Dent Clin N Am 51 (2007) 275 279 Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Acupuncture, in persistent facial pain, 269 270 Analgesic systems, sex differences in, 6 8 Anticholinergic therapy, 235 Anticonvulsant drugs, in neuropathic pain, 213 Antidepressants, in temporomandibular disorders, 120 121 Arthrocentesis, in temporomandibular joint, 195 197 Arthroscopy, of temporomandibular joint, 198 200 Arthrotomy, of temporomandibular joint, 171 173 B Benzodiazepine therapy, 238 Botulinum toxin, adverse events and side effects associated with, 250 and experimental pain, in animals, 252 in humans, 252 253 cautions and contraindications to, 250 251 consent form, 248 for motor disorders, 239 240 in chronic migraine, 256 in chronic tension-type headache, in focal chronic orodental neuropathic pain, 257 in focal trigeminal neuralgia, 257 258 in orofacial pain disorders, 245 261 in trigeminal cephalagia, 258 injection preparation, dosing and effect duration of, 250 mechanism of action of, 249 medical use of, 245 246 myofascial trigger points and, 253 254 off-label use of, 246 preinjection checklist, 251 systemic review of, 253 temporomandibular pain and dysfunction, 254 255 training and injection procedures for, 249 250 US Food and Drug Administration-approved uses of, 247 Brain imaging studies, of pain, 5 6 Bruxism, 225, 226, 227 228 C Calcium channels, voltage-gated, in pain conditions, 32 33 Carbon dioxide levels, pain and, 154 Central nervous system, pain transmission from periphery to, 46 48 Central sensitivity syndrome, 109 111 Cephalagia, trigeminal autonomic, botulinum toxin in, 258 Cervical nerves, upper, sensory innervations from, 176 Cervical spine, as origin of head and orofacial pain, 173 176 conservative care of, 182 184 disorders of, 161 examination of, history taking in, 179 180 physical examination in, 180 181 in head and orofacial pain, 172 173 in 168 179 invasive procedures for, 181 182 with oral appliances, in 171 172 Cervical traction, mechanical, 184 Cervicogenic headache, and orofacial pain, 176 177, 179 Chronic fatigue syndrome, 116 0011-8532/07/$ - see front matter Ó 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/s0011-8532(06)00121-2 dental.theclinics.com
276 INDEX Complementary and alternative medicine, caregories of, 263 264 data on use of, 264 266 for facial pain, scientific evaluation of, 266 268 in persistent facial pain, 263 274 Condylotomy, modified, of temporomandibular joint, 200 201 Counterirritation pain, 6 Cranial neuralgia, classification of, and diagnostic criteria for, 174 D Deafferentation pain, definition of, 211 Deep brain stimulation, in orofacial motor disorders, 234 Demyelination, 211 212 Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls, 6 7 Disc displacement, in temporomandibular disorders, 164 166 Diskectomy, of temporomandibular joint, 203 Dizziness, causes of, 177 178 Dopamine therapy, 238 Dysautonomia, mitral valve prolapse, 118 119 Dyskinesia(s), drug-induced, treatment of, and dystonic extrapyrimidal reactions, 234 235 orofacial, drug-induced, 230 risk factors for, 226, 229 230 spontaneous, and dystonias, treatment of, 235 Dystonia(s), and spontaneous dyskinesia, treatment of, 235 oromandibular, 226, 228 229 Dystonic extrapyramidal reations, drug-induced, 226, 230 231 E Exercises, in 183 Extrapyramidal reactions, serotonergic agents causing, 231 stimulant drugs causing, 231 232 Extrapyrimidal reactions, dystonic, and treatment of drug-induced dyskinesia, 234 235 F Facial pain, classification of, and diagnostic criteria for, 174 migraine and, 131 persistent, complementary and alternative medicine for, 263 274 persistent idiopathic, 45 Fatigue, as symptom of pain, 150 Fibromyalgia, 115 116 G G-protein-coupled receptors, 24 25 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor agonist therapy, 235 238 Gate Control of pain, and pain modulation, 48, 49 Glial activation, and central sensitization, 54 Glial influences on pain, 52 53 H Hansen s disease, 146 Head, and orofacial pain, cervical spine considerations in, 172 173 of cervical spine origin, 173 176 Headache, neuromuscular disorders and, 56 teeth and, 130 131 129 144 tension-type, botulinum toxin in, treatment of, targeting 136 140 Headache disorders, classification of, and diagnostic criteria for, 174 Heart rate, variability of, as measure of health, 152 153 Herpes zoster virus, neuralgia following, 219 221 treatment of, 220 221 Hypermobility, in temporomandibular disorders, 163 164 Hyperprolactinemia, 117 118 Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, 111 113, 153 154 and sleep, 113 115 Hypothyroidism, 119
INDEX 277 I Inflammation, in temporomandibular disorders, 163 Ion channels, voltage-gated, 25 Irritable bowel syndrome, 116 117 J Joint intracapsular disorders, diagnostic and nonsurgical management considerations in, 85 103 L Leprosy, 146 M MAP kinase cascades, 49, 50 Mastication, muscles of, orofacial pain and, 154 Masticatory muscle pain, 167 168 Menstrual migraine, 119 120 Microvascular decompression, in orofacial motor disorders, 233 234 Migraine, 129 chronic, botulinum toxin in, facial pain and, 131 menstrual, 119 120 triggering factors in, 129 Mitral valve prolapse dysautonomia, 118 119 Motor disorders, hyperkinetic, medications for management of, 236 237 Motor suppressive medications, 235 240 Multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome, 117 Muscle spasm, 61 62 Myalgia disorders, masticatory, diagnostic criteria for, 62 Myectomy, in orofacial motor disorders, 234 Myofascial pain, 53 55, 61 134 136 Myofascial trigger points, botulinum toxin and, 253 254 Myositis, 61 N N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, 50 Neck pain, in temporomandibular disorders, 168 Neuralgia, post-herpetic, 219 221 treatment of, 220 221 trigeminal. See Trigeminal neuralgia. Neuromuscular disorders, headache and, 56 Neuronal receptors, and drugs modulating odontogenic pain, 25, 26 27 Neurons, second-order, 47, 48 Neuropathic pain, in orofacial region, 56 57 O Occipital nerve, 175 Odontalgia, atypical, and headache, 130 Odontogenic pain, drugs modulating, neuronal receptors and, 25, 26 27 genetic analysis of, 19 molecular approaches to, 19 peripheral mechanisms of, 19 44 Opiod analgesia, sex differences in, 7 Oral motor disorders, 225 243 four most common, 225 227 Orofacial motor disorder(s), deep brain stimulation in, 234 differential diagnosis of, 232 interventional approaches to, 233 medical treatment strategy in, 233 myectomy in, 234 pallidotomy in, 234 surgical microvascular decompression in, 233 234 treatment of, 232 233 Orofacial pain disorder(s), botulinum toxin in, 245 261 Orofacial pain(s), biological factors contributing to, 148 149 central mechanisms of, 45 59 epidemiology of, 1 2 and gender differences in, 1 18 excitory factors in, 149 150 features of, biopsychosocial model and, 148 154 gender differences in, 2 impact of central sensitization on, and 53 57 importance of pain in region, 149 laboratory models of, 4
278 INDEX Orofacial pain(s) (continued) management of, biobehavioral approaches to, 155 157 neuropathic, 209 224 adjuvant drugs used in, 213, 214 clinical features association with, 211 pathophysiology of, 210 214 personality disorders and, 148 psychological factors associated with, 145 160 referrals in, 147 disorders associated with, 105 trauma exposure and, 147 Oromandibular dystonia, 226, 228 229 P Pain, brain imaging studies of, 5 6 counterirritation, 6 definition of, 45 diagnosis and manaagement of, molecular model of, 35 36 experimental, responses to, clinical relevance of, 8 9 sex differences in response to, animal research in, 3 human research in, 3 4 experimental studies of, future directions in, 11 12 facial, migraine and, 131 persistent, complementary and alternative medicine for, 263 274 persistent idiopathic, 45 fatigue as symptom of, 150 glial inflences on, 52 53 myofascial. See Myofascial pain. neuropathic, definition of, 210 nociceptive, 210 nonpharmacologic treatment of, responses to, 9 orofacial. See Orofacial pain(s). perception of, pretreatment expectations and, 11 sex differences in, mechanisms underlying, 9 11 processing, central, and central sensitization, 48 51 sensitivity to, factors reducing, 150 sleep variables and, 151 temporal summation of, 4 5 unremitting, as stressor, 151 152 Pain-modulating circuits, 51 52 Pallidotomy, in orofacial motor disorders, 234 Peptides, in tooth pulp, 22 trigeminal system, 22 Personality disorders, orofacial pain and, 148 Physical therapists, temporomandibular disorders and, 161 Posttraumatic stress disorder, 147 148 Potassium channels, voltage-gated, in pain conditions, 31 32 Psychiatric disorders, orofacial pain and, 147 Psychological factors, associated with orofacial pain, 145 160 R Relaxation training, in persistent facial pain, 268 269 S Sensory neurons, classes of, 22 receptors and ion channels in, 23 24 Sensory system, afferent, 46 48 Serotonergic agents, causing extrapyramidal reactions, 231 Skeletal muscle relaxants, 238 239 Sleep variables, pain and, 151 Sodium channels, voltage-gated, in pain conditions, 29 31 Stress-related disorders, insufficient glucocorticoid signaling in, 114 T Temporomandibular disorders, 45 acute, symptoms related to, 106, 107 acute to chronic pain in, time course of, 105, 106 and head and orofacial pain, cervical spine considerations in, 168 179 and headache, 129 144 epidemiology of, 132 etiology of, 131 132 nonsurgical treatment of, 137 140 surgical treatment of, 140 and myofascial pain, 134 136 and neck pain, 168 and orofacial pain, disorders associated with, 105 antidepressants in, 120 121 arthrogenous, 163 167
cervical spine and, 168 179 cervical spine considerations in, 169 170 chronic, symptoms related to, 106, 107 classsification of, 115 clinical management of, 121 common, 162 conditions with symptoms common to, 115 117 disc displacement in, 164 166 evaluation of, 121 122 features associated with, 105 127 fibrous adhesions in, 166 167 head and orofacial pain in, 161 193 headache treatment targeting, 136 140 historical background of, 108 109 hypermobility in, 163 164 inflammation in, 163 myogenous, 167 168 clinical presentation of, 63 66 cognitive-behavioral therapy in, 73 74 comorbid conditions and, 65 66 control of contributing factors in, 78 diagnostic and management considerations in, 61 83 diagnostic tests in, 67 etiology and epidemiology of, 66 limited range of motion in, 63 64 muscle exercises in, 74 75 muscle therapy in, 75 76 muscle weakness in, 63, 64 orthopedic intraoral splints in, 71 73 pain clinic team management in, 78 80 pain in, 63 pathophysiology of, 66 67 pharmacotherapy in, 76 78 self-care in, 69, 71 treatment of, 68 80 physical therapists and, 161 physical therapy management of, 161 studies of, 122 125 Temporomandibular joint, anatomy of, 85 87 anterior positioning appliance, 93 arthrocentesis in, 195 197 arthroscopy of, 198 200 disc derangement disorders of, 133 INDEX 279 disc displacement with reduction, 89 91, 133 134 treatment of, 93 96 disc displacement without reduction, 91, 133 134 treatment of, 97 99 diskectomy of, 203 inflammatory conditions of, 132 133 intracapsular disorders of, 89 99 nonsurgical management of, 91 93 supportive therapies in, 96 97, 99 modified condylotomy of, 200 201 normal function of, 87 89 pain in, 55 56 replacement of, 204 206 surgery of, arthrotomy in, 171 173 for internal derangement, 195 208 indications for, 197 198 open joint, 171 173 Tinnitus, subjective, and secondary otalgia, 178 179 Tooth pulp, composition of, 20 22 Tooth (Teeth), and headache, 130 131 innervation of, 22 Toothache, atypical odontalgia/ non-odontogenic, 218 219 study of peripheral pain mechanisms and, 20 Transient receptor potential channels, in transduction of sensory stimuli, 33 35 Trigeminal deafferentation, 130 131 Trigeminal neuralgia, botulinum toxin in, 257 258 incidence of, 215 mechanisms of, 216, 218 pre-trigeminal neuralgia before, 216 secondary to dental treatments, 217 218 treatment of, 216 217, 218 trigger zones of, 215 Trigeminal nucleus caudalis, 46, 47 Trigeminal pain, 145 Trigeminocervical nucleus, 174 175 Tryptase, release of, 23