of Health Infrastructure as a Major Asset in Rural Himachal Pradesh,
Assessment of Health Infrastructure as a Major Asset in Rural Himachal Pradesh, 2001-2011 Vijender 1, Sandeep Kumar 2, S. P. Kaushik 3 1 Research scholar, Department of Geography, Kurukshetra University,
More informationMaldives and Family Planning: An overview
Maldives and Family Planning: An overview Background The Republic of Maldives is an archipelago in the Indian Ocean, located 600 kilometres south of the Indian subcontinent. It consists of 92 tiny islands
More informationImpact of Sterilization on Fertility in Southern India
Impact of Sterilization on Fertility in Southern India Background The first two international conferences on population were mainly focused on the need for curtailing rapid population growth by placing
More information"Spatial Patterns of Sex Ratio: A Micro Level Study of Baijanth Block of District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh"
International Journal of Research in Social Sciences Vol. 7 Issue 7, July 2017, ISSN: 2249-2496 Impact Factor: 7.081 Journal Homepage: Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal
More informationModelling the impact of poverty on contraceptive choices in. Indian states
Int. Statistical Inst.: Proc. 58th World Statistical Congress, 2, Dublin (Session STS67) p.3649 Modelling the impact of poverty on contraceptive choices in Indian states Oliveira, Isabel Tiago ISCTE Lisbon
More informationMissing girls: low child sex ratio, study from urban slum and elite area of Nagpur
Original Article, study from urban slum and elite area of Nagpur B Nagargoje, A Jadhao, S D Bhardwaj, J Khadse Dept. of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Nagpur Abstract Objectives: To find
More informationStatus of Female Education in Jammu and Kashmir Since 1950
American Journal of Educational Research, 2015, Vol. 3, No. 6, 731-735 Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/education/3/6/10 Science and Education Publishing DOI:10.12691/education-3-6-10 Status
More informationDifferentials in the Utilization of Antenatal Care Services in EAG states of India
International Research Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 2319 3565 Differentials in the Utilization of Antenatal Care Services in EAG states of India Rakesh Kumar Singh 1 and Shraboni Patra 2 International
More informationISSN: (Online) RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary
Volume-03 Issue-12 December -2018 ISSN: 2455-3085 (Online) www.rrjournals.com [UGC Listed Journal] Demographic Change and Urbanization in India with reference to Empowered Action Group (EAG) States: Some
More informationPoverty, Child Mortality and Policy Options from DHS Surveys in Kenya: Jane Kabubo-Mariara Margaret Karienyeh Francis Mwangi
Poverty, Child Mortality and Policy Options from DHS Surveys in Kenya: 1993-2003. Jane Kabubo-Mariara Margaret Karienyeh Francis Mwangi University of Nairobi, Kenya Outline of presentation Introduction
More informationStatus of human health in india: Emerging issues in the era of globalisation
1 PROPOSAL Status of human health in india: Emerging issues in the era of globalisation By Full Name: RUDRAGOUDA R. BIRADAR Affiliation: Karnatak University, Dharwad-580 003, Karnataka State, India. Address:
More informationCHAPTER TWO: TRENDS IN FAMILY PLANNING USE AND PUBLIC SECTOR OUTLAY IN INDIA
CHAPTER TWO: TREDS I FAMILY PLAIG USE AD PUBLIC SECTOR OUTLAY I IDIA 2.1 Introduction: This chapter examines the trends in use of family planning methods, changes in use of family planning methods over
More informationA FOCUS ON CHILDREN ANDHRA PRADESH
A FOCUS ON CHILDREN ANDHRA PRADESH TABLE OF CONTENT 1 Introduction... 2 1.1. Demography and income ---------------------------------------------3 2 Water & Sanitation... 6 2.1. Sanitation ---------------------------------------------------------------7
More informationIndonesia and Family Planning: An overview
Indonesia and Family Planning: An overview Background Indonesia comprises a cluster of about 17 000 islands that fall between the continents of Asia and Australia. Of these, five large islands (Sumatra,
More informationFamilial Power Relations, Popularity of Female Sterilization and Fertility Decline in Andhra Pradesh: A Cultural Understanding.
Familial Power Relations, Popularity of Female Sterilization and Fertility Decline in Andhra Pradesh: A Cultural Understanding Abstract: Andhra Pradesh is the first state in India, to reach the replacement
More informationChapter 9 DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT
Chapter 9 DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION This chapter deals with the overall demographic situation in Punjab. The scope is rather mixed consisting of demographic history since the state became a
More informationINTRODUCTION. A situational Analysis of women in Himachal Pradesh, has tried to assess the data objectively, with relevant statistics.
INTRODUCTION The process of development, achievements attained and highlighted and the indicators measured over the time, needs to be assessed in terms of how equitable is the distribution of benefits
More informationCORRELATION BETWEEN FEMALE LITERACY & CHILD SEX RATIO IN HARYANA (2011): A GEORAPHICAL ANALYSIS
CORRELATION BETWEEN FEMALE LITERACY & CHILD SEX RATIO IN HARYANA Monu Kumar* (2011): A GEORAPHICAL ANALYSIS Abstract: Female literacy and child sex ratio are two important demographic characteristics of
More informationIndia Factsheet: A Health Profile of Adolescents and Young Adults
India Factsheet: A Health Profile of Adolescents and Young Adults Overview of Morbidity and Mortality With a population of 1.14 billion people, the more than 200 million youth aged 15-24 years represent
More informationGender. Sarita Singh, Commissioner Women Empowerment, Government of Rajasthan, India.
Gender Sarita Singh, Commissioner Women Empowerment, Government of Rajasthan, India. Total Population 10286.10 (Mill.) M- 5321.57 F- 4964.54 Total Population 10286.10 (M) M- 5321.57(M) F- 4964.54(M) Sex
More informationInternational Journal of Health Sciences and Research ISSN:
International Journal of Health Sciences and Research www.ijhsr.org ISSN: 2249-9571 Original Research Article Trends of Imbalance in Child Sex Ratio of Gujarat, India Jaiminkumar P. Patel 1, Medhavi Agarwal
More informationSchedule Caste Women and Family Planning In Karnataka-A Critical Analysis
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 7714 Volume 1 Issue 1 December. 2012 PP.45-49 Schedule Caste Women and Family Planning In Karnataka-A
More informationDECOMPOSITION ANALYSES OF RECENT DECLINE IN FERTILITY OF INDIA AND ITS MAJOR STATES
DECOMPOSITION ANALYSES OF RECENT DECLINE IN FERTILITY OF INDIA AND ITS MAJOR STATES Ravendra K Sharma 1, Manju Rani 2, Arvind Pandey 3 1 Regional Medical Research Centre for Tribals (ICMR), Jabalpur, India
More informationFertility Transition in India:
Fertility Transition in India: 1985-2003 Alok Ranjan Chaurasia Professor Population Research Centre Institute of Economic Growth University of Delhi Enclave Delhi-110007 India December 2006 Abstract Using
More informationMapping Population & Climate Change: Malawi. Malawi - Unmet Need for Family Planning, 2010
Malawi - Unmet Need for Family Planning, 2010 Twenty-six percent of currently married women in Malawi have an unmet need for family planning. This represents a significant reduction from 1992, when 36
More informationFrom raw data to easily understood gender statistics. United Nations Statistics Division
From raw data to easily understood gender statistics United Nations Statistics Division SEX versus GENDER in statistics: a summary Demographic, social and economic characteristics + Sex = a biological
More informationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CAPACITY BUILDING IN EDUCATION AND MANAGEMENT (IJCBEM), VOL. 1, NO. 1, OCTOBER 2012, 1-7 DOI: RCMSS/IJCBEM/12001
VOL. 1, NO. 1, OCTOBER 2012, 1-7 Levels of Education and Work Participation of s & Their Consciousness of Birth Control Falak Butool Dept. of Geography, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh E mail: falakbutool@gmail.com
More informationPopulation and health trends in Zimbabwe: Trend analysis of the Zimbabwe demographic health surveys
Population and health trends in Zimbabwe: Trend analysis of the Zimbabwe demographic health surveys 1994-2006 R Loewenson, S Shamu Training and Research Support Centre (TARSC) Harare, Zimbabwe May 2008
More information6.10. NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF TRIBAL POPULATION
6.1. NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF TRIBAL POPULATION The tribal populations are is recognised as socially and economically vulnerable. Their lifestyles and food habits are different from that of their rural neighbours.
More informationAbstract. Nutritional status and Health implication of ongoing Nutrition Transition in India
Abstract Nutritional status and Health implication of ongoing Nutrition Transition in India Vandana Bhattacharya Research Officer Department of social science, National Institute of Health and Family Welfare,
More information7.10. NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF TRIBAL POPULATION
7.1. NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF TRIBAL POPULATION The tribal populations are is recognised as socially and economically vulnerable. Their lifestyles and food habits are different from that of their rural neighbours.
More informationLITERACY AND SEX RATIO IN SATARA DISTRICT (MAHARASHTRA)
LITERACY AND SEX RATIO IN SATARA DISTRICT (MAHARASHTRA) Mr. Godase J. M. Jr. College Teacher, N. S. College, Yelgaon, Karad. Mr. Lingade V. B. Ph.D Student, Department of Geography, Shivaji University,
More informationGender inequality: major hurdle of socio-economic development in emerging economiescomparative
Gender inequality: major hurdle of socio-economic development in emerging economiescomparative study of India and China Sunil Gosavi Smt. K. G. Mittal College of Arts and Commerce, Mumbai, India Vijaykumar
More informationCHAPTER II CONTRACEPTIVE USE
CHAPTER II CONTRACEPTIVE USE In a major policy and programmatic shift in April 1996, India s National Family Welfare Programme was renamed the Reproductive and Child Health Programme. This programme enunciated
More informationInterstate Disparity of Infant Mortality rates & Its Determinants in India: Evidence from Cross Sectional Data in
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 20, Issue 7, Ver. VII (July 2015), PP 130-136 e-issn: 2279-0837, p-issn: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org Interstate Disparity of Infant
More informationMaternal Malnutrition in Urban India: A Study of Indian Cities (Mega, Large and Small)
International Research Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 2319 3565 Maternal Malnutrition in Urban India: A Study of Indian Cities (Mega, Large and Small) Abstract Yogendra Musahar * Centre for the Study
More informationAgeing in India: The Health Issues
Malcolm Adiseshiah Mid-Year Review of the Indian Economy 2016-17 Ageing in India: The Health Issues Debasis Barik November 5, 2016 India International Centre, New Delhi Outline Background Population Ageing:
More informationWomen Empowerment and Maternal Health Care Utilisation in North-East India
Journal of North East India Studies Vol. 4(2), Jul-Dec. 2014, pp. 69-80. Women Empowerment and Maternal Health Care Utilisation in North-East India Mousumi Gogoi Maternal health care services have always
More informationThe Millennium Development Goals Report. asdf. Gender Chart UNITED NATIONS. Photo: Quoc Nguyen/ UNDP Picture This
The Millennium Development Goals Report Gender Chart asdf UNITED NATIONS Photo: Quoc Nguyen/ UNDP Picture This Goal Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Women in sub- are more likely than men to live in
More informationKnowledge of family planning and current use of contraceptive methods among currently married women in Uttar Pradesh, India
International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health Kerketta S et al. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2015 Nov;2(4):449-455 http://www.ijcmph.com pissn 2394-6032 eissn 2394-6040 Research Article
More informationGender Dimensions of Demographic Change in Pakistan
The Pakistan Development Review 37 : 4 Part II (Winter 1998) pp. 37:4, 705 725 Gender Dimensions of Demographic Change in Pakistan NAUSHIN MAHMOOD and DURR-E-NAYAB INTRODUCTION The achieving of equality
More informationUnderstanding the Socio-Economic Conditions and Contraceptives: Understanding the Variation in Contraceptive Use among Indian Muslim Couples
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 20, Issue 7, Ver. VI (July 2015), PP 59-64 e-issn: 2279-0837, p-issn: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org Understanding the Socio-Economic Conditions
More informationWorld Bank Presentation
World Bank Presentation India s urban poor Sonia Hammam, Richard L. Clifford June, 7 1 Key Messages development in India has been anti-poor Consumption poverty is lower in urban areas but it has declined
More informationSocial Exclusion of women in Educational Sector: Causes and Consequences
Social Exclusion of women in Educational Sector: Causes and Consequences Nahida Rohi Research Scholar, Department of Sociology, Aligarh Muslim University Email: nahidaroohi@gmail.com Abstract In present
More informationAccepted for regular presentation at session # 21: Approaches to measuring abortion
1 June 5, 2001. Accepted for regular presentation at session # 21: Approaches to measuring abortion Abortion: An Emerging Issue to Meet Son Preference and Fertility Control in Bangladesh Radheshyam Bairagi
More informationCORRELATION BETWEEN LITERACY AND SEX RATIO IN ANDHRA PRADESH: A GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE Dr.V.Veerannachari
CORRELATION BETWEEN LITERACY AND SEX RATIO IN ANDHRA PRADESH: A GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE Dr.V.Veerannachari Project fellow (SAP) Dept. of Geography, S.V. University, Tirupati Abstract Literacy and sex
More informationCHAPTER-5. Family Disorganization & Woman Desertion by Socioeconomic Background
CHAPTER-5 Family Disorganization & Woman Desertion by Socioeconomic Background CHAPTER-5 FAMILY DISORGANIZATION AND WOMAN DESERTION BY SOCIOECONOMIC BACKGROUND This chapter examines the part played by
More informationNUTRITION MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE
NUTRITION MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE K. Ramachandran Former Professor and Head, Deptt. of Biostatistics, AIIMS, New Delhi Adequate nutrition is a major prerequisite for the good health of a population
More informationExecutive Board of the United Nations Development Programme and of the United Nations Population Fund
United Nations Executive Board of the United Nations Development Programme and of the United Nations Population Fund Distr.: General 6 July 2009 Original: English UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND Final country
More informationContraceptive Transition in Asia. Iqbal H. Shah
Shah, Iqbal H. : Contraceptive Transition in Asia. Social Change: September December 1994. 24(3&4).p.118126. Contraceptive Transition in Asia Iqbal H. Shah This examines the contraceptive use pattern of
More informationSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGs) ETHIOPIA FACT SHEET JULY 2017 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Central Statistical Agency (CSA) Demographics Indicator Source Value Total population 2017 Projection
More informationContraceptive Use Dynamics in South Asia: The Way Forward
Contraceptive Use Dynamics in South Asia: The Way Forward Authors Manas R. Pradhan 1, H. Reddy 2, N. Mishra 3, H. Nayak 4, Draft Paper for Presentation in the Poster Session 103 at the 27 th IUSSP Conference,
More informationGender Discrimination in Healthcare in India
Gender Discrimination in Healthcare in India R. N. Pandey * and S. K. Mukhopadhyay Introduction Providing good health care to all the citizens of India is one of the important policy decisions of the Government
More informationMalawi. Population & Development Progress through Family Planning. By Dr. Chisale Mhango. Director, Reproductive Health Services Ministry of Health
Malawi Introduction Population & Development Progress through Family Planning By Dr. Chisale Mhango Director, Reproductive Health Services Ministry of Health Photo by Gunnar Salvarsson 2 Malawi National
More informationInternational Journal of Health Sciences and Research ISSN:
International Journal of Health Sciences and Research www.ijhsr.org ISSN: 2249-9571 Original Research Article Social Factors on Fertility Behaviour among Rural Women in Tiruchirappalli District, Geetha
More informationGender Differentials in Health Care Among the Older Population: The Case of India
Extended Abstract Gender Differentials in Health Care Among the Older Population: The Case of India Mitali Sen Population Division U.S. Census Bureau Prepared for Presentation at the Annual Meeting of
More informationGENDER ANALYSIS (SUMMARY) 1
Country Partnership Strategy: Papua New Guinea, 2016 2020 A. Gender Situation and Key Challenges GENDER ANALYSIS (SUMMARY) 1 1. Papua New Guinea (PNG) has made limited progress towards achieving the gender
More informationBURKINA FASO SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND GENDER INDEX (BURKINA FASO-SIGI) Social Institutions & Gender Index
BURKINA FASO SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND GENDER INDEX (BURKINA FASO-SIGI) Social Institutions & Gender Index With the support of the Austrian Development Cooperation and in partnership with the Burkina Faso
More informationFollow-up to the Second World Assembly on Ageing Inputs to the Secretary-General s report, pursuant to GA resolution 65/182
Follow-up to the Second World Assembly on Ageing Inputs to the Secretary-General s report, pursuant to GA resolution 65/182 The resolution clearly draws attention to the need to address the gender dimensions
More informationPolicy Recommendation to Reduce Total Fertility Rate in Pakistan
DEMOGRAPHY IN ASIA - POLICY PAPER I Policy Recommendation to Reduce Total Fertility Rate in Pakistan To: Dr. Sania Nishtar, Federal Minister of Health, Pakistan From:, Executive Director, National Institute
More informationAchieve universal primary education
GOAL 2 Achieve universal primary education TARGET Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling Considerable progress has
More informationXXVI IUSSP International Population Conference in Marrakech, Morocco, 2009
Paper Submitted in XXVI IUSSP International Population Conference in Marrakech, Morocco, 2009 Title Understanding the Factors Associated with Slow Progress in Childhood Immunisation in India Abhishek Kumar
More informationAssessing the Impact of HIV/AIDS: Information for Policy Dialogue
Assessing the Impact of HIV/AIDS: Information for Policy Dialogue Timothy B. Fowler International Programs Center Population Division U.S. Census Bureau For presentation at the International Expert Group
More informationNeed Assesment of Women Empowerment in Rural Areas of Lucknow District
Need Assesment of Women Empowerment in Rural Areas of Lucknow District Pooja Rani* & Dr. M.S.Khan** * Research Scholar, Department of Rural Management, School for Management Studies, Babasaheb Bhimrao
More informationAre Status of Women and Contraceptive Prevalence Correlated in Pakistan?
The Pakistan Development Review 39 : 4 Part II (Winter 2000) pp. 1057 1073 Are Status of Women and Contraceptive Prevalence Correlated in Pakistan? ABDUL HAKIM 1. BACKGROUND Pakistan with an estimated
More informationChapter V. Conclusion and Recommendation
Chapter V Conclusion and Recommendation Chapter V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The present study entitled An Inter-State Study of Maternal and Child Healthcare in India. Maternal and child health is a productive
More informationSocioeconomic Inequalities in Child Health in India. Satvika Chalasani
Socioeconomic Inequalities in Child Health in India Satvika Chalasani Doctoral Candidate, Sociology and Demography The Pennsylvania State University Abstract It has been argued that the unprecedented economic
More informationCARE S PERSPECTIVE ON THE MDGs Building on success to accelerate progress towards 2015 MDG Summit, September 2010
CARE S PERSPECTIVE ON THE MDGs Building on success to accelerate progress towards 2015 MDG Summit, 20-22 September 2010 MDG Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health Target 1: Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990
More informationPublic Health Awareness Building in the field of Safe Motherhood
Original Article J Nepal Health Res Counc 008 Oct;6(13):69-73 Public Health Awareness Building in the field of Safe Motherhood Bhatta BN 1 1 Kathmandu, Nepal. ABSTRACT Background: The study aims to explore
More informationIMPACT OF SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS ON AGE APPROPRIATE IMMUNIZATION OF INFANTS IN SLUMS OF AMRITSAR CITY (PUNJAB), INDIA
ORIGINAL ARTICLE pissn 0976 3325 eissn 2229 6816 Open Access Article www.njcmindia.org IMPACT OF SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS ON AGE APPROPRIATE IMMUNIZATION OF INFANTS IN SLUMS OF AMRITSAR CITY (PUNJAB),
More informationDisparities in Social development and Status of women: An analysis of India and its States
International Research Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 2319 3565 Disparities in Social development and Status of women: An analysis of India and its States Abstract Kesarwani Ranjana and Yadav Awdhesh
More informationGender, region, religion and reproductive behaviour in India and Pakistan. Zeba Sathar, Christine Callum, Shireen Jejeebhoy
Gender, region, religion and reproductive behaviour in India and Pakistan. Zeba Sathar, Christine Callum, Shireen Jejeebhoy The demographic profile of South Asia is one of high levels of fertility, low
More informationContraceptive Use and Unmet Need for Family Planning among Tribal Women in India and Selected Hilly States
Contraceptive Use and Unmet Need for Family Planning among Tribal Women in India and Selected Hilly States Abstract: The paper provides a comprehensive picture of knowledge and contraceptive use among
More informationINVOLVEMENT OF MEN IN FAMILY PLANNNG: USE OF CONTRACEPTION BY MEN IN INDIA. Rima Ghosh
INVOLVEMENT OF MEN IN FAMILY PLANNNG: USE OF CONTRACEPTION BY MEN IN INDIA. Rima Ghosh ABSTRACT: Men often play the dominant roles in decisions crucial to reproductive health of women. However, family
More informationEducate a Woman and Save a Nation: the Relationship Between Maternal Education and. Infant Mortality in sub-saharan Africa.
Educate a Woman and Save a Nation: the Relationship Between Maternal Education and Infant Mortality in sub-saharan Africa. Nyovani Madise 1,2, Eliya Zulu 1 and Zoe Matthews 2 1 African Population and Health
More informationGLOBAL NUTRITION REPORT. ABSTRACT This is a summary of the recently published Global Nutrition Report prepared by an Independent Expert Group.
ABSTRACT This is a summary of the recently published Global Nutrition Report prepared by an Independent Expert Group. HERD GLOBAL NUTRITION REPORT SUMMARY REPORT SUDEEP UPRETY AND BIPUL LAMICHHANE JUNE,
More informationFertility Trends in North-East India
Association for North East India Studies From the SelectedWorks of Journal of North East India Studies December, 2015 Fertility Trends in North-East India P Thongkhanthang Available at: https://works.bepress.com/jneis/70/
More information