Section Title Subject Index Acute kidney injury definitions 287 289 hypoxia 287, 290 overview 286, 287 sublethal tubular injury adaptive responses 292, 293 combination of sublethal injuries 291, 292 detection 288 290 morphology 289 resistance to further injury 292, 293 tubular necrosis 287, 288 Acute serum sickness, infection-related glomerulonephritis 154, 155 Acute tubular interstitial nephritis, see Tubular interstitial nephritis Aging, renal microvasculature injury 65, 66 Alport syndrome, collagen type IV mutations 176, 177 Amyloidosis amyloid light chain amyloidosis 241, 242 history of study 232 234 renal amyloidosis diagnosis 240 242 pathogenesis studies 234 239 prospects for study 242, 243 Anemia, proximal tubule dysfunction 47 Angiopoietin, glomerular endothelial cell development role 60 Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies antimyeloperoxidase induction of glomerulonephritis and vasculitis complement activation in glomerulonephritis induction 216 cytokine and infection mediation 215, 216 Fcγ receptor role 216, 217 genetic control 217, 218 immunoglobulin and lymphocyte transfer studies 213, 214 neutrophils in induction 214, 215 prospects for study 218, 219 antigen types 212 glomerulonephritis types 211 vasculitis role 211, 212 Apoptosis acute kidney injury 289 mesangial cells 16 tubular interstitial nephritis 305, 306 Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1, membranous nephropathy role 115, 116 Arteriosclerosis, animals 335 Asialoglycoprotein receptors, clearance of immunoglobulin A and complexes from circulation 135, 137 Atherosclerosis, hypertension association 332 BAFF, lupus nephritis role 191, 192 B cell immunoglobulin A nephropathy and turnover alterations 130 lupus nephritis and hyperactivity 190 192 Bone morphogenetic protein-4, glomerular endothelial cell development role 61 Bowman s capsule, see Parietal epithelial cell Calcineurin inhibitors, tubular interstitial nephritis induction 301 364
Cast nephropathy, light chain-mediated tubulopathies 264 267 CD89, clearance of immunoglobulin A and complexes from circulation 137 CHEB mouse, Fanconi syndrome 254, 255 Chronic tubular interstitial nephritis, see Tubular interstitial nephritis Collagen type IV genes 176 mutations Alport syndrome 176, 177 hereditary angiopathy with nephropathy, aneurysms and cramps 178 structure 176 Collapsing glomerulopathy, see also Human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy models 281 283 parietal epithelial cell role 28, 32 podocyte role 277 281 Complement activation pathways 204 antimyeloperoxidase induction of glomerulonephritis and vasculitis role 216 co-deposits in immunoglobulin A nephropathy 138, 139 lupus nephritis role 190 membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis models with complement factor H deficiency mice 205 209 pigs 203 205 membranous nephropathy role C5b-9 effects on podocytes 112, 113, 117 filtration slit diaphragm effects 117, 118 overview 111, 112 CXCR3, lupus nephritis role 192 Cystinuria, proximal tubule dysfunction 44, 45 Dent s disease, proximal tubule dysfunction 42, 43 Diabetic nephropathy gene discovery in animal models differential display reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction 166 DNA microarray 167 findings 168 171 prospects for study 171 proteomics 167, 168 serial analysis of gene expression 166, 167 single nucleotide polymorphism-based genome-wide screening 164, 165 transcriptomics 165, 166 signaling in pathogenesis 161 164 sublethal tubular injury 291, 292 Differential display reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction, diabetic nephropathy gene discovery 166 DNA microarray, diabetic nephropathy gene discovery 167 DNAse I, lupus nephritis role 189 Eicosanoids, immunoglobulin A nephropathy role 141 Endocarditis, infection-related glomerulonephritis 157, 158 Endoplasmic reticulum, injury and stress in membranous nephropathy 113 115 Epithelial-mesenchymal transition interstitial fibrosis 81 84 proximal tubule and disease 47 tubular interstitial nephritis 304, 305 Essential hypertension, see Hypertension Extracellular matrix accumulation pathophysiology in monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease 227, 228 degradation in tubular interstitial nephritis 303 deposition in urinary obstruction 315 mesangium 8, 10 turnover in membranous nephropathy 119 Fanconi syndrome associated conditions 248 models endocytosis defects in mouse models 250 252 light chain-associated models 252, 253 overview 248 250 transgenic animal development 253 257 proximal tubule dysfunction 38, 39, 247, 248 Subject Index 365
Fcγ receptor antimyeloperoxidase induction of glomerulonephritis and vasculitis role 216, 217 lupus nephritis role 190 Fibroblast-specific protein-1, epithelialmesenchymal transition marker in interstitial fibrosis 83, 84 Fibrosis, see Interstitial fibrosis Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, see also Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome collapsing glomerulopathy 279 281 parietal epithelial cell role 28, 30 GLEPP-1, podocyte markers 278, 279 Glomerular basement membrane expansion in membranous nephropathy 119 protein mutations in disease collagen type IV 176 178 laminin 178, 179 LMX1B 179 overview 175 TREX1 179 Glomerular endothelial cell endothelial fenestrations 54 56 functional overview 51, 52 glomerular development overview 53 origins 52, 53 signaling pathways in development angiopoietin 60 bone morphogenetic protein-4 61 chemokines 61 Notch 60, 61 overview 56, 57 transforming growth factor-β 59, 60 vascular endothelial growth factor 57 59 Glomerulonephritis, see Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies, Infection-related glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis Heavy chain deposition disease, see Monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease Hereditary angiopathy with nephropathy, aneurysms and cramps, collagen type IV mutations 178 Hereditary endotheliopathy with retinopathy, nephropathy and stroke, TREX1 mutation 179 Human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy collapsing glomerulopathy models 281 283 podocyte role 277 281 epidemiology 271 focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 279 283 models overview 273 275 transgenic mice 275 277 parietal epithelial cell role 28, 30, 31 pathogenesis 272, 273 pathology 271, 272 Hypertension, renal vasculature changes in essential hypertension arteriole hyalinization 329, 335 arteriosclerosis in animals 335 atherosclerosis 332 mean arterial pressure versus arterial intimal fibroplasia 330, 333, 334 preeclampsia and renal microvasculature injury 62, 63 resistance artery remodeling 327, 328 smooth muscle cell hypertrophy and proliferation 327, 328 type 2 hypertension progression 331 Hypophosphatemia, proximal tubule dysfunction 40, 41 Hypoxia acute kidney injury 287, 290, 293 tubular interstitial nephritis role 305, 307 Hypoxia-inducible factor, activation in sublethal tubular injury 290, 293 Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome cytokine profile 95, 96 minimal change nephrotic syndrome activation marker downregulation in remission 101 innate immunity in pathogenesis 100, 101 podocyte mimicry of immune cell signaling 101, 102 T cell signaling 96 99 366 Subject Index
permeability factor studies 96 podocyte structure and function changes 101, 102 types 94, 95 Immunization, immunoglobulin A nephropathy role mucosal immunization 127, 129 systemic immunization 129, 130 Immunoglobulin A nephropathy clearance of immunoglobulin A and complexes from circulation asialoglycoprotein receptors 135, 137 Fc region receptors 137 mononuclear phagocytes 136 polymeric immunoglobulin receptors 137 secondary immunoglobulin A nephropathy models 135, 136 co-deposits 138 140 glomerular responses and hemodynamic factors 140 immunoglobulin A affinities circulating macromolecules 134, 135 glomerular components 134 glycosylation in pathogenesis 144 physicochemical properties 133, 134 sources B cell turnover alterations 130 immunodeficiency states with autoimmunity and hypergammaglobulinemia 131, 132 mucosal immunization 127, 129 polyclonal activation and dysregulated production 130, 131 promoting factors 128 systemic immunization 129, 130 T cell regulation and cytokine polarity 132, 133 mediators eicosanoids 141 growth factors and cytokines 141 143 miscellaneous mediators 143, 144 reactive oxygen and nitrogen species 141 model systems 126, 127 species differences 144, 145 treatment prospects 145 Infection-related glomerulonephritis staphylococcal disease 158, 159 streptococcal disease 155 158 Interleukin-6, immunoglobulin A nephropathy role 142 Interleukin-21, lupus nephritis role 193 Interstitial fibrosis experimental models 73 79 mechanisms adventitial fibroblasts 80 epithelial-mesenchymal transition 81 84 extrarenal fibrocytes 80, 81 myofibroblast origins 79 overview 75, 79 resident fibroblasts 79, 80 Ischemia, renal microvasculature injury in chronic renal disease 64, 65 Kidney transplantation, glomerular endothelial cells in rejection acute antibody-mediated rejection 66, 67 chronic active antibody-mediated rejection and transplant glomerulopathy 67, 68 Laminin, mutation in Pierson syndrome 178, 179 Light chain deposition disease, see Fanconi syndrome, Light chain-mediated tubulopathies, Monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease Light chain-mediated tubulopathies cast nephropathy 264 267 epithelial cell cytotoxicity 263 proximal tubular epithelial cell activation 263, 264 renal handling of light chains 262, 263 LMX1B, mutation in nail-patella syndrome 179 Lupus nephritis B cell hyperactivity 190 192 cytokines in progression 192, 193 drug induction 184 epidemiology 183, 184 histopathology 184 models pathogenesis lessons from experimental studies and transgenic animals 188 189 Subject Index 367
spontaneous models BXSB mouse 187 genetic dissection 187, 188 graft-versus-host disease mouse 187 MRL/Lpr mouse 186, 187 NZB/NZW mouse 185, 186 pathogenic factors 184, 185 T cell function 192 Macrophage migration inhibitory factor, immunoglobulin A nephropathy role 143 Magnetic resonance imaging, sublethal tubular injury detection 290, 291 MAMP-2, see Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies Matrix metalloproteinases, mesangial function 11, 14 16 Mean arterial pressure, see Hypertension Megalin, membranous nephropathy role 109 Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis definition 198 models complement factor H deficiency mice 205 209 pigs 203 205 cryoglobulinemic models 200 experimental models 203 immunoglobulin G3 monoclonal hybridoma induction in mice 201, 202 spontaneous models 199 thymic stromal lymphopoietin transgenic mouse 200, 201 variants 198, 199 Membranous nephropathy, see also Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1 role 115, 116 complement role C5b-9 effects on podocytes 112, 113, 117 filtration slit diaphragm effects 117, 118 overview 111, 112 endoplasmic reticulum injury and stress 113 115 experimental models 107 109 extracellular matrix turnover and glomerular basement membrane expansion 119 nephritogenic antigens and immune deposit formation 109 111 oxidative stress 115 pathogenesis 107, 108 phospholipase A 2 role 113 transcription factors and growth factor signaling 116, 117 treatment prospects 118, 120 Mesangium amyloidosis 11 cells apoptosis 16 proliferation 10, 11 types 7, 8 extracellular matrix 8, 10 function 6 glomerular interactions 16, 17 growth factor receptors 9 homeostasis regulators growth factors/cytokines 12 14 matrix metalloproteinases 11, 14 16 integrin function 11, 12 mesangiolysis 6 normal features 7 9 prospects for study 18, 19 proteomics 17, 18 sclerosis 11 tenascin in nodular glomerulosclerosis 12 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, infection-related glomerulonephritis 158 Microvasculature, see also Glomerular endothelial cell injury in renal disease aging 65, 66 ischemia in chronic renal disease 64, 65 preeclampsia 62, 63 peritubular cell endothelium 61, 62 Minimal change nephrotic syndrome, see Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome MIOX, diabetic nephropathy role 168 Mitogen-activated protein kinase, glomerular disease signaling 46, 47 Monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease clinical features 224, 225 extracellular matrix accumulation pathophysiology 227, 228 forms 222 368 Subject Index
immunoglobulin chain structure heavy chain domain deletions 227 light chain structure and glycosylation 226, 227 overview 225, 226 immunohistology 223, 224 light chain-mediated damage, see Light chain-mediated tubulopathies microscopy findings electron microscopy 224 light microscopy 222, 223 overview 221, 222 therapeutic prospects 228 230 Multiple myeloma, tubular interstitial nephritis association 301 Myeloperoxidase, see Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies Nail-patella syndrome, LMX1B mutation 179 Nephrotic syndrome, see Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome Nitric oxide, mesangial function 14 Notch, glomerular endothelial cell development role 60, 61 Nuclear factor-κb, nephrotic syndrome pathophysiology 98, 99, 102 Obstructive nephropathy, see Urinary obstruction Oxidative stress diabetic nephropathy 163, 164 immunoglobulin A nephropathy 141 membranous nephropathy 115 tubular interstitial nephritis 305 Parietal epithelial cell development 23 26 history of study 23 markers 25 renal injury response in disease 28 32 renal progenitor niche function 24 28 Peritubular cell, endothelium 61, 62 Phospholipase A 2, membranous nephropathy role 113 Pierson syndrome, laminin mutation 178, 179 Pimonidazole, sublethal tubular injury detection 289 Platelet-derived growth factor immunoglobulin A nephropathy role 141, 142 mesangial function 9 13 Podocyte C5b-9 effects in membranous nephropathy collapsing glomerulopathy role 277 281 nephrotic syndrome minimal change nephrotic syndrome role 101, 102 structure and function changes 101, 102 Preeclampsia, renal microvasculature injury 62, 63 Proteinase-3, see Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies Proteinuria, tubular interstitial nephritis 306, 307 Proximal tubule anemia and mineral-bone disorder of chronic kidney disease 47 disorders amino acid transport disorders 44, 45 chloride channel diseases 42, 43 Fanconi syndrome 38, 39, 247, 248 fluid and electrolyte transporter dysfunction 38 hypophosphatemia 40, 41 renal glucosuria 39, 40 renal tubular acidosis 43, 44 epithelial-mesenchymal transition and disease 47 function 37 glomerular disease role 46, 47 light chain-mediated damage, see Light chain-mediated tubulopathies sublethal tubular injury adaptive responses 292, 293 combination of sublethal injuries 291, 292 detection 288 290 morphology 289 resistance to further injury 292, 293 tubular interstitial nephritis, see Tubular interstitial nephritis urinary obstruction changes 313 315 Reactive oxygen species, see Oxidative stress Renal amyloidosis, see Amyloidosis Renal Fanconi syndrome, see Fanconi syndrome Subject Index 369
Renal glucosuria, proximal tubule dysfunction 39, 40 Renal interstitial fibrosis, see Interstitial fibrosis Renal progenitor cell, parietal epithelial cell niche function 24 28 Renal tubular acidosis, proximal tubule dysfunction 43, 44 Sarcoidosis, tubular interstitial nephritis association 301 Scarlet fever, infection-related glomerulonephritis 153, 154 Serial analysis of gene expression, diabetic nephropathy gene discovery 166, 167 Serum amyloid A, species-specific induction 2, 3 Sjögren s syndrome, tubular interstitial nephritis association 301 Systemic lupus erythematosus genetics in animal models 187, 188 lupus nephritis, see Lupus nephritis tubular interstitial nephritis association 301 Tamm-Horsefall protein, cast nephropathy 265 267 Tap1b, diabetic nephropathy role 170, 171 Tenascin, nodular glomerulosclerosis 12 T cell lupus nephritis role 192 minimal change nephrotic syndrome podocyte mimicry of immune cell signaling 101, 102 signaling overview 96 98 regulation and cytokine polarity in immunoglobulin A nephropathy 132, 133 Thymic stromal lymphopoietin, transgenic mouse model of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis 200, 201 Tim44, diabetic nephropathy role 168, 169 Toll-like receptors innate immunity in minimal change nephrotic syndrome 100, 101 lupus nephritis role 189, 192 Transforming growth factor-β epithelial-mesenchymal transition signaling 47 glomerular endothelial cell development role 59, 60 immunoglobulin A nephropathy role 143 mesangial function 9, 10, 13 Transthyretin, amyloidosis 1, 241, 242 TREX1, mutation in hereditary endotheliopathy with retinopathy, nephropathy and stroke 179 Tubular interstitial nephritis acute tubular interstitial nephritis 298, 299 apoptosis 305, 306 chronic tubular interstitial nephritis analgesic nephropathy 302, 303 associated diseases multiple myeloma 301 sarcoidosis 301 Sjögren s syndrome 301 systemic lupus erythematosus 301 calcineurin inhibitor induction 301 etiology 299, 300 pathogenesis 300 radiation nephritis 301 reflex nephropathy 300 urate nephropathy 301, 302, 306 classification 298 epithelial-mesenchymal transition 304, 305 extracellular matrix degradation 303 hypoxia role 305, 307 inflammatory cell infiltration 303, 304 obstructive nephropathy models, see Urinary obstruction overview 297, 298 oxidative stress role 305 proteinuria 306, 307 renin-angiotensin system activation 305 Tumor necrosis factor-α, immunoglobulin A nephropathy role 143 Urate nephropathy, tubular interstitial nephritis 301, 302, 306 Urinary obstruction renal function 320 renal lesions extracellular matrix deposition 315 glomerular and vascular changes 319 interstitial changes fibroblast increase 315 inflammation 315 370 Subject Index
neonates 320, 321 pathogenesis 316 319 tubular changes 313 315 tubular interstitial nephritis models 303, 306, 312 pathogenesis 321 323 reversibility 321 Vascular endothelial growth factor epithelial-mesenchymal transition signaling 47 glomerular endothelial cell development role 57 59 mesangial function 9, 14 transplant rejection role acute antibody-mediated rejection 66, 67 chronic active antibody-mediated rejection and transplant glomerulopathy 67, 68 Vasculitis, see Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies Subject Index 371