REVIEW SHEET: Units 11 Meiosis, Fertilization, & Genetics HONORS BIOLOGY Textbook Reading: Meiosis & Fertilization (Ch. 11.4, 14.1-2) and Classical Genetics (Ch. 11.1-3) Handouts:! NOTES Meiosis & Fertilization! NOTES Intro to Genetics! NOTES Exceptions to the Rules! NOTES Pedigree Charts! QUIZ Genetics Basics! HW Problem Set 1: monohybrids & dihybrids! HW Problem Set 2: incomplete & codominance! HW Problem Set 3: blood type! HW Problem Set 4: sex-linked! CW Problem Set 5: pedigree charts! LAB: The Human Baby! TUTORIAL: Reproductive Systems! TUTORIAL: Embryonic Development! TUTORIAL: Karyotyping! TUTORIAL: Blood Type Game! ACTIVITY: Dihybrid Corn Genetics Video Clips: Crash Course Biology, Khan Academy, Amoeba Sisters, and Various YouTube Clips Key Vocabulary Terms: Meiosis & Fertilization (Ch. 11.4, 14.1-2) Gametes Mitosis Meiosis Fertilization Ovulation Sperm Ovum (egg) Polar Body Haploid Diploid Somatic Cell Autosomes Sex chromosomes Homologous Karyotype Zygote Blastula Embryo Fetus Fraternal twins Identical twins Crossing-over Nondisjunction Cervix Fallopian tubes Placenta Amnion Umbilical cord Uterus Vagina Penis Testes Ovaries Genetics (Ch. 11.1-3) Trait Phenotype Genotype Gene Allele Dominant Recessive Heterozygous Homozygous Purebred True-breeding Hybrid Carrier Gregor Mendel Law of Dominance Law of Segregation Law of Independent Assortment Punnett Square Monohybrid cross Dihybrid cross Pedigree Chart Complete Dominance Incomplete Dominance Co-Dominance Polyallelic Polygenic Sex-linked Epistasis Antigen Antibody Agglutination Pedigree chart Rh Factor HONORS BIO: Review Sheet Page 1 of 6
Review Questions: Ch. 11.4 & 14.1 & Reproductive Systems Online Tutorial & Class Notes 1. What is a somatic cell in a human? 2. What is the male gamete called? What is the female gamete called? 3. What is a zygote? 4. What is a karyotype? What are they used for? 5. What are the sex chromosomes in humans? 6. What do you call the rest of the chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes? 7. What is fertilization? 8. Where does fertilization occur in a woman? 9. What is meiosis? 10. Where does meiosis occur in a female? Where does meiosis occur in a male? 11. Why do our chromosomes come in homologous pairs? 12. What does haploid mean? Give an example of a haploid cell in a human. 13. What does diploid mean? Give an example of a diploid cell in a human. 14. If a haploid cell in a corn plan has 10 chromosomes, then how many chromosomes are in a diploid cell of the same corn plant? 15. How many total chromosomes are found in a human skin cell? 16. How many total autosomes are found in a human skin cell? 17. How many sex chromosomes are found in a human skin cell? 18. How many total chromosomes are found in a human sperm cell? 19. How many total autosomes are found in a human sperm cell? 20. How many sex chromosomes are found in a human sperm cell? 21. How does an individual get pregnant with fraternal twins? 22. How does an individual get pregnant with identical twins? HONORS BIO: Review Sheet Page 2 of 6
23. Refer to the karyotype to the right. a. Circle the autosomes in the karyotype. b. Put a box around the sex chromosomes in the karyotype. c. Determine the sex of the individual. Give your reasoning. d. Does the individual have Down syndrome? Give your reasoning. 24. What is crossing-over? What is the advantage to crossing-over? 25. What is nondisjunction? 26. What is ovulation? 27. Why is the scrotum of the male outside the body? 28. In humans, why is the egg so much larger in size when compared to the sperm? 29. What are polar bodies and why do they develop? 30. In humans: a. When do males begin to produce sperm? b. When do females begin to produce eggs? c. When do males stop producing sperm? d. When do females stop producing eggs? 31. Where does the fetus develop in the woman s body? 32. What happens when the woman s water breaks? 33. When a baby is breached the baby is facing the wrong way in the womb. Instead of facing with its head downward, the baby s feet are facing downward. How is this position dangerous for the mother and child when giving birth? HONORS BIO: Review Sheet Page 3 of 6
34. Label the parts in the figure below. Ch. 11.1, 11.2, & 11.3 in textbook, Class Notes on Genetics, Problem Sets #1-3, and Online Blood Typing Tutorial 35. What is a trait? 36. What is an allele? 37. What is a person s genotype? 38. What is a person s phenotype? 39. What is the relationship between a person s genotype and a phenotype? 40. Compare and contrast the three difference patterns of inheritance: complete (simple) dominance, incomplete dominance, co-dominance. 41. What is the difference between a trait that is polyallelic versus a trait that is polygenic? 42. What is epistasis? 43. Give an example of how the environment can influence the expression of a gene in an individual. 44. What is a sex-linked trait? 45. Which parent does a son inherit a sex-linked trait from? Explain why. HONORS BIO: Review Sheet Page 4 of 6
46. Why are 99% of sex-linked traits found on the X chromosome rather than on the Y chromosome? 47. Which parent is responsible for determining the sex of the child? Explain. 48. Which blood type is a universal donor? Explain why. 49. Which blood type is a universal recipient? Explain why. 50. What would happen if a person with type A blood received blood from a person who was type AB? 51. Charlie is type O blood. His mother is type A blood, while his father is type B blood. a. What is Charlie s genotype? b. What is his mother s genotype? c. What is his father s genotype? d. Is it possible for Charlie s younger brother to be born type AB? Explain. 52. What is a heterozygous genotype? 53. What is a homozygous genotype? 54. In pea plants, tall is dominant over short. A heterozygous tall pea plant is cross-pollinated with a short pea plant. What is the chance of getting a short pea plant in the F 1 offspring? 55. A farmer cross-pollinates a true-breeding red flowering plant with a true-breeding white flowering plant. All of the F 1 offspring have pink flowers. What is the chance of getting a white flowering plant in the F 2 offspring? HONORS BIO: Review Sheet Page 5 of 6
56. In chickens, feather color is black, white, or speckled (a mixture of both black and white feathers). If two speckled chickens are mated, then what is the phenotypic ratio of the F 1 offspring? 57. In humans, colorblindness is a recessive, sex-linked disorder. If a man whose mother was colorblind marries a woman who is a carrier for the disorder, then what is the chance that their child will be colorblind? 58. How many possible gametes can a person with the following genotype have? AaBBCCDdEe 59. In humans, freckles are dominant to having no freckles; hair shape can be curly, wavy, or straight. If a wavy-haired man with no freckles mates with a woman who has straight hair and is heterozygous for freckles, then what is the chance that their child will have both wavy hair and freckles? 60. In humans, alleles for blood type A (I a ) and blood type B (I b ) are both dominant over the allele for blood type O (i), but are co-dominant to each other. If a woman who is type A blood (whose mother is type O) marries a man who is type AB blood, then what is the chance that their son or daughter will have type A blood? HONORS BIO: Review Sheet Page 6 of 6