Mycotoxins in Saskatchewan Feed Grains Rex Newkirk, PhD Research Chair in Feed Processing Technology Associate Professor University of Saskatchewan
Background Growing/storage conditions in Saskatchewan not typically favorable to grow mycotoxin producing fungi More common in hot wet regions Fusarium has always been a risk but it is now common in Saskatchewan Occurrence of storage molds still relatively rare
Fusarium Damage Thin shrunken chalk-like kernels White or pinkish fibrous growth Use 10X to see growth Source: Canadian Grain Commission
Fusarium Damaged Kernels Source: Canadian Grain Commission
Visual Factors Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) FHB caused by 4 species of fusarium 2 species produce DON F. graminearum F. culmorum Screen for infection visually Test suspect samples for DON
Identification of FHB Thin, shrunken, chalk like kernels Positive identification by white or pinkish fibrous growth
Fusarium Head Blight Oats Range of infection in Wheat Rye
Fusarium in Western Canada in 1996 Source: Canadian Grain Commission
The distribution of F. graminearum and soil zones on the prairies, 2005 Source: Canadian Grain Commiss
Fusarium in Western Canada 2006 Source: Canadian Grain Commission
Source: Canadian Grain Commission
Fusarium Current Issue Many reports of fusarium in wheat, durum and barley Highly dependent on conditions at flowering In some areas late seeded avoided the disease others this was the material most affected Fungicides commonly used Increase yield but timing is very difficult
Fusarium - Current 2014 winter wheat and durum hard hit, very high levels 2016 lots of moisture and heat at flowering Durum very hard hit in South East Malt barley downgraded to feed (>1.0 ppm) Producers looking for solutions Initially 2014 looked like an abnormality but now it looks like it will happen more often
Capturing value from Fusarium Infected Grain Gravity tables used to remove the tombstone kernals Several optical seed sorters installed to remove obvious FDK seeds NIR seed sorters starting to get installed
Maximum limits of FDK (%) Grade CWAD CWRW No. 1 0.5 0.8 No. 2 0.5 1.0 No. 3 2.0 1.5 No. 4 2.0 - No. 5 4 - Feed - 4 Grade, if lowest grade specs not met 10% or less, Sample Canada Account Fusarium Damage, 10% or less, Sample Canada Account Fusarium Damage, Over 10%, Wheat Commercial Salvage Over 10%, Wheat Commercial Salvage
EU regulations for DON Product DON limit (ppm) Unprocessed Wheat 1.25 Unprocessed Durum 1.75 Cereals intended for direct 0.75 consumption and flour/semo/pasta Bread 0.5 Baby food 0.2
Flow Through of Optical Sorter
Optical Sorter
Singulation Detection Ejection 20
TriQ Sort according to: Vitreousness Durum Protein Barley, Wheat Fusarium Barley, Wheat, Durum
Fraction Grade $/Tonne % of Total $/Tonne Orig Sample 0 100 $0.00 95% 5 CWAD 165 81.7 $134.81 5% Com. Sal 0 5.3 $0.00 OL Sample 0 13 $0.00 Total value/tonne $134.81 90% 4 CWAD 275 79.3 $218.08 10% Com. Sal 0 9.3 $0.00 OL 5 CWAD 165 11.4 $18.81 Total value/tonne $236.89 80% 4 CWAD 275 70.2 $193.05 20% Com. Sal 0 18.2 $0.00 OL Sample 0 11.6 $0.00 Total value/tonne $193.05 70% 4 CWAD 275 60.8 $167.20 30% Com. Sal 0 27.5 $0.00 OL Sample 0 11.7 $0.00 Total value/tonne $167.20 6.6 % FDK $/Tonne
13 5.6% FDK CWRW % FUS DON ppm 7.4 5.6 5 4.3 1 1 2.3 2.5 1.8 Original 95 90 80 70
CWRW 5.6% FDK Fraction Grade $/tonne % of total $/tonne Orig Sample 134 100 134.00 95% Sample 145 65.1 94.40 5% Salvage 0 8.1 0.00 OL Sample 145 26.9 39.01 Total value/tonne 133.40 90% 3 CWRW 197 62.1 122.34 10% Salvage 0 10.2 0.00 OL CW Feed 167 26.5 44.26 Total value/tonne 166.59 80% 2CWRW 197 57.0 112.29 20% Sample 123 15.6 19.19 OL Sample 134 27.4 36.72 Total value/tonne 168.19 70% Feed 197 54.7 107.76 30% Salvage 0 15.7 0.00 OL Sample 134 29.6 39.66 Total value/tonne 147.42 CWRW 5.6% FDK $/Tonne 134.00 133.40 166.59 168.19 147.42 Original 95 90 80 70
Future The potential of fusarium is here to stay Will eventually develop fusarium resistant varieties, some wheat varieties better than others Cleaning/sorting will become much more common Will need to monitor DON levels in ingredients from now on (unless we get a major drought)
Contact information Rex Newkirk Cell 306-281-6611 Email rex.newkirk@usask.ca