Section 1: How Organ Systems Communicate KEY CONCEPT The nervous system and the endocrine system provide the means by which organ systems communicate. VOCABULARY nervous system central nervous system (CNS) stimulus endocrine system peripheral nervous system (PNS) MAIN IDEA: The body s communication systems help maintain homeostasis. Circle the letter of the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 1. Your body s ability to maintain depends on the ability of different systems in your body to communicate with one another. a. stimulus b. nervous c. homeostasis d. endocrine 2. The system is a collection of physically disconnected organs that helps control growth, development a. stimulus b. nervous c. homeostasis d. endocrine 3. A causes a chemical, cellular, or behavioral change in an organism. a. stimulus b. response c. homeostasis d. endocrine 4. The system is a physically connected network of cells, tissues, and organs that controls thoughts, movements, and simpler life processes. a. stimulus b. nervous c. homeostasis d. endocrine Holt McDougal Biology 1 Nervous and Endocrine Systems Section 1: How Organ Systems Communicate
continued The phrases below describe how your eye responds when it is suddenly exposed to bright sunlight. Place a number beside each phrase to indicate the correct sequence of events. 5. The nervous system sends messages to the muscles surrounding the pupil of the eye. The nervous system senses bright light entering the eye. Bright light enters the eye. Muscles contract to shrink the pupil and let in less light. MAIN IDEA: The nervous and endocrine systems have different methods and rates of communication. Fill in the blank with name of the system that best completes the sentence. 6. The system includes the brain and spinal cord. 7. The system works quickly and controls processes that occur over short periods of time. 8. The system works slowly and controls processes that occur over long periods of time. 9. The system transmits messages to and from the central nervous system. Vocabulary Check Use the vocabulary terms from this section to complete the sentence. 10. You jump when you hear a nearby truck honk its horn. In this example, the honking horn is the 11. The sends chemical signals through the bloodstream. 12. When your brain wants to make your legs move so that you can run, the carries the message from your spinal cord to your leg muscles. 13. Your is the communication system that sends its signals through a highly connected network of specialized cells and tissues. Holt McDougal Biology 2 Nervous and Endocrine Systems Section 1: How Organ Systems Communicate
Section 2: Neurons KEY CONCEPT The nervous system is composed of highly specialized cells. VOCABULARY neuron action potential dendrite synapse axon terminal resting potential neurotransmitter sodium-potassium pump MAIN IDEA: Neurons are highly specialized cells. Circle the letter of the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 1. A specialized cell that stores information and carries messages within the nervous system and between other body systems is a(n). a. cell body b. axon c. neuron d. dendrite 2. A branchlike extension of the cytoplasm and the cell membrane that receives messages from neighboring cells is a(n). a. cell body b. axon c. neuron d. dendrite 3. A long extension that carries electrical messages from one cell in the nervous system to another cell is called a(n). a. cell body b. axon c. neuron d. dendrite Holt McDougal Biology 3 Nervous and Endocrine Systems Section 2: Neurons
continued Fill in the blanks in the Concept Map with the names of the different types of neurons. Neurons types 4. 5. 6. function Detect stimuli; transmit signals to brain and spinal cord function Make up brain and spinal cord; receive signals from sensory neurons function Pass messages from nervous system to other body tissues MAIN IDEA: Neurons receive and transmit signals. Choose from the following terms: synapse, action potential, resting potential, neurotransmitters, sodium-potassium pump. 7. The potential energy of an inactive neuron results from unequal concentrations of ions inside and outside the cell. This potential energy is called a(n) 8. When a neuron is activated, a protein called the uses energy to move sodium ions out of the cell and bring potassium ions into the cell. 9. A(n) is an electrical impulse that results from a change in the distribution of charges across the cell membrane of a neuron. This impulse requires gates in the cell membrane that open and close to control the movement of ions. 10. The gap between neurons is called a(n) 11. When a nerve impulse moves from one neuron to the next, vesicles filled with chemicals called are released. Holt McDougal Biology 4 Nervous and Endocrine Systems Section 2: Neurons
continued Vocabulary Check Fill in the blank with the vocabulary word or phrase that best matches the description. 12. the molecule that transmits a signal from one neuron to another 13. a gap between neurons 14. end of an axon 15. moving electrical impulse Holt McDougal Biology 5 Nervous and Endocrine Systems Section 2: Neurons
Section 3: The Senses KEY CONCEPT The senses detect the internal and external environments. VOCABULARY rod cell cone cell hair cell MAIN IDEA: The senses help to maintain homeostasis. 1. collect information about the world and transmit it to the brain, which triggers a response that helps maintain homeostasis. 2. Responses to stimuli include that prevent death or injury, such as waiting until traffic is clear before crossing a street. MAIN IDEA: The senses detect physical and chemical stimuli. For each of the senses shown in the first column, write the type of receptor that contributes to this sense. In the third column, write the kind of stimuli that the receptor detects. Sense Receptor Stimuli It Detects 3. vision 4. hearing 5. smell 6. taste 7. touch Holt McDougal Biology 6 Nervous and Endocrine Systems Section 3: The Senses
continued 8. The is the part of the eye that contains nerve receptors. 9. Hair cells inside the convert sound waves into nerve impulses that travel to the brain. 10. Before chemicals can be detected by the tongue or nose, they must be in liquid. 11. receptors would be activated if you got a paper cut on your finger. Vocabulary Check 12. detect light intensity for black and white vision. 13. detect color and require bright light to function. 14. contain mechanoreceptors that detect vibration. Holt McDougal Biology 7 Nervous and Endocrine Systems Section 3: The Senses
Section 4: Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems KEY CONCEPT The central nervous system interprets information, and the peripheral nervous system gathers and transmits information. VOCABULARY cerebrum brain stem cerebral cortex reflex arc cerebellum autonomic nervous system sympathetic nervous system somatic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system MAIN IDEA: The nervous system s two parts work together. Fill in the blank with the term or phrase that best completes the sentence. 1. The organs that make up the central nervous system are the and the 2. The types of neurons that make up the peripheral nervous system are and 3. The interprets signals it receives from the peripheral nervous system, and then sends signals back out to the peripheral nervous system. 4. The peripheral nervous system influences responses, such as muscle movements needed for walking, and responses, such as muscle movements needed for digestion. 5. The collection of nerves that connects the central nervous system to all parts of your body is the 6. The types of neurons that make up the central nervous system are Holt McDougal Biology 8 Nervous and Endocrine Systems Section 4: Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
continued MAIN IDEA: The CNS processes information. 7. The part of the brain that interprets signals from your body and forms responses such as hunger, thirst, emotions, and pain is the 8. The part of the brain that coordinates movements is the. 9. The part of the brain that controls breathing and heartbeat is the MAIN IDEA: The PNS links the CNS to the muscles and other organs. Fill in the blanks in the chart with the parts of the peripheral nervous system. Division of the PNS Voluntary or Involuntary? 10. voluntary muscles Examples of Tissues It Stimulates 11. involuntary digestion, heartbeat 12. involuntary blood vessels, heart rate, fight or flight response 13. involuntary blood pressure, heart rate, relaxation Vocabulary Check Write the vocabulary term that corresponds to the clue. 14. An arc is a movement that is in the shape of an arch. 15. Autonomic looks similar to the word automatic. 16. A cortex is an outermost layer. 17. Consider how something that is sympathetic might affect homeostasis. Holt McDougal Biology 9 Nervous and Endocrine Systems Section 4: Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
Section 5: Brain Function and Chemistry KEY CONCEPT Scientists study the functions and chemistry of the brain. VOCABULARY addiction tolerance stimulant desensitization sensitization depressant MAIN IDEA: New techniques improve our understanding of the brain. Complete the chart by filling in the blanks with the names of technologies used to study the brain. Imaging Technology What creates the image? What is shown in the image? 1. x-rays structure and physical condition of the brain 2. radioactive glucose activity in the brain 3. magnetic fields and radio waves structure and physical condition of the brain MAIN IDEA: Changes in brain chemistry can cause illness. 4. Chemicals called allow neurons in the brain to communicate with one another. 5. The of neurotransmitter in an area of the brain affects how stimulated that area will be. Holt McDougal Biology 10 Nervous and Endocrine Systems Section 5: Brain Function and Chemistry
continued 6. The PET scans in Figure 5.2 show what areas of the brain are 7. Schizophrenia and Parkinson s disease are examples of illnesses linked to the amount of a neurotransmitter called in the brain. 8. Depression is associated with low levels of the neurotransmitter MAIN IDEA: Drugs alter brain chemistry. 9. Drugs can cause changes in coordination, changes in sensitivity to pain, or changes in that can affect appetite, aggression, or sleep. 10. occurs when neurons adapt to large amounts of a neurotransmitters by reducing the number of receptors for that neurotransmitter. 11. Desensitization can lead to, which means that larger and larger amounts of a drug are needed to achieve the same effect. Vocabulary Check Fill in the blank with the vocabulary term that best completes the sentence. 12. is the physiological need for a substance. When larger doses of a drug are needed to produce the same physiological effect, a person is said to have 13. occurs when neurons reduce the number of receptors for a neurotransmitter. occurs when neurons create more receptors for a neurotransmitter. 14. are drugs that increase the number of action potentials in the brain by increasing the amount of a neurotransmitter in the synapses. reduce the ability of neurons to generate action potentials by reducing the amount of a neurotransmitter. Holt McDougal Biology 11 Nervous and Endocrine Systems Section 5: Brain Function and Chemistry
Section 6: The Endocrine System and Hormones KEY CONCEPT The endocrine system produces hormones that affect growth, development, and homeostasis. VOCABULARY hormone hypothalamus releasing hormones gland pituitary gland MAIN IDEA: Hormones influence a cell s activities by entering the cell or binding to its membrane. Circle the letter of the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 1. Hormones are produced in. a. steroids b. membrane receptors c. glands d. nonsteroids 2. The presence of determines whether or not a hormone will affect a cell. a. steroids b. membrane receptors c. glands d. nonsteroids 3. Hormones that enter target cells by diffusing through the cell membrane before binding to DNA are called. a. steroids b. membrane receptors c. glands d. nonsteroids 4. Hormones that bind to receptors on the membranes of target cells and cause chemical reactions to take place inside the cell are called a. steroids b. membrane receptors c. glands d. nonsteroids Holt McDougal Biology 12 Nervous and Endocrine Systems Section 6: The Endocrine System and Hormones
continued MAIN IDEA: Endocrine glands secrete hormones that act throughout the body. Use Figure 6.3 to fill in the chart. Fill in the first column with the name of the endocrine gland that corresponds to the information given in the second and third columns. Endocrine Gland Location Location 5. brain growth, reproduction 6. brain cell division, protein synthesis, bone growth absorption of water from kidneys 7. neck metabolism, digestion, bone formation 8. chest white blood cells 9. above kidneys blood pressure, breathing rate, fight-or-flight response 10. between stomach and intestines digestion and glucose metabolism 11. pelvis sexual development and functions Holt McDougal Biology 13 Nervous and Endocrine Systems Section 6: The Endocrine System and Hormones
continued MAIN IDEA: The hypothalamus interacts with the nervous system and endocrine system. Examine the diagram under this Main Idea in Section 6 of the textbook. The diagram describes how the body responds to cold. Use the diagram to fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 12. The hypothalamus secretes a releasing hormone called 13. The pituitary releases 14. The thyroid releases, which increases cell activity. 15. stimulate the hypothalamus to stop producing TRH. MAIN IDEA: Hormonal imbalances can cause serious illness. 16. Hormones are important to the body s ability to maintain, which is why hormone imbalances cause illness in many different body systems. Vocabulary Check Fill in the blank with the word or term that best completes the sentence. 17. Chemical signals produced by the endocrine system are 18. The part of the endocrine system that produces hormones controlling cell growth and the concentration of water in the blood is the 19. The part of the endocrine system that produces hormones that stimulate the pituitary gland to produce hormones is the Holt McDougal Biology 14 Nervous and Endocrine Systems Section 6: The Endocrine System and Hormones