Fibromyalgia
Erin Lawson Mark S. Wallace Editors Fibromyalgia Clinical Guidelines and Treatments
Editors Erin Lawson, MD Voluntary Faculty Department of Anesthesiology Center for Pain Medicine University of California San Diego Lexington Interventional Pain Management Lexington Medical Center Lexington, SC, USA Mark S. Wallace, MD Professor of Clinical Anesthesiology Chief, Division of Pain Medicine Department of Anesthesiology University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA ISBN 978-3-319-15819-8 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-15820-4 ISBN 978-3-319-15820-4 (ebook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2015936033 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is a brand of Springer International Publishing Springer International Publishing is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface Fibromyalgia is a prevalent disease state, necessitating priority in both primary care and pain management practices. Since Fibromyalgia can be associated with rheumatological disease, patients have historically been referred to rheumatologists. In addition, the American College of Rheumatology were the first to publish diagnostic criteria and recently published extensively revised criteria. However, the vast majority of fibromyalgia patients have no underlying rheumatological disease; therefore, fewer are being referred to rheumatologists and more are being diagnosed by their primary care physicians. The current and future leaders in the management of fibromyalgia are primary care and pain medicine physicians/ providers. In this text, we created a unique collaborative effort by pain medicine fellows who were mentored by prominent pain medicine faculty at separate institutions to provide the following chapters. The authors have researched the complexity of this disease and have provided evidence-based guidelines and treatments for patients with fibromyalgia. Here you will find the most up-to-date review of the literature on the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment for fibromyalgia. This includes recent research showing possible genetic components, acupuncture as an adjuvant therapy, which lifestyle modifications help the most, and what to avoid, such as benzodiazepines. For centuries, this disease state has been described with minimal treatment modalities. Only in recent decades has extensive research been performed to validate and treat this disease. There are now three FDA-approved drugs to treat fibromyalgia (surpassed only by postherpetic neuralgia which has four). We now have the tools to provide patients with fibromyalgia a better quality of life and a better prognosis. This text is unique as it focuses on the current literature and evidence-based data to guide practitioners in the management of fibromyalgia. We also discuss emerging developments and research to come. We hope you find this text useful in the management of fibromyalgia, as a patient and/or a healthcare provider. We would like to thank all the authors who contributed to this text. This text would not be possible without their thorough approach and thoughtful perspective. v
vi Preface We also want to thank Jennifer Schneider, developmental editor for Springer for her support along the way. Finally, we thank the patients who inspired this book. Erin Lawson, MD La Jolla, CA, USA Mark S. Wallace, MD La Jolla, CA, USA Linda T. Pearson, BA, BS, MD Nashville, TN
Contents 1 The Epidemiology and Prevalence of Fibromyalgia (FMS)... 1 Jeffrey L. Chen and Anne Marie McKenzie-Brown 2 Fibromyalgia Diagnosis... 23 Omar H. Henriquez and Devin Peck 3 Etiology... 35 Omar I. Halawa and David A. Edwards 4 Prognosis... 51 Ryan D. McConn and Magdalena Anitescu 5 Lifestyle Modification and Fibromyalgia... 71 Jennifer B Oliver and Srdjan S. Nedeljkovic 6 Psychological Treatment for Fibromyalgia... 87 Jeffrey T. Hopcian and David R. Lindsay 7 Medications... 103 A. Morgan Kelly and Kimberly Mauer 8 Adjuvant Treatments for Fibromyalgia... 113 Anna Woodbury and Albert Leung 9 Utilizing Clinical Treatments with a Limited Evidence Base... 129 Eugene Hsu and Srdjan S. Nedeljkovic vii
viii Contents 10 Treatment of Special Groups: Children, Pregnant, Elderly, and Mentally Disabled... 139 Sunjay Nath Mathur and Dominika Lipowska James 11 Emerging Developments... 165 Marni G. Hillinger and Ellen W. K. Rosenquist 12 Nutrition... 175 Donald Eli Lynch and Geeta Nagpal Index... 191
Contributors Magdalena Anitescu Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Jeffrey L. Chen Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA David A. Edwards Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Omar I. Halawa Department of Anesthesiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA Omar H. Henriquez Korunda Pain Management Center, Naples, FL, USA Marni G. Hillinger Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Jeffrey T. Hopcian Case Medical Center, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA Eugene Hsu Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA Dominika Lipowska James Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA A. Morgan Kelly Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Columbia New York Presbyterian, New York, NY, USA Albert Leung Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, The University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA David R. Lindsay Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA Donald Eli Lynch Department of Anesthesia, UCSF Pain Management Center, San Francisco, CA, USA Sunjay Nath Mathur Department of Aneshesiology, Back & Pain Center, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA ix
x Contributors Kimberly Mauer Department of Anesthesiology & Peri-Operative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA Ryan D. McConn Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA Anne Marie McKenzie-Brown Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA Geeta Nagpal Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA Srdjan S. Nedeljkovic Brigham and Women s Hospital, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Jennifer B. Oliver Department of Aneshesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Devin Peck Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Pain Management, New York, NY, USA Ellen W. K. Rosenquist Cleveland Clinic, Twinsburg, OH, USA Anna Woodbury Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, Veterans Affairs Medical Center Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA