Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Acute ischemic stroke TOAST classification of, 270 Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) cardioembolic stroke following, 207 208 noncardioembolic strokes following, 208 Aegis system in stroke prevention, 348 AF. See Atrial fibrillation (AF) Age prevention, 321 AHREs. See Atrial high-rate events (AHREs) AMI. See Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) Amplatzer cardiac plug in stroke prevention, 337 339 Anticoagulation AF and stroke related to recent observations on, 317 328 (See also Atrial fibrillation (AF), stroke and; Oral anticoagulation (OAC) therapy) in patients with heart failure AF, 220 221 guidelines for, 221 222 novel oral methods, 221 in sinus rhythm, 218 220 periprocedural AF related catheter ablation and, 310 311 Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) pulmonary, 241 246 (See also Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs)) ASDs. See Atrial septal defects (ASDs) Atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation for stroke risk associated with, 307 316 (See also Catheter ablation, AF related) AHREs and, 300 302 anticoagulation in patients with heart failure in, 220 221 cognitive decline related to, 279 285 described, 279 280 discussion, 283 284 introduction, 279 mechanisms underlying, 280 283 brain morphometric changes, 283 changes in brain perfusion, 282 283 hypercoagulable states and brain infarcts, 280 281 Cardiol Clin 34 (2016) 353 357 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8651(16)30010-8 0733-8651/16/$ see front matter Ó 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. proinflammatory state, 282 in cryptogenic stroke cardiac monitoring for, 287 297 (See also Cryptogenic stroke, AF in, cardiac monitoring for) described, 255, 299 300 device-detected, 299 306 (See also Atrial high-rate events (AHREs)) introduction, 299 300 epidemiology of, 256 257 following MI, 209 211 introduction, 255 256, 299 300, 317 prevalence of, 299, 317 stroke and, 300 anticoagulation observations related to, 317 328 (See also Oral anticoagulation (OAC) therapy) current clinical guidelines, 318 319 from trials to real-world clinical practice, 323 epidemiology of, 255 268 ischemic stroke subtypes, 257 264 prevention of OAC with VKAs in, 317 treatment of stroke prevention in, 329 330 Atrial high-rate events (AHREs) AF and, 300 302 CIEDs with atrial lead in detection of, 299 306 unanswered questions related to, 304 thromboembolism and, 302 304 Atrial septal defects (ASDs) background of, 225 226 cardioembolic strokes related to, 225 230 background of, 225 226 causes of, 226 227 epidemiology of, 226 management of, 227 229 closure in, 227 229 medical, 229 presentation of, 225 226 described, 225 incidence of, 225 presentation of, 225 226 B Biventricular hearts paradoxical emboli related to, 250 252 cardiology.theclinics.com
354 Index Brain infarctions hypercoagulable states and AF and cognitive decline related to, 280 281 Brain morphometric changes AF and cognitive decline related to, 283 Brain perfusion changes AF and cognitive decline related to, 282 283 C Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) with atrial lead in AHREs detection (See Atrial fibrillation (AF); Atrial high-rate events (AHREs)) Cardiac monitoring for AF in cryptogenic stroke, 287 297 (See also Cryptogenic stroke, AF in, cardiac monitoring for) Cardioembolic stroke(s) abnormalities associated with, 270 ASDs and, 225 230 (See also Atrial septal defects (ASDs)) following MI, 207 214 AF, 209 211 introduction, 207 208 left ventricular thrombus formation, 208 209 imaging appearance of, 273 277 Cardiomyopathy(ies) embolic stroke in, 215 224 (See also Embolic stroke(s), in cardiomyopathy) Catheter ablation AF related cerebrovascular complications of, 308 310 silent cerebral ischemia, 308 310 stroke, 308 TIAs, 308 introduction, 307 308 periprocedural anticoagulation in, 310 311 stroke risk associated with, 307 316 ablation energy source and, 312 ablation protocol and periprocedural cardioversion and, 312 313 patient characteristics and, 311 312 sheaths and catheters and, 312 Cerebral ischemia silent AF related ablation and, 308 310 mechanisms of, 309 310 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) prevention, 321 322 CIEDs. See Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) CKD. See Chronic kidney disease (CKD) Cognitive decline AF and, 279 285 (See also Atrial fibrillation (AF), cognitive decline related to) Congenital malformations paradoxical emboli related to, 247 254 (See also Paradoxical embolism, congenital malformations leading to) Coronary disease prevention, 322 Cryptogenic stroke AF in cardiac monitoring for, 287 297 cost-effectiveness of, 295 future implications for, 295 holter monitoring, 288 289 inpatient monitoring, 288 MCOT, 290 meta-analyses of monitoring techniques, 293 295 observational studies of external monitors, 288 290 observational studies of insertable cardiac monitors, 291 292 outpatient event monitoring, 289 290 randomized controlled trials comparing external monitoring strategies, 290 291 randomized controlled trials of insertable cardiac monitors vs. external monitors, 292 293 causes of, 287 288 PFO and, 231 232 management of, 237 238 CRYSTAL AF, 292 293 D Ductus venosus 249 E Embolic stroke(s) imaging modalities in, 273 management of emergency, 270 272 in cardiomyopathy, 215 224 anticoagulation in patients with heart failure in AF, 220 221 anticoagulation in patients with heart failure in sinus rhythm, 218 220 introduction, 215 novel oral anticoagulation in heart failure, 221 clinical presentation of, 270 radiological portrait of, 269 278 introduction, 269 270
Index 355 Embolism(i) paradoxical congenital malformations leading to, 247 254 (See also Paradoxical embolism, congenital malformations leading to) Ethnicity prevention, 320 321 G Gender prevention, 320 H Heart(s) biventricular paradoxical emboli related to, 250 252 univentricular paradoxical emboli related to, 249 250 Heart failure in AF anticoagulation in patients with, 220 221 anticoagulation in guidelines for, 221 222 in sinus rhythm anticoagulation in patients with, 218 220 stroke in Holter monitoring for AF in cryptogenic stroke, 288 289 Hypercoagulable states brain infarcts and AF and cognitive decline related to, 280 281 I Inferior vena cava draining to left atrium Ischemic stroke(s) TOAST classification of, 270 prevalence of, 317 epidemiology of AF related to, 257 264 Isolated systemic venous abnormalities 249 L LARIAT procedure in stroke prevention, 343 348 Left atrial appendage anatomy and physiology of, 330 function of, 330 Left atrial appendage closure in stroke prevention, 329 351 introduction, 329 330 surgical approach to, 330 333 Aegis system in, 348 Amplatzer cardiac plug in, 337 339 devices not yet tested in humans, 342 343 endocardial suture closure in, 332 epicardial clip closure in, 332 333 hybrid epicardial-endocardial approach, 343 348 LARIAT procedure in, 343 348 percutaneous approach, 333 PLAATO in, 339 stapler occlusion in, 332 trans-catheter patch in, 341 342 WATCHMAN device implantation in, 333 337 Wavecrest occluder device in, 340 341 Left ventricular thrombus formation following MI, 208 209 M MCOT. See Mobile cardiac outpatient telemetry (MCOT) Mobile cardiac outpatient telemetry (MCOT) for AF in cryptogenic stroke, 290 Myocardial infarction (MI) cardioembolic stroke following, 207 208 noncardioembolic stroke following, 208 cardioembolic stroke following, 207 214 (See also Cardioembolic stroke, following MI) N Noncardioembolic strokes following AMI, 208 O OAC therapy. See Oral anticoagulation (OAC) therapy Oral anticoagulation (OAC) therapy in AF related stroke prevention recent observations on, 320 323 age, 321 CKD, 321 322 coronary and peripheral vascular disease, 322 ethnicity, 320 321 gender, 320 perioperative management, 322 323
356 Index Oral (continued) VKAs with in AF related stroke prevention, 317 Outpatient event monitoring for AF in cryptogenic stroke, 289 290 P Paradoxical embolism congenital malformations leading to, 247 254 biventricular hearts, 250 252 introduction, 247 248 isolated systemic venous abnormalities, 248 249 univentricular hearts, 249 250 Patent foramen ovale (PFO), 231 240 cryptogenic stroke and, 231 232 management of, 237 238 introduction, 231 management of, 233 238 medical therapy in, 233 ongoing studies in, 238 percutaneous therapy in, 234 randomized trials in evidence for, 234 236 limitations of, 236 237 surgical therapy in, 233 234 recurrent stroke and, 232 233 PAVMs. See Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) Percutaneous left atrial appendage transcatheter occlusion (PLAATO) in stroke prevention, 339 Peripheral vascular disease prevention, 322 Persistent left superior vena cava PFO. See Patent foramen ovale (PFO) PLAATO. See Percutaneous left atrial appendage transcatheter occlusion (PLAATO) Proinflammatory state AF and cognitive decline related to, 282 Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs), 241 246 clinical findings, 241 243 described, 241 diagnosis of, 243 244 incidence of, 241 introduction, 241 stroke risk related to, 241 246 treatment of, 244 245 R Recurrent stroke PFO and, 232 233 Right superior vena cava draining to left atrium S Silent cerebral ischemia AF related ablation and, 308 310 mechanisms of, 309 310 Sinus rhythm heart failure in anticoagulation in patients with, 218 220 Stroke(s) imaging modalities in, 273 AF and, 300 anticoagulation observations related to, 317 328 (See also Atrial fibrillation (AF), stroke and; Oral anticoagulation (OAC) therapy) epidemiology of, 255 268 (See also Atrial fibrillation (AF), stroke and) AF related ablation and, 307 316 (See also Catheter ablation, AF related) ASDs and causes of, 226 227 epidemiology of, 226 cardioembolic (See Cardioembolic stroke(s)) causes of, 287 288 costs related to, 287 cryptogenic (See Cryptogenic stroke) disabilities related to, 287 embolic (See Embolic stroke(s)) epidemiology of, 257 in heart failure ischemic (See Ischemic stroke(s)) noncardioembolic following AMI, 208 PAVMs and, 241 246 (See also Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs)) prevalence of, 269, 287 prevention of left atrial appendage closure in, 329 351 (See also Left atrial appendage closure, in stroke prevention) recurrent PFO and, 232 233 TOAST classification for, 270, 287 types of, 269 270 T Thromboembolism AHREs and, 302 304 TIAs. See Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) TOAST classification, 287
Index 357 of ischemic stroke subtypes, 270 Trans-catheter patch in stroke prevention, 341 342 Transcatheter therapy in PAVMs management, 244 245 Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) AF related ablation and, 308 U Univentricular hearts paradoxical emboli related to, 249 250 V Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) OAC therapy with in AF related stroke prevention, 317 VKAs. See Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) W WATCHMAN device in stroke prevention, 333 337 Wavecrest occluder device in stroke prevention, 340 341