Name: Class Period: Due Date: Spring Final Exam Review 2015 Sources of Information: Use your notes, ppts and review material on teacher s website, and online resources. Cells 1. What are the 3 components of the cell theory? 2. What are the levels of organization from smallest to largest? 3. In a plant cell, how does turgor pressure work? Genetics and Types of Reproduction 1. The new plant offspring are the result of reproduction. True or False? 2. The offspring receives the best genes from each parent 3. The offspring receives all the genes of both parents 4. The offspring receives all of the genes from the strongest parent 5. The offspring receives a mix of genes from both parents Define: 6. Heredity 7. Trait - 8. Gene Give an example: 9. DNA Where is it found? 1
10. Allele Give an example: 11. Phenotype Give an example: 12. Genotype Give an example: 13. Probability What role does probability play in genetics? 14. Dominant alleles - Use letters to explain. 15. Recessive alleles - Use letters to explain. 16. Purebred - Using T (tall) and t (short) and give an example of the meaning of purebred 17. Hybrid Using T (tall) and t (short) and give an example of the meaning of hybrid 18. Punnett Squares 19. Asexual reproduction 20. Sexual reproduction - 21. Fill in the following chart using the letter e. Dominant Allele Recessive Allele Homozygous or Purebred Dominant Homozygous or Purebred recessive Heterozygous or Hybrid 2
22. Fill in the parents genotypes: 23. In purple people eaters, purple skin is dominant (P) and yellow skin is recessive (p). What happens when you cross a homozygous dominant parent with a heterozygous parent? What are the parent genotypes? Offspring Genotypes = Offspring Phenotypes = % of offspring that are Purple = % of offspring that are yellow = 24. How many chromosomes do human body cells have? How many chromosomes do human sex cells have? 25. What is the main function of chromosomes? 26. Compare and contrast the results of offspring from asexual and sexual reproduction using the following parameters: Parameters Asexual Sexual Genetic material Genetic diversity Genetic traits 3
Natural Selection and Dichotomous Keys 1. The diagram shows the variation in beaks. Which factor most contributes to beak formation? 2. conditions result in tough, big seeds which favor beaks. 3. conditions result in softer, smaller seeds which favor beaks. Define these terms: 4. Natural selection - 5. Variation 6. Mutation - 7. Selective breeding/artificial selection - Answer these questions: 8. What are some traits plants may have to increase their survival? 9. What is the difference between natural selection and adaptations? 4
10. Use the Dichotomous Key to identify the leaf. List the steps by number that you follow. Leaf Sample A Leaf Sample B Leaf sample A would be correctly classified as. Step Numbers: Adaptations and Tropism 1. A tomato plant is grown outdoors in a container on the patio. A strong wind knocks the plant over. Draw an illustration of what happens to the roots and the stem over the next few days in response to being knocked over. Draw the forces the plant is responding to. Explain your drawing. What forces are involved and how is the plant is responding to these forces? 5
2. Forces act on a seed coat when a seedling emerges (germinates) from the seed. Complete steps A,B,C,D: A. Draw a seedling just before it emerges from the seed. B. Draw the forces acting on the seed coat. C. Label the forces you drew. D. What causes this force to occur? 3. Explain how turgor pressure helps a seed to open. 4. When a plant wilts pores, called stomata, on the plant leaves close. Transpiration, or water loss, occurs through these pores. How does wilting help the plant to maintain homeostasis? 5. Explain each type of tropism and draw a picture illustrating each process. Tropism Stimulus Response Illustration Gravitropism Root grows downwards Phototropism Plant grows towards light Hydrotropism Root grows toward water Thigmotropism 6
6. Explain how a tropism is beneficial for a plant? 7. A student wants to observe the effects of external stimuli (watering) on the growth of the roots of a seedling. He designs an investigation. Predict how the roots of the seedling will grow and explain why. 8. Ecologists observing wolves in the wild have to be careful about getting too close to the wolves. The ecologists do not want to disturb the wolves or their habitat. Another reason they need to be careful is for their own safety. The wolves may run away from the ecologists or they could attack instead. Explain how the wolves are responding to external stimuli. 9. Plants that do not get sufficient water will lose turgor pressure and become limp. A plant in this condition is likely to have difficulty A. taking in water B. avoiding predators C. absorbing sunlight D. exchanging gases 10. When a plant s vacuole is full of water, the turgor pressure keeps the plant A. wilted B. rigid C. coiled D. limp 11. Define external stimulus and give an example. 12. What is an external response, give an example. Human Body Systems List the functions of each of the body systems. Body System Muscular System Function Skeletal System Digestive System 7
Circulatory System Respiratory System Excretory System Immune System Nervous System Fill in: Types of Muscles Muscle Type Cardiac Muscle Voluntary or Involuntary Where is it located Smooth Muscle Skeletal Muscle 1. Describe how skeletal muscles work in pairs. 2. Explain how the skeletal and muscular systems work together. 3. How does the skin help maintain body temperature when we sweat and when we shiver? 4. Complete the four examples of how our bodies maintain homeostasis Stimulus Bacterial infection Eat bad food Hunger Cold Body temperature rises Lack of oxygen Response 5. What minerals are stored in bones? 8
The Digestive System 1. What are the three main functions of the digestive system? 1. 2. 3. 2. Describe the two kinds of digestion? Mechanical - Chemical - 3. What is peristalsis? 4. Where does most mechanical digestion take place? 5. Where does most chemical digestion take place? 6. Why are villi so important in the digestive process? 7. Complete the table below: Organ Function Type of digestion (Mech.(Phys.)/Chem. Mouth and Teeth: a. a. b. Stomach: Stomach muscles gastric juices (HCl, pepsin, mucus) Liver: bile Pancreas: pancreatic juices b. Begins digestion of starch into sugars Muscle walls contract and relax pushing food down to stomach a. b. Pepsin breaks down protein into amino acids (HCl kills bacteria, mucus protects the stomach lining from the acid) Breaks (emulsifies) into smaller globules b. a. b. Small intestine: intestinal juices Breaks down food into smaller molecules and reabsorbs water. Reabsorbs water, waste is pushed through as muscles of large intestine contract and relax 9
The Circulatory System 1. Identify the three types of blood vessels with their functions: carry blood away from the heart tiny vessels where substances are exchanged carry blood back to the heart 2. Why does our heart rate change? Fill in the missing information in the chart below: A B C D E F G Part Blood Flow or Function Oxygen rich blood flows into the aorta from the left ventricle. It then flows out to the body. Oxygen rich blood returns from the lungs. It then flows into the left ventricle. Valves prevent blood from flowing backwards. Oxygen rich blood flows from the left ventricle into the aorta. The septum separates the oxygen poor blood from the oxygen rich blood. Oxygen poor blood flows from the right ventricle to the lungs. Oxygen poor blood returns from the body. It then flows into the right ventricle. 10
Fill in the missing information: A B Part Function carry needed materials like oxygen and glucose fight disease C involved in blood clotting 3. Why are red blood cells shaped like round discs? The Respiratory System 1. In the Respiratory System what two gases are exchanged and where does this exchange occur? Fill in the missing information: A B C Part Function Air moves from the nose downward into the pharynx. Also known as your throat. Plays a role in producing your voice. Also known as your voice box. Leads from the pharynx to the lungs D E F Air moves through smaller and smaller bronchi until it reaches the alveoli Dome shaped muscle that helps expand and contract the chest cavity Air moves from the trachea into the right and left bronchus. 11
Excretory System Fill in the missing information: Part A B C D Function filter blood - they eliminate urea, excess water, and some other waste materials Urine flows from the kidneys through these two narrow tubes to the urinary bladder Stores urine. Urine exits the body through this small tube 1. What 3 main substances are eliminated by the excretory system? 2. Explain the role that kidneys play in water balance (homeostasis). The Nervous System Identify the following: Neuron A bundle of nerve fibers Type of nerve cell, picks up internal and external stimuli and converts them into a nerve impulse Motor neuron Message a neuron carries Part of a neuron that carries nerve impulses toward the cell body. Part of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body. 12
Endocrine and Integumentary Systems Fill out this chart for each gland shown: Gland Location Function Thyroid Gland Adrenal Glands Pancreas Pituitary Gland 1. Label the layers of skin: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 2. Where are the nerves that are part of the somatosensory system located? Keep going one more page! 13
You re done! Make sure to study your notes and previous tests to prepare for the final. 14