Title: Sep 10 7:59 PM (1 of 36) Ch 3 Cell Organelles and Transport

Title: Sep 10 7:59 PM (1 of 36) Ch 3 Cell Organelles and Transport

Title: Sep 10 8:02 PM (2 of 36) Cell organelles

Nucleus: contains DNA Title: Sep 10 8:03 PM (3 of 36)

Nuclear envelope double membrane has pores selectively permeable has nucleoplasm inside Nucleolus ribosomes made here Chromatin DNA + protein chromosomes = coiled chromatin Title: Sep 10 8:07 PM (4 of 36)

Cytoplasm site of chemical reactions includes: cytosol clear fluid that suspends other things organelles structures that carry out specific duties inclusions stored nutrients or cell products Title: Sep 10 8:18 PM (5 of 36)

Title: Sep 10 8:22 PM (6 of 36) Cytoplasmic Organelles

Mitochondria cristae folds in inner membrane site for cellular respiration (makes ATP) muscle,liver cells have hundreds unfertilized egg only a few http://giantshoulders.files.wordpress.com/2007/10/mitochondria.jpg Title: Sep 10 8:23 PM (7 of 36)

Ribosomes made of proteins sites of protein synthesis may or may not be attached to endoplasmic reticulum http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/images/ch2_ribosome_proteinbig.jpg Title: Sep 10 8:28 PM (8 of 36)

Endoplasmic Reticulum fluid filled canals carries substances (proteins) from one part of cell to another rough has ribosomes attached smooth no ribosomes http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/endoplasmicreticulum/images/endoplasmicreticulumfigure1.jpg Title: Sep 10 8:31 PM (9 of 36)

Golgi apparatus membranous sacs modifies and packages proteins in secretory vessels http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/gallant/biology/golgi_apparatus.jpg Title: Sep 10 8:35 PM (10 of 36)

Protein is made by ribosome on Rough ER and then packaged inside vesicle by Golgi apparatus Title: Sep 13 3:37 PM (11 of 36)

Title: Sep 13 3:41 PM (12 of 36) Whole process

Lysosomes "suicide sacs" contain digestive enzymes abundant in white blood cells http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/lysosomes/lysosomes.html Title: Sep 10 8:38 PM (13 of 36)

Peroxisomes contain oxidase enzymes convert free radicals (reactive chemicals that have a unpaired electrons) to hydrogen peroxide, then catalase converts hydrogen peroxide to water numerous in kidney and liver cells Title: Sep 10 8:42 PM (14 of 36)

Cytoskeleton network of protein structures throughout cytoplasm framework (cytoskeleton is red in picture) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cytoskeleton Title: Sep 10 8:47 PM (15 of 36)

Centrioles close to nucleus form mitotic spindle during cell division http://www.biocom.arizona.edu/graphics/images/projects/centriole.jpg Title: Sep 10 8:50 PM (16 of 36)

cilia move substances along cell surface ex. in respiratory passages http://www.hhmi.org/images/bulletin/sept2005/cilia_detail.jpg Title: Sep 10 8:53 PM (17 of 36)

flagella long whip like extension used for locomotion http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en commons/thumb/3/34/300px Flagella.png Title: Sep 10 8:56 PM (18 of 36)

Title: Sep 10 8:58 PM (19 of 36) Types of cells in human body

Title: Sep 10 9:01 PM (20 of 36) Plasma membrane

Title: Sep 13 3:22 PM (21 of 36) Plasma Membrane Structure

Selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer integral proteins Title: Sep 13 3:42 PM (22 of 36)

hydrophobic area relatively impermeable hydrophilic areas like to be near water cholesterol stabilizes the membrane proteins enz., binding sites, transport glycoproteins cell to cell recognition, receptors, blood type Title: Sep 13 3:47 PM (23 of 36)

Cell Junctions 1. tight junctions bind cells together, adjacent plasma membranes fuse together 2. Desomosomes anchor cell, prevent cells from pulling apart 3. gap junctions allow communication (heart, embryonic cells), chemical molecules can pass through Title: Sep 13 3:36 PM (24 of 36)

Title: Sep 13 3:55 PM (25 of 36) Membrane Transport

Fluids involved in cells: a. intracellular fluid fluid inside cell that contains small amounts of gases, nutrients, salts dissolved in water b. interstitial fluid fluid that bathes the exterior of the cells; contains nutrients, hormones, neurotransmitters, salts, and waste products Title: Sep 13 3:56 PM (26 of 36)

Transport through plasma membrane: I. Passive transport when substances are transported across the membrane without energy involved a. diffusion process where molecules spread themselves thoughout available space; due to kinetic energy move down a concentration gradient affected by size of molecule (small = fast) and temperature (warmer = faster) Title: Sep 13 4:01 PM (27 of 36)

molecules diffuse through membrane if: a. small enough to pass b. dissolve in fatty portion 1. simple diffusion unassisted diffusion of solutes through the membrane Ex. fats, fat soluble vitamins, oxygen, carbon dioxide osmosis = simple diffusion of water Title: Sep 13 4:07 PM (28 of 36)

2. facilitated diffusion process driven by concentration gradient, but molecules are too big and are lipid insoluble; needs a protein carrier to help ex. glucose 3. filtration process where water and solutes are forces through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure exerted by blood (in human body) uses a pressure gradient (higher to lower pressure) Ex. happens in kidneys solutes from capillaries to kidney tubules Title: Sep 13 4:11 PM (29 of 36)

II. Active Transport process where a cell uses energy to move substances across membrane needed if: molecule is too large molecules can't dissolve in hydrophobic area molecules need to move against concentration gradient Title: Sep 13 4:18 PM (30 of 36)

a. solute pumping requires a protein carrier that combine with substances that need to cross Ex. amino acids, some sugars, most ions Ex. sodium potassium pump Title: Sep 13 4:28 PM (31 of 36)

b. bulk transport process used when substances can't move any other way. 1. Exocytosis moves substances out of cell small membrane bound vesicle fuses with plasma membrane and expells contents outside cell 2. Endocytosis moves substances into cell a. phagocytosis engulfing Ex. white blood cell b. bulk phase endocytosis pinocytosis "cell drinking" Ex. fluid containing dissolved solutes Title: Sep 13 4:35 PM (32 of 36)

Title: Sep 13 4:41 PM (33 of 36) What happens to cells when they are put in different types of solutions?

Three types of solutions: 1. isotonic solution that contains same tonicity (strength) as normal cell Ex. Ringer's lactate solution (5% dextrose, 0.9% salt); same water and solute content as cells cause no change in cell http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en commons/thumb/b/b1/300px Osmotic_pressure_on_blood_cells_diagram.svg.png Title: Sep 13 4:42 PM (34 of 36)

2. hypertonic solution that contains more solutes (dissolved substances) than inside the cell causes cells to shrink (crenate) Ex. hypertonic solutions given to edema patients (edema = swelling) http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en commons/thumb/b/b1/300px Osmotic_pressure_on_blood_cells_diagram.svg.png Title: Sep 13 4:47 PM (35 of 36)

3. hypotonic solution that contains fewer solutes than a cell causes cell to expand or burst Ex. distilled water Hypotonic solution given to a patient with dehydration teas, colas, apple juice, sports drinks http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en commons/thumb/b/b1/300px Osmotic_pressure_on_blood_cells_diagram.svg.png Title: Sep 13 4:48 PM (36 of 36)