AdiSodium TM BOOKLET Sodium sulphate as a chloride-free sodium source for monogastrics, for optimal performance, profitability and sustainability www.adisseo.com I feedsolutions.adisseo.com
The aim of this booklet is to stress the importance and principles of dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) and demonstrate how chloride-free sodium sources, especially Adisodium TM (sodium sulphate), are key to the success of this strategy. Indeed, among the available chloride-free sodium sources, AdiSodium TM (sodium sulphate) exhibits particularly valuable characteristics, allowing it to effectively respond to the needs of feed producers; it is cost-effective, offers high performance in monogastrics under standard and heat-stress conditions, reduces ammonia release from litter, is of a high quality and is certified.
Key-points 1 Electrolytes and sodium supply in feed for monogastrics...p3 2 Efficacy of available chloride-free sources of sodium under standard and heat-stress conditions...p5 Close-up on a chloride-free source of sodium: AdiSodium TM (sodium sulphate) 3 AdiSodium TM is a cost-effective source of chloride-free sodium...p8 4 AdiSodium TM reduces ammonia release from litter and improves litter quality...p9 5 AdiSodium TM effects on litter and animal excreta...p11 6 AdiSodium TM is a premium-quality FAMI-QS and GMP+ certified product...p13
1 Electrolytes and sodium supply in feed for monogastrics Dietary electrolytes that can be summarized to sodium, potassium and chloride are fundamental for body fluid management and to maintain a stable blood ph. Nutrition is the only way to supply these electrolytes and, in standard animal feed, potassium is largely supplied by the use of soybean meal. The only remaining way to regulate the dietary electrolyte balance is to manage the sodium and chloride supply of the feed formula. Sodium and chloride requirements are between 0.15% and 0.20% in poultry species, and the optimal dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) is given as around 250 meq/kg of feed. These recommendations aim to ensure a chloride/sodium ratio of below 1 in order to maintain a stable blood ph. The most common and cheapest source of sodium and chloride is salt but it supplies more chloride than sodium (60%/40%). Moreover, many other products added to the feed, such as lysine-hcl and choline chloride, increase the imbalance between Na + and Cl -. There is therefore a need to use chloride-free sodium sources in order to maintain an equilibrium at an optimal value for the animals. The purpose of managing dietary electrolyte balance is not to increase dietary sodium levels, but to avoid an oversupply of chloride by considering all sources and by using salt primarily to meet chloride requirements. An optimal DEB value ensures optimal animal growth performance. Example: Feed conversion ratio and body weight gain in broilers, according to the DEB value Body weight gain (kg) 21-42 DAYS 2.05 2 1.95 1.9 200 220 240 260 280 DEB (meq/kg) 1.9 1.85 1.8 1.75 Feed conversion ratio 3 Body weight gain (kg) Feed conversion ratio
Dietary electrolyte balance: exchanges between the digestive tract and the blood to maintain an optimal blood ph. DEB = (sodium + potassium) (chloride) DEB (meq/kg) = [Na]g/kg/23 + [K]g/kg/39 [Cl]g/kg/35.5 Blood ph is maintained by the equilibrium reaction between H 2 CO 3 H + - + HCO HCO - 3 in blood. 3 is synthesised by the reaction of C0 2 and H 2 O, catalysed by carbonic anhydrase. The CO 2 is mainly provided by peripheral metabolism and is not supplied via dietary carbonates. To maintain blood ph, HCO 3-, Cl - and other anions should be kept at equilibrium with Na + (principally) and K +. Dietary electrolytes affect the equilibrium of H + and HCO 3 - by direct exchange between the blood and the digestive tract. Dietary K + and Na + are transported from the digestive tract into the blood via exchange with H + through transporters. This release of H + from the plasma leads to an increase in blood ph. Inversely, Cl - is transported from the digestive tract into the blood via exchange with HCO 3-, increasing free H + and reducing the blood ph. Plasma electroneutrality is maintained through the anion/cation equilibrium. The difference between (K + + Na + ) Cl - is known as the anion gap and includes HCO 3 - and other unanalysed anions. This anion gap is of prime importance in maintaining room for HCO 3-. It constitutes the main buffering system involved in the regulation of blood ph. Plasma (blood) 200 H + [H + ] then ph K + Equation at equilibrium. CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO 3 H + - + HCO 3 Na + Proteins (-) and another anions HCO 3-100 meq/l Cl - - HCO 3 [H + ] then ph Cl - Digestive tract Blood K + Cations Anions 0 Example of addition of AdiSodium TM to feed in order to fulfil the sodium requirement: When the chloride and sodium content in a classical corn/soybean-meal based diet is 0.18% and 0.2%, respectively (ratio = 0.9), raw materials and additives containing chloride supply 0.08% chloride and 0.03% sodium. Adding 1.66 kg of salt per tonne will supply the chloride needed to meet the requirement, as well as 0.064% sodium, which must be completed with 3.3 kg/tonne of AdiSodium TM to meet the sodium requirement and achieve the desired ratio. In this case, the electrolyte balance is achieved by using a ratio of salt to AdiSodium TM of 1:2 (w/w). 4
2 Efficacy of available chloride-free sources of sodium under standard and heat-stress conditions Many chloride-free sodium sources are available on the market, and these all have varying sodium contents, from 27% for sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) to 43% for sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ). Among these sources, sodium sulphate (Na 2 SO 4 ) has the second-highest sodium content (32%). All of these sources have the same effect on the DEB or chloride/sodium ratio in the feed formula. Regardless of the source, the sodium component provides equal benefits with regard to the electrolytic balance. The carbonate, bicarbonate or sulphate components are not used by monogastric animals and are therefore of no nutritional value. As a proof, there are no recommendations for these components. Performance of monogastrics under standard conditions Comparison of the use of sodium from a sulphate source and from a bicarbonate source in poultry and swine feed reveals that there is no difference in animal performance, neither under normal conditions, nor under heat-stress conditions. Examples of equal growth performance in broilers and pigs, whether using sodium carbonate or AdiSodium TM, in addition to salt, under standard conditions: Feed: gain ratio for broilers 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0-14 14-28 28-42 Period (days) Mercier et al., C04-86, 2005 Feed: gain ratio for pigs 4 3 2 1 0 Grower Finisher Global IFIP trial, E10-03, 2010 Sodium bicarbonate AdiSodium TM
Moreover, the anions associated with some of these sodium sources (sodium carbonate and bicarbonate) can cause an undesired feed-buffering effect that can have deleterious consequences on gastric acidification and hence digestion. On the contrary, the sulphate component of AdiSodium TM has a neutral effect on buffering capacity. Acid-binding capacity at ph 4 (ABC-4) is a parameter that evaluates the buffering effect of a feed material, i.e. the capacity of this material to bind protons. ABC-4 values of chloride-free sources of sodium are presented below: AdiSodium TM Sodium bicarbonate Sodium carbonate Sodium sesquicarbonate ABC-4 (meq H+/kg) 0 14 000 18 000 16 000 Na Content (%) 32 27 43 31 DEB (meq/kg) 13 913 11 739 18 696 13 478 Inclusion rate (%) to increase DEB value by 30 meq/kg Impact on ABC-4 (meq H+/kg) of complete feed Formic acid equivalent (% in complete feed) 0.22 0.26 0.16 0.22 0 35.8 28.9 35.6 0 0.22 0.17 0.21 As previously mentioned, only Adisodium TM has a neutral buffering effect on the feed, thus avoiding any gastric increase in H + secretion. As an illustration, the difference in ABC-4 between AdiSodium TM and other sources of chloride-free sodium in order to achieve the same DEB is equivalent to the acidifying potential of around 2kg/ tonne of formic acid. Performance of monogastrics under heat-stress conditions Under heat-stress conditions, animals have to cope with an excess energy load. Their first reaction is to limit feed intake to decrease the energy load. They also increase their breathing frequency in order to dissipate heat via air exchange. As a consequence, the blood exchanges more CO 2 with the external air. This results in a shift in the H + + HCO 3 - to CO 2 + H 2 O equilibrium, decreasing the plasma H + concentration and thus increasing blood ph. This is qualified as respiratory alkalosis. Under heat-stress conditions, the seemingly logical solution would be to increase the dietary supply of HCO 3 - to maintain blood ph. In fact, maintaining an optimal DEB is essential in managing the anion gap and thus maintaining the HCO 3 - buffering system. 6
Ahmad et al. 2006. compared the effect of different sodium sources on performance parameters under heat-stress conditions in 1-42 d broilers. The conclusion was that increasing the DEB value with chloride-free sodium sources significantly increases growth performance and lowers blood ph compared to the control group receiving only salt as a source of sodium. Moreover, since sodium sulphate produced the same effect as the other chloride-free sodium sources, this study demonstrated that chloride-free sodium sources affect blood ph by enlarging the anion gap and not by increasing the dietary supply of HCO 3 - or CO 3 2 -. Feed Conversion Ratio of broilers under heat-stress conditions 2 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1 b a a a Control (only salt) Control + sodium bicarbonate Control + sodium carbonate Control + sodium sulphate DEB (meq/kg) (starter phase/finisher phase) Control (salt) Control + sodium bicarbonate Control + sodium carbonate Control + sodium sulphate 186/174 250/250 250/250 250/250 ph 7.422a 7.335b 7.338b 7.345b K + (mmole/l) 5.73 5.7 5.8 5.78 Na + (mmole/l) 143.2b 149.3a 148.8a 148.4a Cl - (mmole/l) 108.5 106.5 107 106 Anion gap (mmole/l) 40.4b 48.5a 47.6a 48.1a 7
3 AdiSodium TM is a cost-effective source of chloride-free sodium AdiSodium TM is a cost-effective source of chloride-free sodium and is cheaper than some other sodium sources per sodium unit. With a sodium content of 32%, which is one of the highest concentrations available, the required quantity of AdiSodium TM in the feed is lower, and it takes up less space in the formula. For example, 1 kg NaHCO 3 (sodium bicarbonate) = 0.84 kg AdiSodium TM. The use of AdiSodium TM reduces the cost of sodium in the formula. This represents savings of about 30% compared, for example, to sodium bicarbonate. Calculate your potential savings with AdiSodium TM, according to your own specific conditions, either with the help of your sales representative or on the feedsolutions website using the online calculator. (http://feedsolutions.adisseo.com/en/ ) 8
4 AdiSodium TM reduces ammonia release from litter and improves litter quality AdiSodium TM reduces farm ammonia emissions. A reduction of 75% was measured in comparison to sodium bicarbonate on broilers (Mercier et al., 2005). In this study, ammonia emissions were significantly reduced, from 16.0 ppm to 4.5 ppm, along with a reduction in litter ph. Two hypotheses have been put forward to explain why the replacement of sodium bicarbonate with sodium sulphate reduces ammonia levels. The first is that the sulphate decreases litter ph (< 8), reducing the growth rate of the ammonia-producing bacteria. It is known that increasing the DEB in broilers increases litter ph, but replacing sodium bicarbonate with sodium sulphate results in lower litter ph and hence lower ammonia emissions. Litter ph 7 6.9 6.8 6.7 6.6 6.5 6.4 Temperate conditions Heat-stress conditions De Los Mozos and Mercier, R07-01, 2006 Salt + sodium bicarbonate Salt + sodium sulphate The second idea put forward is that part of the sulphate excreted by the birds chemically interacts with the ammonia in the litter, transforming it into ammonium sulphate. This reduces the release of ammonia from the litter, trapping it within and reducing the litter ph. This results in better air and litter quality, improving the well-being of both animals and humans. 9
A valuable effect of AdiSodium TM : reduced urine ph in swine Swine fed with AdiSodium TM have a lower urine ph compared with those fed with sodium bicarbonate. This decrease in urine ph is beneficial, as it has been proven to reduce uninary infections in post-farrowing sows. Urine ph 10 9 8 7 6 5 250 350 DEB (meq H + /kg) Adisseo trial,c06-104, 2006 Sodium bicarbonate Sodium sulphate 10
5 AdiSodium TM effects on litter and animal excreta No adverse effects have been observed with AdiSodium TM such as laxative effects, or footpad dermatitis at a practical incorporation rate, neither in swine nor in poultry. Several trials haven proven this. No assimilation of the sulphate component of AdiSodium TM by the animals: The sulphate component of AdiSodium TM is not used by broilers. This was shown by the sulphate content of faeces from broilers fed with AdiSodium TM compared to broilers fed with sodium bicarbonate in a trial performed at Schothorst Feed Research at the end of 2016 (4.8 g/kg vs 9.2 g/kg). The sulphate is excreted and is not stored or used by the animals. No detrimental effect of AdiSodium TM on footpad dermatitis: AdiSodium TM has no negative effect on the occurrence of footpad dermatitis. Furthermore, in a trial on broilers, the footpad lesion score was improved, i.e. decreased, in response to using AdiSodium TM, compared with sodium bicarbonate. Footpad lesions scores* of broilers at day 35 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 b Sodium bicarbonate a Sodium sulphate Trial performed at Schothorst Feed Research (end of 2016): reference E17-09 *A ccording to the Bristol foot burn scale, from 0 to 4 (0 equals no lesion). 11
No laxative effect of AdiSodiumTM: To disprove the supposition that sodium sulphate has a laxative effect when used as a sodium source to balance DEB, a dietary treatment with twice the required dose of sodium sulphate was given to laying hens. Even under these conditions, there was no effect on either faecal dry matter or the excreta score of laying hens. % dry matter of excreta of laying hens 35 30 25 20 15 10 S alt + 0.12% sodium bicarbonate 5 0 at 34 weeks at 40 weeks S alt + 0.10% sodium sulphate S alt + 0.25% sodium sulphate In several trials at CERN (Adisseo s Center of Expertise and Research in Nutrition) involving practical levels of AdiSodiumTM, no cases of diarrhoea were observed. The laxative effect of sodium sulphate is noticeable at very high levels, far exceeding recommendations. Indeed, the only study in which faecal moisture in non-constipated 250 kg sows increased was that in which 3% sodium sulphate was used (Lindemann and Bollwahn, 1995). 12
6 AdiSodium TM is a premium-quality FAMI-QS and GMP+ certified product AdiSodium TM, like all other products in the Adisseo portfolio, is subjected to rigorous and continuous industrial quality control. This feed material is FAMI-QS certified. AdiSodium TM has also a GMP+ registration, which is a feed safety insurance internationally recognised. Moreover, Adisseo plants are certified according to international standards regarding safety, quality, the environment and food safety. As part of the certification requirements, AdiSodium TM is regularly analysed for heavy metals, dioxins and other undesirable substances to guarantee that these substances are below required levels. Certificates for AdiSodium TM regarding these parameters can be provided upon request. AdiSodium TM is easily handled during feed production and exhibits no hygroscopic behaviour under normal conditions of use. Indeed, Adisseo s CARAT laboratory has demonstrated that AdiSodium TM undergoes no mass gain, nor modification of product behaviour, when exposed to an atmosphere at 25 C and 75% R.H for 2 weeks or at 35 C and 80% R.H for 10 days, compared to other products. 13
Mass recovery of different powders at 25 C and 75% R.H (%) 60% 55% 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 Number of days Adisodium (sodium sulphate) Salt Feed grade (sodium chloride) Copper sulphate pentahydrate Feed grade Sodium bicarbonate Feed grade Choline chloride 50% Wheat Starch This sodium source has also been sold and used in tropical countries for many years without any negative feedback. This industrial product is standardised and is of a consistent quality (for example on particle size). AdiSodium TM is conveniently available in various packaging formats, which are adapted to preserve product quality: bulk, 1 200 kg big-bags and 25 kg paper bags. Paper bag: 1 paper layer + 1 HDPE film micro-perforated + 1 paper layer Big bag with a cylindrical base and a double bag to protect against moisture This is completed by Adisseo recommendations on unloading, storing and dosing of AdiSodium TM to make the best of the product. 14
Contact your Adisseo sales representative for further information. Scientific references are available upon request. http://feedsolutions.adisseo.com/en/products/adisodium/ SOUTH AMERICA ADISSEO Brasil Nutrição Animal Ltda. Avenida Maria Coelho Aguiar, 215 Bloco G - 1 andar São Paulo -SP I BRAZIL ASIA PACIFIC ADISSEO Asia Pacific Pte Ltd 30 Hill Street, #03-03 179360 Singapore I SINGAPORE NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA ADISSEO USA Inc. One Point Royal Suite 275 4400 North point Parkway 30022 ALPHARETTA, GA I USA EUROPE - AFRICA MIDDLE EAST ADISSEO France S.A.S Immeuble Antony Parc 2 10, Place du Général de Gaulle 92160 Antony I FRANCE CHINA ADISSEO Life Science Suite 1003-1006, Kerry Parkside 1155 Fangdian Rd., Pudong New Area Shanghai 201204 I CHINA (PRC) www.adisseo.com I feedsolutions.adisseo.com