Europace (2015) 17, 1294 1299 doi:10.1093/europace/euv255 EP WIRE Management of patients with ventricular tachycardia in Europe: results of the European Heart Rhythm Association survey Jian Chen 1 *, Derick M. Todd 2, Alessandro Proclemer 3, Elena Sciaraffia 4, Heidi L. Estner 5, Paul Broadhurst 6, and Carina Blomström-Lundqvist 4, Conducted by the Scientific Initiative Committee, European Heart Rhythm Association 1 Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital and Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; 2 Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Thomas Drive, Liverpool L14 3PE, UK; 3 Division of Cardiology, University Hospital S. Maria della Misericordia, IRCAB Foundation Udine, Udine, Italy; 4 Department of Cardiology, Institution of Medical Science, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden; 5 Department of Cardiology, I. Medizinische Klinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Campus Großhadern, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 München, Germany; and 6 Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZN, UK Received 30 June 2015; accepted after revision 8 July 2015 The purpose of this European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) survey was to assess clinical practice in the management of ventricular tachycardia (VT). The data are based on an electronic questionnaire sent to the members of the EHRA Research Network. Responses were received from 31 centres in 16 countries. The results of the survey show that the management of VT is in general in accordance with guidelines. Antiarrhythmic drugs are still frequently used for VT treatment. In patients at high risk of sudden cardiac death, an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator is routinely recommended, while the treatment options vary for patients with moderate or low risk. A discreet attitude is adopted for catheter ablation in high-risk patients as demonstrated by a relatively low rate of catheter ablation. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Keywords Ventricular tachycardia Antiarrhythmic drugs Catheter ablation Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator EHRA survey EP Wire Introduction Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is an important cause of morbidity and sudden cardiac death. Several guideline recommendations on the management of VT have been published. 1,2 In clinical practice, however, adherence to guidelines may vary, especially in patients with structural heart disease. We, therefore, aimed to investigate the current situation of VT management in Europe. Methods and results Participating centres The survey was based on the electronic questionnaire sent out to the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) Research Network centres. Responses were received from 31 centres in 16 countries and of these, 83.9% were university hospitals, 9.7% private hospitals, and 6.4% other type of hospital. Five centres (16.1%) each treated 400 VT patients per year, 5 (16.1%) treated 200 400 per year, 10 (32.3%) 100 200 per year, 8 (25.8%) 50 100 per year, and 3 (9.7%) centres treated,50 patients per year. Treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs), implantable cardioverterdefibrillators (ICDs), and catheter ablation was available in all participating centres except for three in which VT ablation was not performed. Investigation of underlying heart disease Most (58%) sustained VTs were secondary to coronary artery disease, 22% were due to non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy, 12% were idiopathic without detectable heart disease, 5% were related to channelopathies, and 3% were associated with other reasons. After VT was clinically documented, different examinations were performed in ischaemic and non-ischaemic heart disease (Figure 1). Seventeen (54.8%) centres performed invasive electrophysiological (EP) study in patients with documented sustained VT for several purposes, including selecting the treatment strategy (54.8%), * Corresponding author. Tel: +47 55972220; fax: +47 55975150, E-mail address: jian.chen@med.uib.no Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. & The Author 2015. For permissions please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.
Management of ventricular tachycardia 1295 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% TTE Exercise testing evaluating ventricular electrical instability (22.6%), testing the efficacy of AADs (9.7%), and optimizing ICD programming (9.7%). Antiarrhythmic drugs Coronary angiography To prevent recurrent haemodynamically stable VTs, AADs were prescribed in most centres and in addition, an ICD would be implanted if there was an indication. For idiopathic VT, first choice AADs were b-blockers, Ca 2+ channel blockers, and flecainide in 77.4, 9.7, and 9.7% of the participating centres, respectively. For VT with ischaemic heart disease, b-blockers and amiodarone were first choice in 58.1 and 41.9%, respectively. For VT with dilated cardiomyopathy, AADs included b-blockers, amiodarone, and sotalol in 40, 56.7, and 3.3% of the centres, respectively. In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, b-blockers, amiodarone, and disopyramide were used in 67.7, 25.8, and 3.2%, respectively, while one centre chose not to use any AAD for this condition. For VT due to arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, first choice AADs included b-blockers, sotalol, amiodarone, and flecainide in 58.1, 22.6, 16.1, and 3.2%, respectively. For VT related to Brugada syndrome, a b-blocker was the first choice in 35.5% of the centres, while 25.8% chose other AADs which were not listed in the questionnaire and no AAD was prescribed in 29%. For catecholaminergic polymorphic VT, a b-blocker was the first choice in 93.6%. To evaluate the effect of AADs, Holter monitoring was employed in 60.0%, only clinical follow-up in 56.7%, exercise testing in 33.3%, implantable loop recording in 10%, while programmed electrical stimulation was used only in 6.7%. If the patient had an ICD, 90% of the centres used device interrogation. MRI EP study SAECG Myocardial biopsy Genetic testing Catheter ablation Monomorphic VT with ischaemic heart disease Polymorphic VT with ischaemic heart disease Non-ischaemic VTs Figure 1 Investigations performed in patients with ischaemic and non-ischaemic heart diseases after VT was clinically documented. EP, electrophysiological; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; SAECG, signal-averaged electrocardiogram; TTE, transthoracic echocardiography; VT, ventricular tachycardia. Before VT ablation, AADs were withdrawn in 13.3% irrespective of the type of VT or class of AADs. Except for amiodarone, AADs were withdrawn in 13.3%, never withdrawn in 6.7%, while 66.7% of centres managed AADs individually depending on the VT type and the presence of structural heart disease. If post-myocardial infarction VT episodes occurred after ICD implantation, patients were referred for catheter ablation in the following situations: frequent shocks due to VT in 36.7%, recurrent VT irrespective of haemodynamic response in 26.7%, after failure of amiodarone in 16.7%, after the first shock due to VT in 13.3%, and recurrent haemodynamically unstable VT in 6.7%. Of 27 centres performing VT ablation 2 used a single method for mapping scar-related VT, while 25 employed combined techniques, including substrate mapping during sinus rhythm (83.3%), targeting mid-diastolic potentials during VT (76.7%), entrainment analysis (66.7)%, pace mapping of QRS morphologies (66.7)%, and mapping of earliest ventricular activation during VT (43.3%). Epicardial VT ablation was performed after failure of endocardial approach in 13 centres, and as a combined epicardial and endocardial approach at the first procedure in five centres, whereas nine centres never performed epicardial VT ablation. Endpoints for ablation procedures and investigations during follow-up for different VTs are listed in Table 1. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators In patients with post-myocardial infarction VT, all centres reported implanting ICDs in patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 35%. If LVEF was 35 40%, 69% of the centres would
1296 J. Chen et al. Table 1 Evaluations for acute and long-term success after catheter ablation of VT Endpoints of ablation procedure Investigations used for evaluating the efficacy of catheter ablation during the long-term follow-up...... Termination of Non-inducibility Modification Others 12-Lead Holter Exercise Programmed Implantable ICD clinical VT during of VT after of substrate ECG monitoring testing electrical loop interrogation ablation ablation stimulation recording if patient has... Post-myocardial infarct VT 29.2 79.2 58.3 8.3 50.0 63.3 36.7 6.7 6.7 93.3 VT with non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy 25.0 83.3 50.0 8.3 50.0 66.7 30.0 6.7 10.0 93.3 Idiopathic VT 33.3 70.8 0 12.5 56.7 86.7 60.0 3.3 3.3 60.0 Figures represent percentage of participating centres. ECG, electrocardiogram; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; VT, ventricular tachycardia. implant an ICD with no further testing, while 31% would base the decision on the results of an EP study; and if LVEF was normal, an ICD would be implanted in 24.1%, definitely not implanted in 34.5%, and 41.4% of the centres would make the decision based on the results of EP study. Similarly, all centres reported implanting ICDs in patients with VT, non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy, and LVEF 35%. If LVEF was 35 40%, 65.5% of the centres would implant an ICD, while 20.7% would base the decision on the results of EP study; if LVEF was normal, ICD would be implanted in 27.6% and not implanted in 37.9%, while in 34.5% the decision would depend on the results of EP study. When electrical storm occurred after ICD implantation in the absence of a reversible cause, 76.7% of the centres would first optimize medical therapy followed by catheter ablation, 20.0% would optimize medical therapy and ICD programming for VT detection and shock, and 3.3% would consider general anaesthesia. When patients with an ICD had recurrent VTs with frequent shocks during the long-term follow-up, 60.0% of the centres would optimize medications and refer patients for catheter ablation, 26.7% would consider ablation as the first line, and 13.3% would optimize medications and ICD programming for VT detection and shock. Treatment choices in patients with recurrent non-sustained monomorphic VT, sustained monomorphic VT, and polymorphic VT in different heart diseases are presented in Tables 2 4. Discussion The management of VT in various clinical settings is challenging. This EP Wire survey provides an insight into VT management in Europe. Coronary artery disease has been recognized to be the major cause of VT. Consequently, examinations including transthoracic echocardiography, exercise testing, coronary angiography, and magnetic resonance imaging were widely used in most centres in order to diagnose and differentiate ischaemic from non-ischaemic heart disease, 3 whereas signal-averaged electrocardiography, myocardial biopsy, and genetic testing were seldom employed. Magnetic resonance imaging was frequently used in patients with less defined substrate, which is in line with the guidelines. 2,4 Meanwhile, EP study was employed in only half the centres, which was less frequent compared with the results of an earlier survey, 5 indicating that the role of EP study was diminishing as a tool of risk evaluation for sudden cardiac death. To some extent, the aims of EP studies also changed. 4 This survey has demonstrated that left ventricular systolic function, haemodynamics, underlying heart disease, and duration of VT are the major determinants of VT treatment in Europe. For patients with LVEF 35%, ICD implantation has become the first choice, confirming the adherence to current recommendations. 6,7 In these patients, catheter ablation serves only as an adjunct to ICD or AAD treatment, or is not considered. The situation is similar for catheter ablation in patients with haemodynamically unstable recurrent polymorphic VT, most likely because ablation has been reported to be associated with high risk of complications, difficulties identifying suitable targets, and poor prognosis in these patients. 8,9 When underlying heart disease, normal LVEF, and stable haemodynamics are identified in patients with monomorphic VT, the duration of VT plays an important role in selecting therapy.
Table 2 Treatment choice in haemodynamically stable patients with recurrent sustained monomorphic VT AAD ICD Ablation choice choice choice considered choice choice choice considered choice choice choice considered... Post-myocardial infarct LVEF 35% 6.7 66.7 23.3 3.3 93.3 3.3 0 3.3 6.7 30.0 63.3 0 LVEF normal 46.7 36.7 16.7 0 17.3 31.0 37.9 13.8 40.0 33.3 26.7 0 Non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy LVEF 35% 10.3 69.0 17.2 3.5 90.0 6.7 0 3.3 3.5 20.7 72.4 3.4 LVEF normal 50.0 43.3 6.7 0 24.1 20.7 41.4 13.8 27.6 31.0 34.5 6.9 Idiopathic 46.7 46.7 3.3 3.3 6.9 3.4 48.3 41.4 43.3 46.7 3.3 6.7 Figures represent the percentage of participating centres. The most frequent first choice for each disease state is in bold. AAD, antiarrhythmic drug; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction. Table 3 Frequency of treatment choice in haemodynamically stable patients with recurrent non-sustained monomorphic VT AAD ICD Ablation choice choice choice considered choice choice choice considered choice choice choice considered... Post-myocardial infarct LVEF 35% 20.0 66.7 3.3 10.0 70.0 6.7 16.7 6.7 6.7 20.0 46.7 26.7 LVEF normal 70.0 20.0 0 10.0 3.3 23.3 30.0 43.3 16.7 30.0 26.7 26.7 Non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy LVEF 35% 23.3 70.0 3.3 3.3 70.0 6.7 16.7 6.7 3.3 16.7 30.0 26.7 LVEF normal 80.0 13.3 0 6.7 3.6 21.4 21.4 53.6 13.8 41.4 20.7 24.1 Idiopathic 60.0 30.0 0 10.0 0 0 34.5 65.5 40.0 50.0 0 10.0 Figures represent the percentage of participating centres. The most frequent first choice for each disease state is in bold. AAD, antiarrhythmic drug; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction. loaded from https://academic.oup.com/europace/article-abstract/17/8/1294/2398927 by guest on 10 November 2018 Management of ventricular tachycardia 1297
1298 J. Chen et al. Table 4 Frequency of treatment choice in haemodynamically unstable patients with recurrent sustained polymorphic VT AAD ICD Ablation......... choice choice choice considered choice choice choice considered choice choice choice considered... Post-myocardial infarct LVEF 35% 13.8 75.9 3.4 6.9 80.0 13.3 0 6.7 6.9 10.4 44.8 37.9 LVEF normal 40.0 50.0 3.3 6.7 53.3 23.3 3.4 20.0 3.3 10.0 46.7 40.0 Non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy LVEF 35% 13.8 79.3 0 6.9 80.0 10.0 3.3 6.7 6.9 3.5 51.7 37.9 LVEF normal 44.8 41.4 6.9 6.9 50.0 16.7 3.3 30.0 6.9 13.8 37.9 41.4 Figures represent the percentage of participating centres. The most frequent first choice for each disease state is in bold. AAD, antiarrhythmic drug; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction. Treatment with AADs is the major choice for non-sustained VT in most centres, while AAD treatment or catheter ablation is considered for sustained VT. The treatment decision in these patients is probably made according to the prognosis of their heart disease, symptoms, and patient preference. In patients without structural heart disease, AAD treatment is still the first choice in half the centres, even though ablation has been recommended as first-line therapy for sustained monomorphic VT. 2 Antiarrhythmic drugs still play a key role in VT therapy. In accordance with the recommendations, 1,2 b-blockers are the most frequently prescribed medications for VT in the majority of the centres. Notably, some centres chose b-blockers for VT related to Brugada syndrome though it is not recommended by the guidelines. 2,10 Amiodarone has also been prescribed frequently for treating VT in half the centres probably due to low risk for the pro-arrhythmic effects in patients with structural heart disease. With the exception of idiopathic VT, the majority of the centres employed catheter ablation as an adjunct strategy for VT patients after optimizing treatment with AAD and ICD programming. Whether AADs were withdrawn or not prior to ablation depended on the type of VT and the presence of heart disease. This indicated that most of the centres were cautious to interrupt AADs in high-risk patients. During ablation of scar-related VT, most centres selected combined mapping techniques and used non-inducibility of VT as the procedure endpoint. It may relate to the findings that patients in whom the endpoint of non-inducibility has been achieved have a lower rate of recurrent VT and cardiac death than those who remained inducible. 9,11 However, this additional benefit has not been shown in patients with LVEF 30%. 9 Thus, LVEF may be an important index for the selection of an ablation endpoint. Epicardial ablation has been implemented in half the centres in a context of failure of endocardial ablation procedures, although several centres combined it with an endocardial approach at the first procedure. This indicates that epicardial ablation is gaining the more widespread acceptance in Europe, but the technique is not yet developed in all centres. In patients with LVEF 35%, an ICD would be implanted in all centres irrespective of the type of VT or haemodynamics, which is consistent with the current guideline recommendation. At least one-third of the centres, however, would consider EP testing as an important tool to assess the indication for ICD implantation in patients with LVEF. 35%, even if EP testing is not a class I recommendation. This may indicate stricter requirements for ICD implantation in some centres. In patients with a VT storm without a reversible cause or patients with recurrent VT with frequent ICD shocks, optimizing medications rather than catheter ablation is the first choice in the majority of the centres, which may reflect a cautious attitude to ablation in these circumstances. In order to evaluate the efficacy of AADs and catheter ablation during the long-term follow-up, continuous monitoring was the preferred method. The majority of the centres would do this by ICD interrogation. Of note, few centres would implant an internal loop recorder for this purpose. Similarly, programmed electrical stimulation was seldom used probably because of its invasive nature and potential procedure-related risks.
Management of ventricular tachycardia 1299 Conclusions This EP Wire has shown that the clinical practice in Europe regarding management of VT generally is in accordance with the guidelines. In patients with high risk for sudden cardiac death, an ICD is routinely implanted, while the treatments vary among the patients with moderate and low risk. Antiarrhythmic drugs are still frequently used for VT treatment. A cautious attitude is adopted for catheter ablation in high-risk patients. Acknowledgements The production of this EP Wire document is under the responsibility of the Scientific Initiative Committee of the European Heart Rhythm Association: Carina Blomström-Lundqvist (chairman), Maria Grazia Bongiorni (co-chair), Jian Chen, Nikolaos Dagres, Heidi Estner, Antonio Hernandez-Madrid, Melece Hocini, Torben Bjerregaard Larsen, Laurent Pison, Tatjana Potpara, Alessandro Proclemer, Elena Sciaraffia, Derick Todd. Document reviewer for EP-Europace: Irene Savelieva (St George s University of London, London, UK). The authors acknowledge the EHRA Research Network centres participating in this EP Wire. A list of the Research Network centres can be found on the EHRA website. Conflict of interest: none declared. References 1. Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, Buxton AE, Chaitman B, Fromer M et al. ACC/ AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Europace 2006;8:746 837. 2. Pedersen CT, Kay GN, Kalman J, Borggrefe M, Della-Bella P, Dickfeld T et al. EHRA/ HRS/APHRS expert consensus on ventricular arrhythmias. Europace 2014;16: 1257 83. 3. Pison L, Proclemer A, Bongiorni MG, Marinskis G, Hernandez-Madrid A, Blomström-Lundqvist C. Imaging techniques in electrophysiology and implantable device procedures: results of the European Heart Rhythm Association survey. Europace 2013;15:1333 6. 4. Blomström Lundqvist C, Auricchio A, Brugada J, Boriani G, Bremerich J, Cabrera JA et al. The use of imaging for electrophysiological and devices procedures: a report from the first European Heart Rhythm Association Policy Conference, jointly organized with the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI), the Council of Cardiovascular Imaging and the European Society of Cardiac Radiology. Europace 2013;15:927 36. 5. Proclemer A, Dagres N, Marinskis G, Pison L, Lip GY, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C; Scientific Initiative Committee, European Heart Rhythm Association. Current practice in Europe: how do we manage patients with ventricular tachycardia? European Heart Rhythm Association survey. Europace 2013;15:167 9. 6. MossAJ,HallWJ,CannomDS,DaubertJP,HigginsSL,KleinHet al. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1933 40. 7. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, Poole JE, Packer DL, Boineau R et al. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 2005;352:225 37. 8. Wissner E, Stevenson WG, Kuck KH. Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in ischaemic and non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy: where are we today? A clinical review. Eur Heart J 2012;33:1440 50. 9. de Riva M, Piers SR, Kapel GF, Watanabe M, Venlet J, Trines SA et al. Re-assessing non-inducibility as ablation endpoint of post-infarction ventricular tachycardia: the impact of left ventricular function. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2015.pii: CIRCEP.114.002702. 10. Priori SG, Wilde AA, Horie M, Cho Y, Behr ER, Berul C et al. Executive summary: HRS/EHRA/APHRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of patients with inherited primary arrhythmia syndromes. Europace 2013;15: 1389 406. 11. Ghanbari H, Baser K, Yokokawa M, Stevenson W, Della Bella P, Vergara P et al. Noninducibility in postinfarction ventricular tachycardia as an end point for ventricular tachycardia ablation and its effects on outcomes: a meta-analysis. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2014;7:677 83.