International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research Review Article

International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research Review Article PHARMACEUTICAL CONSIDERATION OF PANCHAKARMA THERAPY Kar Pulak Kanti 1, Sarkar Prasanta Kumar 2* 1 Lecturer, Department of Panchakarma, *2 Lecturer, Department of Rasashastra, J. B. Roy State Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital, Raja Dinendra Street, Kolkata, India. ABSTRACT Panchakarma therapy is a very important and essential part of Ayurvedic treatment. The efficacy of Panchakarma therapy depends on proper application of different elimination procedures as well as on the proper preparations of various formulations. Drugs play an important role to achieve the proper effectiveness of Panchakarma therapy. Along with the conventional Ayurvedic dosage forms, in Panchakarma therapy various modifications are made; even some unique dosage forms are also mentioned which are only applicable for Panchakarma therapy. It is inferred that these modifications of procedural pattern are for better absorption of drugs or essence of drugs with or without metabolism for elimination purpose. In this article, the dosage forms used for Panchakarma therapy; their preparation and specific modification made for Panchakarma therapy are mentioned and discussed. Key words: Vamana, Virechana, Nasya, Vasti, Rasaushadhi, Modification. INTRODUCTION Appropriate application of any treatment depends on extent of its flexibility and quantum of extension in respect to its pharmaceutical preparation. Panchakarma is a complex and unique system of treatment, so its pharmaceutical preparations also should possess some special characteristics. There are various derivations in pharmaceutical preparations in Ayurveda, Panchakarma has got the influence of above, but it is different to a considerable extent especially modulated to be suited for Panchakarma. Considering the special feature of Panchakarma, various methods of preparations have been formulated. This has been done to make it acceptable to all persons irrespective of their age and constitution. Such sort of special feature in respect to pharmaceutical modulation has been dealt within this article. This will make the learning and teaching more palatable and comprehensible. In Charaka Samhita, total 600 formulations are mentioned for Vamana and Virechana Karma, among these, 345 formulations are used for Vamana purpose and 255 formulations are used for Virechana purpose [1]. In Panchakarma therapy, different routes of administration are used to administer the drugs. Apart from the oral route and external application, drugs are also applied through nostrils (Nasya) and rectal (Basti) route [2]. Along with the conventional dosage forms of Ayurveda like Swarasa, Kwatha, Churna Kalpana, Sneha Kalpana, etc., some modified dosage forms like Ghreya Kalpana, Pupa Kalpana, etc., are also used in Panchakarma therapy. These modifications are made for easy administration, quick action and better bioavailability of the drugs (Sukha-upaya and Samyaga-upa Kalpanarthya) [3]. The present article deals with various conventional pharmaceutical procedures used in Panchakarma therapy along with the modified formulations, especially designed for Panchakarma therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS An extensive search of the ancient Ayurvedic literatures was carried out to compile information about formulations used in Panchakarma therapy. The search includes the texts of 1500 BC to the recent texts. The electronic and internet media was done according to the guidelines for the use of electronic and internet media, [4,5] and a high quality and reliable medical information from the internet was retrieved only from the Healthon-Net (HON) conduct-certified and accredited websites like Entrez PubMed [Medline], CAM- Available online at : http://ijapr.in Page 88

Sarkar Prasanta Kumar et al. Pharmaceutical Consideration of Panchakarma Therapy PubMed, Allied and complementary medicine database, Natural medicine comprehensive database, Embase and Cochrane library. The databases were searched from 1986-2013 using the search terms drugs used in Panchakarma therapy, pharmaceutics in Panchakarma therapy, importance of drugs in Panchakarma therapy, dosage forms used in Panchakarma, standardization of drugs used in Panchakarma therapy. REVIEW Dosage forms used in Panchakarma therapy Conventional dosage form 1. Svarasa Kalpana These are the expressed juice from the freshly collected plants. The fresh plants are collected, cleaned, made into paste form and the juice is expressed by the help of cotton cloth [6]. In Panchakarma, same procedure is followed to prepare Svarasa preparation. In most of the cases it is used in the preparation of other formulations. For Vamana and Virechana Karma, sometimes Svarasa Kalpana as the Svarasa of Koshataki (Luffa acutangula Roxb.), Saptala (Acacia concinna DC.), Shankhini (Canscora decussate Roxb.), Devdali (Luffa echinata Roxb.) and Karavellika (Momordica charantia Roxb.) has been advocated directly for use [7]. Svarasa is also used for Avapida, a Virechana type of Nasya. 2. Kalka Kalpana These are paste form of the freshly collected drugs. Fresh wet drugs are collected, cleaned with water and made into paste form by the help of mortar and pestle (Khalva Yantra) [6]. In Panchakarma, the procedure is slightly modified. Drugs are made into powder or paste form, then it is levigated by milky latex of other plants or Kwatha of other drugs. These are used for induction of Vamana or Virechana [3]. In Basti therapy, Kalka is used but is prepared by following conventional method [8]. 3. Kwatha Kalpana These are decoctions prepared by boiling with water. Fresh or dry drugs are collected, made into coarse powder form, mixed with sixteen times water and boiled until to reduction to one eighth and the prepared Kwatha is collected by straining with cotton cloth 9. In some cases of Panchakarma, Kwatha of the main drug is being prepared by using decoction of other drugs as liquid media. Drugs are mixed with the decoction and boiled until reduction to desired volume, then strained. These are used for induction of Vamana and Virechana [3]. 4. Hima Kalpana These are cold infusions prepared by keeping the drugs in cold water for longer duration (especially overnight). It is also named as Sheeta Kalpana. To prepare Hima, fresh or dry drugs are collected, made into coarse powder form, mixed with six times of cold water and kept as it is for over night and the prepared Hima is collected by straining with cotton cloth [9]. But, in Panchakarma, one type of Hima is prepared by soaking the drugs in Sura (alcohol) or Sauviraka (vinegar). Drugs are soaked in alcohol, kept for overnight, stirred and strained by cotton cloth; and in the other, drugs are made into coarse powder form, soaked in decoction of other drugs, kept for overnight, stirred and strained by cotton cloth. These are used for induction of Vamana and Virechana [3]. 5. Phanta Kalpana These are hot infusions prepared by keeping the drugs in hot water. To prepare Phanta, fresh or dry drugs are collected, made into coarse powder form, mixed with four times of hot water and allowed to cool down and the prepared Phanta is collected by straining with cotton cloth [9]. Yastimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.) Phanta is traditionally used for Vamana purpose. 6. Churna Kalpana These are the powder dosage form of dry drugs. Drugs are collected, allowed to complete dryness, made into fine powder form by grinding and collected by separation through cotton cloth [7]. In some Panchakarma therapies, the procedure is slightly modified. Drugs are made into fine powder form, them is impregnated with Svarasa, Kwatha or latex of other drugs. After the Bhavana procedure, again it is made into fine powder form. These are used mostly for induction of Vamana [3]. 7. Vati Kalpana Vati or pills, prepared by rolling the semisolid mass of drugs. Fresh or dry drugs are collected, made into fine powder form separately, mixed together, levigated by juice or decoction and are rolled into small pills manually. The same procedure is followed in Panchakarma also, but the size of Vati is made like the fruit of Amlaki (Embelica officinalis Gaertn.) or Haritaki (Terminalia chebula Retz.) or Vibhitaki (Terminalia belerica Roxb.). The mode of administration is also different; Available online at : http://ijapr.in Page 89

generally paste of the Vati is prepared with decoction of other drugs and then administered. The other type of pill is prepared from Swarasa of the freshly collected drugs. Swarasa of the drugs are expressed, the juice is then dried to semisolid form and from the semisolid mass pills are prepared. These are used for induction of Vamana and Virechana [3]. 8. Avaleha Kalpana Avaleha is semisolid dosage form prepared by further boiling of the decoction. Here decoction or juice of drugs is prepared, made into semisolid form by further boiling with sweetening agent; to make the dosage form palatable and powder of other drugs are mixed whenever the preparation remain hot, after complete cooling honey is added. For Panchakarma therapy, generally Swarasa or Kwatha of the drugs is prepared and made into semisolid consistency by further boiling. These semisolid preparations called as Phanita is indicated directly to the patients without adding any sweetening agent. In some preparations, honey and sugar are mixed together and heated to prepare sugar syrup; after cooling, drugs in powder form are added. These formulations are mostly used for induction of Vamana and Virechana [3]. 9. Sneha Kalpana These are medicated oils or ghee. To prepare oil or ghee, these are heated with paste of drugs and liquid media like decoction, etc., until remaining of only oleaginous part. The ratio of paste, oil and liquid media is 1:4:16, and the prepared oil or ghee is collected by straining with cotton cloth. For some Panchakarma therapies, one type of medicated ghee is prepared from the butter collected from the milk boiled with the drugs. Then the collected butter is boiled with the paste and decoction of other drugs to prepare medicated ghee. Another type of ghee is prepared from curd. For that, Ksheera Paka of the drugs is carried out first, then curd is prepared from the prepared Ksheera, and finally form the curd, ghee is prepared [3]. This medicated ghee is used for excitation of Kapha Dosha. It is also used for induction of Vamana. 10. Sandhana Kalpana Sandhana Kalpanas are the fermented liquids. Swarasa or Kwatha of the drugs are prepared; with the prepared liquid, fermentation initiator and sweetening agent are mixed and kept for a period for proper fermentation, finally the prepared Sandhana Kalpana is collected by straining with cotton cloth. In Panchakarma therapy, the same procedures are followed for preparation of Sandhana Kalpana. The products of fermentation are used for various purposes like, for preparation of Hima Kalpana, for inducement of Vamana Karma, etc. 11. Arka Kalpana These are the distilled essence, which contain the volatile constituents. Fresh or dry drugs are collected, made into coarse powder form, mixed with ten times water and kept as it is for over night. The soaked drug is then allowed for distillation. The volatile principles which are evolved admixture with water vapour are condensed and collected [10]. Arka of Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus Willd.), Dhattura (Datura stramonium Linn.), Nagapushpi (Couroupita guianensis Jean.), Svarnamakshika (chalcopyrite) and Devadali (Luffa echinata Roxb.) may be used for Vamana. Arka of Aragvadha (Cassia fistula Linn.), Kampillaka (Mallotus philippinensis Muell.), Katuki (Picrorhiza kurroa Royle.), Ankota (Alangium lamarckii Thwaites.), Danti (Baliospermum montanum Muell.), Trivrit (Operculina turpethum Silva.), Sannayamakshika (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.), Indravaruni (Citrullus colocynthis Schrad.), Jaipala (Croton tiglium Linn.) and Sugandha (Cryptolepis buchanani R & S.) may be used for Virechana [10]. 12. Ksheera Kalpana These are medicated milk prepared by boiling with the drug. One part of drug is mixed with eight times milk and thirty two times of water and boiled till remaining of only milk part, and then the prepared milk is collected by straining with cotton cloth 11. Slight modification has been made for Panchakarma therapy. Svarasa of the drug is prepared, one part of this prepared Svarasa is mixed with three times of milk and boiled till remaining of only milk part, and then the prepared milk is collected by straining with cotton cloth [3]. The prepared milk is used for induction of Vamana in the patients of Svarabheda, Pinasa, and aggravated Kapha in chest. In case of Basti preparation, the traditional Ksheerapaka method has been advised to be followed [12]. In a preparation of Basti for Pitta, Yastimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.) etc. are Available online at : http://ijapr.in Page 90

Sarkar Prasanta Kumar et al. Pharmaceutical Consideration of Panchakarma Therapy said to be used as Shrita, though it should not prepared as Shrita Kalpana. Yastimadhu (G. glabra Linn.), etc., are to be boiled in eight times of water first and then should be reduced to one eighth. Then it should be boiled with equal amount of milk until the residue comes to just half of total amount. Kwatha preparation by directly adding milk in drugs is not recommended as it can not express out the extracts of drugs properly [13]. Though in the general rule of Ksheerapaka Vidhi, the ratio of drug : milk : water is 1:8:32, but in a preparation of Chandanadi Niruha, the ratio has been changed to 1:5:20. [8] 13. Rasaushadhies These are mostly mentioned for the Shamana treatment of various ailments. Surprisingly an especial chapter namely Virechanadhaya is mentioned in Rasendra Sara Samgraha including the formulations, those can be prescribed for Virechana purpose. This chapter includes the formulations like Icchabhedi Rasa, Jaludarari Rasa, etc., which are used for induction of Virechana most commonly. These formulations contain the plant drugs like Jayapala (C. tiglium Linn.), etc., which causes Virechana [13]. These preparations are mostly prescribed for induction of Virechana Karma. 14. Pathya Kalpana These Kalpanas are mentioned for the application in patients as diet regimen after procedures of Panchakarma therapy [1]. a). Manda Kalpana: One part of rice and 14 parts of water are taken and boiled, after proper boiling the liquid part is strained and prescribed as Manda [15]. b). Peya Kalpana: One part of rice is boiled in 14 parts of water. After proper boiling, the boiled rice is mixed with the liquid part properly to get Peya [15]. c). Vilepi Kalpana: One part of rice and four parts of water are boiled; after proper boiling, both are rubbed together to get a thick paste, is called as Vilepi [15]. d). Yavagu Kalpana: One part of drug is boiled in 16 part of water until reduction to half. In this decoction broken grains are added and thick gruel is prepared [15]. In some cases, instead of water, many other liquids like butter milk, milk, etc., are used as liquid media for preparation of Yavagu. e). Mantha Kalpana: One part of powdered drug is put in four parts of cold water and churned well to give a thick consistence [15]. These are prescribed to the patients after Panchakarma therapy as diet regimen. Modified dosage form especially for Panchakarma therapy 1. Shaskuli / Pupa Swarasa or Kwatha of the main drug is prepared. It is mixed with oil and rice and cooked properly; from the semi-solid mass, Shaskuli or Pupa is prepared [3]. These preparations are used for induction of Vamana. 2. Tarpana It is a demulcent drink. The base is prepared by adding fruit juice, sugar and honey; then powders or juices of the drugs are mixed in the base [3]. These Tarpana are formulated as innocuous purgative or emetic [3] and used for Virechana in the patients having low digestive power, otherwise Tarpana is also used for post therapeutic regimen [8]. 3. Ghreya Yoga Drugs are made into fine powder form. Bhavana is given to the powder by juice or decoction of other drugs or by urine. Again it is made into fine powder form. This powder is sprinkled on garlands or garlands are impregnated with the water mixed with this powder. These garlands are advised to wear. The inhalation of these garlands lead to vomiting or purgation. These are used for induction of Vamana or Virechana [3]. 4. Bhavita Mamsa/Matsya Dry fish or dry meat is levigated by milky latex of the plant drugs, allowed to dry, and made into powder form. It is used for induction of Virechana [3]. 5. Basti preparations Basti is medicated enema, prepared by mixing, cooking and triturating of many dosage forms like Svarasa, Kwatha, Sneha Kalpana etc. Basti is of two types, i.e. Niruha Basti and Anuvasana Basti [16]. a) Niruha Basti Decoction of the drugs is prepared; with the prepared decoction, milk or meat soup or paste of other drugs is mixed and cooked well. Honey, jaggery, rock salt, oil, ghee and other drugs are mixed with the cooked decoction and triturated to form a homogeneous mixture [8]. The amount of decoction for preparation of Niruha Basti will be 5 parts, and the amount of oleaginous Available online at : http://ijapr.in Page 91

material will depend on the vitiation of Doshas, for vitiation of Vata, Pitta and Kapha Doshas, the amount will be 1/4 th, 1/6 th and 1/8 th part respectively [8]. The general ratio of rock salt, honey, oleaginous material, paste of drugs, decoction of drugs, and powder drugs for preparation of Niruha Vasti is 1 Karsha, 4 Palas, 6 Palas, 2 Palas, 8 Palas and 4 Palas respectively [16]. b) Anuvasana Basti: These are prepared according to the method of preparation of Sneha Kalpana. Paste of drugs, oleaginous substances and liquid drugs are cooked until remaining of only oleaginous part [16]. c) Basti of Rasaushadhies: Solution of Shuddha Kasisa in water is indicated to apply as Basti. For preparation of Kasisa solution, 5 Ratti (625 mg) of Shuddha Kasisa is dissolved in 2.5 Tola (60 ml) of water [17]. This is used in the treatment of Arsha and Gudabhramsa. A solution prepared by dissolving 6 Ratti (750 mg) of Shuddha Sphatika in 5 Tola (60 ml) water, is applied as Basti to treat Gudankura and Gudabhramsa. The solution causes contraction leads to haemostatic action. 6. Nasya Kalpana: These are the Churna (powder), Svarasa, Kwatha, Kalka or Sneha (medicated oil or ghee) type of dosage forms [2]. These are administered through nostrils. For this therapy fruits, leaves, roots, tubers, flowers, extracts and barks of the herbs are used [16] in Churna, Kalka, Svarasa, Ksheera, Kwatha, Sara, Dhuma form or along with Mamsa Rasa, Siddha-taila, and Ghrita etc. These preparations again are modulated into secondary or tertiary preparations according the nature of disease [19]. Solutions of minerals are also used for Nasya therapy. For example, solution of Shuddha Sphatika in cow s milk is prescribed to take as Nashya to stop Nasika Rudhira Srava (nasal bleeding). Application of Panchakarma in Rasa therapy One of the major objectives of Rasashastra is to make the body free from any diseases and ageing i.e. Dehavedha. It can be achieved by application of the processed (Samskarita) Parada into the body. Before administration of Samskarita Parada, the body should be made ready; the procedure is called as Kshetrikarana in the parlance of Rasashastra. For this Kshetrikarana purpose, procedures of Panchakarma therapy are to be applied. Procedure Firstly Snehana Karma is done with ghee and rock salt. Then person is advised to take Kwatha of Ketaki (Pandanus odoratissimus Roxb.) stem. Swedana Karma is performed afterward. After proper Swedana, Virechana is induced by Katukorohini (Picrorhiza kurroa Royle.) Kwatha. Virechana Karma is done until elimination of vitiated Shleshma. Samsarjana Karma is advised to follow for three days after Virechana Karma [20]. It is also mentioned in the classics of Rasashastra that without Kshetrikarana, if the Samskarita Parada is administered internally, then it may cause various adverse effects in the body [20]. DISCUSSION Preparation of dosage forms for Panchakarma therapy can be considered as tertiary preparations. Panchavidha Kashaya Kalpanas (Svarasa, Kalka, Kwatha, Heema and Phanta) are considered as primary formulations of Bhaishajya Kalpana. Other dosage forms like Avaleha Kalpana, Sneha Kalpana, etc., are considered as secondary formulations as because these are prepared by further modification of the primary formulations. Drugs used in Panchakarma therapy are prepared from the secondary formulations like Sneha Kalpana, Ksheerapaka Kalpana, etc. so, may be considered as tertiary preparations. It is advised in the classics of Ayurveda that hot honey is harmful and never be taken [1]. But in Charaka Samhita Kalpa Sthana, hot honey is indicated to prescribe for Vamana Karma. In Basti Kalpana also, honey along with hot decoction, etc., are administered into the body. Here the toxic effects of hot honey are used for beneficial purpose to induce elimination of morbid material [21]. Various solvent systems rather than water are mentioned for extraction of the active principles, among those alcohol should be needed an especial mention. Drugs used in Panchakarma therapy are used for vomiting or purgation purpose, or administered through different routes, where quick absorption is needed for better affectivity of the therapy. Alcohol absorbs faster than water. This may be considered one of the causes behind uses of alcohol as media for extraction or an ingredient for preparation of medicines used in Panchakarma therapy. Preparation of Basti, mainly Niruha Basti may be considered as unique and complex method of preparation. These can also be Available online at : http://ijapr.in Page 92

Sarkar Prasanta Kumar et al. Pharmaceutical Consideration of Panchakarma Therapy considered as separate dosage form with unique method of preparation. That s why Basti Kalpana is included under the scope of Bhaishajya Kalpana. Some Rasaushadhies are mentioned for induction of Virechana. These are very active and lead to easy Virechana. The need is of some Rasa formulations, those will cause easy induction of Vamana. This may be taken in account for planning of further research work. Another very important observation is use of solution of Rasaushadhi (Kasisa) for Basti Karma. Many Rasaushadhies are there, which are water soluble. Trial may also be given by administering the solution of these Rasaushadhies through rectal route by Basti Karma. These trials may be helpful to explore newer indications of these Rasaushadhies. Various studies have so far been carried out to standardize the procedures of Panchakarma [22, 23]. In those studies, the dose of the medicaments, number of elimination, etc., are studied and reported. But studies on standardization of the drugs used in Panchakarma therapy are few. A study carried out by Dave and Baxi reported standardization of Bala Taila, Panchaguna Taila, Dhanvantara Taila and Mahamasha Taila used in Panchakarma therapy. More such studies are required to achieve proper effectiveness of Panchakarma therapy [24]. CONCLUSION After the review and discussion it is clearly concluded that the pharmaceutical procedures used in Shamana or palliative therapy are modified in cases of Shodhana or Panchakarma therapy. Use of solvents as per Doshahara activities and modification of procedural pattern is for better absorption of drugs or essence of drugs with or without metabolism for elimination purpose. REFERENCES 1. Sharma RK, Bhagwan Dash. Charaka Samhita (Eng. Translation) Vol. I (Sutra Sthana). Office; 2001, 4/4. 2. Paradhkar HS. Asthanga Hridayam (Sarvangasundara Commentary of Arundatta and Ayurveda Rasayana Commentary of Hemadri). Reprint edition (Sutra Sthana). New Delhi: Rashtriya Sanskrit Samsthan; 2002, 20/1. 3. Sharma RK, Bhagwan Dash. Charaka Samhita (Eng. Translation) Vol. VI (Kalpa Sthana). Office; 2001, 1/3, 5/9-10, 1/21, 2/8. 4. Winker MA, Flanagin A, Chi-Lum B, White J, Andrews K, Kennett RL, et al. Guidelines for medical and health information sites on the internet: Principles governing AMA web sites. American Medical Association. JAMA 2000;283:1600-6. 5. Wootton J. Directory of databases. The Vienna International academy for integrated medicine. The Rosenthal Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2004. 6. Tripathi B. Ashtanga Hridaya (Hindi Commentary). Kalpasiddhi Sthana. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Surbharati Prakashan; 2007, 6/9. 7. Singhal GD. Susruta Samhita Vol. I (Sutra Sthana). Delhi; Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishtahan; 2007, 31/5. 8. Sharma RK, Bhagwan Dash. Charaka Samhita (Eng. Translation) Vol. VI (Siddhi Sthana). Office; 2001, 3/47. 9. Paradhkar HS. Asthanga Hridayam (Sarvangasundara Commentary of Arundatta and Ayurveda Rasayana Commentary of Hemadri). Reprint edition. (Kalpasiddhi Sthana). New Delhi: Rashtriya Sanskrit Samsthan; 2002, 6/10. 10. Tripathi ID. Arkaprakash (Hindi Commentary). 2nd ed. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy; 2006, 1/15-18. 11. Tripathi ID. Chakradatta (Hindi Commentary). Reprint edition. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Bhawan; 2010, 1/262. 12. Jadavji T. Charaka Samhita (Ayurveda Dipika commentary by Chakrapani Datta). Siddhi Sthana. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthana; 1994, 3/48-50. 13. Sharma SP. Astanga Samgraha (Shashilekha Commentary by Indu). Kalpa Sthana. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series; 2008, 8/12. 14. Tripathi ID. Rasendra Sara Samgraha (Hindi Commentary). Varanasi: Chaukhamba Orientalia; 2006, 2/1-8. 15. Srikantamurthy KR. Sarangadhara Samhita (English Translation). Madhyama Khanda. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Orientalia; 2001, 3/170. Available online at : http://ijapr.in Page 93

16. Singhal GD. Susruta Samhita Vol. VII (Chikitsa Sthana). Delhi; Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishtahan; 2007, 35/18. 17. Shastri KN. Rasatarangini (Hindi Commentary). Delhi: Motilal Banarasidas; 2000, 21/254. 18. Sharma RK, Bhagwan Dash. Charaka Samhita (Eng. Translation) Vol. II (Vimana Sthana). Office; 2001, 8/154. 19. Srikantamurthy KR. Sarangadhara Samhita (English Translation). Uttara Khanda. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Orientalia; 2001, 8/16-20. 20. Rasashastri DR. Rasa Hridaya Tantra (Hindi Commentary). Varanasi: Chaukhamba Publishers; 2001, 19/2-4. 21. Jadavji T. Charaka Samhita (Ayurveda Dipika commentary by Chakrapani Datta). Kalpa Sthana. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthana; 1994, 1/13-18. 22. Dass RK, Bhatt NN, Thakar AB, Shukla VD. A comparative clinical study on standardization of Vamana Vidhi by classical and traditional methods. AYU 2012;33(4):517-22. 23. Patil V. Girish KJ. Standardization of Panchakarma procedures. J Ayurved Holistic Med 2013;1(6):1-3. 24. Dave KK, Baxi AJ. Standardization of several Tailas used in Panchakarma therapy. AYU 1983;18(4):1-7. Cite this article as: Sarkar Prasanta Kumar, Kar Pulak Kanti. Pharmaceutical Consideration of Panchakarma Therapy. Int. J. Ayur. Pharma Research. 2014; 2 (2): 88-94. Source of support: Nil, Conflict of interest: None Declared *Address for correspondence Dr. Prasanta Kumar Sarkar H/144, Netaji Colony Kolkata- 90, West Bengal, India Email: prasantaksarkar@yahoo.com Telephone: 033-25313005 (R) Mobile: +919836662816 Available online at : http://ijapr.in Page 94