New Insecticide Options for Integrated Pest Management: Keith Granger, Jay Brunner, John Dunley and Mike Doerr

New Insecticide Options for Integrated Pest Management: Keith Granger, Jay Brunner, John Dunley and Mike Doerr

Pear Psylla Biology Life History Overwinter as winterform adults Reproductive diapause Eggs when uds egin to swell Deposited around ase of uds Midveins and stalks of leaves Winterform lay eggs through petalfall Wide age distriution of 1 st gen nymphs 2-3 generations of summerform Eggs on terminals Nymphs feed on new growth

Pear Psylla Biology Life Stages Winterform 1 st and 2 nd instar nymphs 3 rd 5 th instar nymphs Summerform

Pear Psylla Management: Target Life-Stages Fe Mar. April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Sulfur, Thiodan Winterform adults Surround, oil Esteem, Novaluron Agri-Mek, Neonicotinyls, Azadirachtin, Fujimite Eggs Nymphs Summerform adults

400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Field Trials 2004 kaolin - Surround Eggs/Spur Surround - 50 Surround - 100 Check 3/22 3/27 4/1 4/6 3 Applications Pre-Bloom Coverage more important than rate 25 20 15 10 5 Nymphs/Leaf Handgun Trial Target winterform adult Limit oviposition Delay egg laying = Synch 1 st gen. nymphs Surround - 50 Surround - 100 Check 0 3/26 4/3 4/11 4/19 4/27 5/5

5 0 Field Trials 2004 thiacloprid - Calypso Nymphs/Leaf Clusterud April 5 25 Check 20 Agri-Mek 15 Calypso 8oz Calypso 6oz 10 Calypso 4oz 4/1 4/8 4/15 4/22 4/29 5/6 5/13 5/20 Effective against 1 st and 2 nd instar nymphs This Handgun Trial Neonicotinyl Class of Chemistry Pear Psylla & Grape Mealyug Also Codling Moth Activity Use with 0.25% oil Cumulative Nymph Days (1st gen) Check Agri-Mek Calypso 8 oz Calypso 6 oz a NOT this Calypso 4 oz 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

5 0 Field Trials 2004 clothianidin - Clutch Nymphs/Leaf Clusterud April 5 25 Check 20 Agri-Mek Clutch 6 oz 15 Clutch 4 oz 10 4/1 4/8 4/15 4/22 4/29 5/6 5/13 5/20 Effective against 1 st and 2 nd instar nymphs This Handgun Trial Neonicotinyl Class of Chemistry Registration Pending Pear Psylla & Grape Mealyug Use with 0.25% oil Cumulative Nymph Days (1st gen) c c Check Agri-Mek Clutch 6 oz a Clutch 4 oz NOT this 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Nymphs/Leaf 16 12 8 4 0 Field Trials 2004 fenpyroximate - FujiMite Petal fall April 22 Check Agri-Mek FujiMite 4/20 4/27 5/4 5/11 5/18 Good Psylla Activity Coverage Very Important Short PHI (14d) Good late season material Use only once / season Handgun Trial METI (like Pyramite/Nexter) Registered late last season TSSM, ERM, PRM?? Use with 0.25% oil Cumulative Nymph Days (1st gen) Check Agri-Mek FujiMite 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 a

Pear Psylla Management: Neonicotinyl Programs Fe Mar. April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Oil, Sulfur Surround Oil, Thiodan (Carzol) Winterform adults Eggs Clusterud Assail, Calypso or Clutch Agri-Mek or FujiMite Nymphs Petal fall Actara or Provado Summerform adults

Pear Psylla Management: Peshastin Creek - Soft Program Fe Mar. April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Oil, Sulfur Surround Oil, Thiodan (Carzol) Winterform adults Eggs Esteem CB,PF Azadirachtin Nymphs Summerform adults

Miticides Many effective options Agri-Mek Apollo Savey PRM ERM TSSM Egg Larva Adult activity none moderate high Acramite Zeal Nexter FujiMite? Kanemite?

Codling Moth Management: Interrupt the Life Cycle 1st generation 2nd generation 3rd gen. DD April May June from iofix 0 100 300 500 700 July Aug. Sept. 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 Mating Disruption Adult flight periods Egg laying periods Ovicides Larvicides Egg hatch periods

Ovicides (egg killers) How do they work? Codling moth eggs are laid on the leaf upper surface near fruiting clusters and on fruit - oth generations. Egg Leaf There are two ways to affect eggs prior to hatch: 1) Apply the product efore eggs are laid (residually) OR 2) Apply the product over the top of the egg (topically)

Ovicides How they work against CM Egg Topical Leaf Some ovicides work if applied over the top of the egg (oil, Assail, Calypso) Residue Some ovicides work only when the egg is laid on top of a residue (Esteem) Some ovicides work when applied efore OR after the egg is laid (Intrepid/Rimon)

Larvicides (larval killers) How do they work? Newly hatched larva enters fruit within 2-3 hours. Traditional larvicides kill larvae as they crawl across residues or when they eat residues as they ore into the apple. (Guthion, Imidan) Most new insecticides that act against larvae must e consumed to e effective. (Assail, Calypso, Intrepid, virus) Coverage is very important with new insecticides

Ovicidal ioassays Novaluron Diamond Bioassay ovicide Method Field Rate LC 50 Toxicity Ratio = Residual 74.2 4.02 18.5 Topical 74.2 0.07a 1060.0 Rimon Bioassay ovicide Method Field Rate LC 50 Toxicity Ratio Residual 74.2 6.97 10.6 Topical 74.2 0.18a 412.2 High toxicity ratio = High acute toxicity Topical Residual

Ovicidal ioassays Neonicotinyls Assail Bioassay ovicide Method Field Rate LC 50 Toxicity Ratio Residual 44.1 34.9 1.3 Topical 44.1 0.50a 88.2 Calypso Bioassay ovicide Method Field Rate LC 50 Toxicity Ratio Residual 75.0 281.0 0.3 Topical 75.0 2.0a 37.5 Clutch Bioassay ovicide Method Field Rate LC 50 Toxicity Ratio Residual 62.0 62.3 1.0 Topical 62.0 27.1a 2.3 High toxicity ratio = High acute toxicity

Field Trials 2004 novaluron - Diamond/Rimon 80 60 40 % CM Injured Fruit 85 g Ai/a 113 g Ai/a Apple a No difference etween formulations relative to CM efficacy 20 0 Diamond Rimon Guthion Check c 80 60 % CM Injured Fruit 85 g Ai/a 113 g Ai/a Pear a No difference etween rates relative to CM efficacy 40 20 0 c c c c Diamond Rimon Guthion Check

Field Trials 2004 Rimon Fruit Marking on D Anjou Rimon 0.83EC applied at 2 X the suggested use rate (80 fl oz/a) marked fruit on developing D Anjou pears More research will e necessary to determine the significance of fruit marking noted in 2004 trials

Field Trials 2004 clothianidin - Clutch 60 40 % CM Injured Fruit c 14d interval 21d interval c Apple c a Clutch has not provided adequate CM control in trials conducted over the past two seasons 20 Avg. 28-48% reduction in % CM injured fruit d 0 Clutch 3 oz Clutch 3 oz Clutch 6 oz Clutch 6 oz Guthion Check Fruit injury composed of entries and stings

Field Trials 2004 acetamiprid - Assail 80 60 40 20 0 % CM Injured Fruit Assail 70WP 3.4oz 21d Interval Assail 30SG 8oz c Assail 70WP 2.3oz Apple 14d Interval c Guthion 50WP a Check 100 Lower rate at 14d interval is an effective alternative 80 60 % CM Injured Fruit Pear a No difference etween formulations relative to CM efficacy 40 20 0 Assail 70WP 3.4oz 21d Interval Assail 30SG 8oz 14d Interval Assail 70WP 2.3oz Guthion 50WP Check

Field Trials 2004 thiacloprid - Calypso 60 40 20 % CM Injured Fruit Calypso 250dd, +21 Guthion 1250dd, +21 Apple a Airlast Low end of rate range can e effective on pear in lowmod pressure 0 Calypso Guthion Guthion Check 60 % CM Injured Fruit Pear Airlast 40 a Replace a Guthion application with neonic. when worker safety is important 20 0 Calypso 4 oz 95% reduction Calypso 6 oz Guthion Check

Codling Moth Management: Traditional 1st generation 2nd generation April May June July Aug. Sept. Success Leafroller Control 0 100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 Adult flight periods Egg laying periods 1900 2100 2300 Target the larval stage Guthion Egg hatch periods Guthion Guthion Long REI = 14 days Imidan

Codling Moth Management: Sustitutions 1st generation 2nd generation April May June July Aug. Sept. Success Leafroller Control 0 100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 Adult flight periods Egg laying periods 1900 2100 2300 Target the larval stage Egg hatch periods Guthion Assail or Calypso Short REI Guthion Imidan

Codling Moth Management: Sustitutions 1st generation 2nd generation April May June July Aug. Sept. Success Leafroller Control 0 100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 Adult flight periods Also controls leafrollers Egg laying periods 1900 2100 2300 Target the larval stage Egg hatch periods Guthion Assail or Calypso Intrepid Short REI Guthion Imidan

Codling Moth Management: Sustitutions 1st generation 2nd generation April May June July Aug. Sept. Success Leafroller Control 0 100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 Adult flight periods Also controls leafrollers Egg laying periods 1900 2100 2300 Egg hatch periods Intrepid Guthion Assail or Calypso Short REI Guthion Imidan

Codling Moth Management: NO-OP Programs 1st generation 2nd generation April May June July Aug. Sept. 0 100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 Adult flight periods 1900 2100 2300 ovicide Target two life stages Egg laying periods Rimon or Esteem Egg hatch periods Also controls leafrollers Intrepid larvicide Assail or Calypso Short REI

Codling Moth Management: NO-OP Programs 1st generation 2nd generation April May June July Aug. Sept. 0 100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 Adult flight periods 1900 2100 2300 ovicide Target two life stages Oil (1%) Rimon Egg laying periods Egg hatch periods Also controls leafrollers Intrepid larvicide Assail (2.3 oz) Short REI

Codling Moth Management: Interrupt the Life-Cycle 80 60 40 % CM Injured Fruit Apple Rimon @ 100/1000dd Oil @ 200/1200dd Assail(2.3oz)@ 350,550/1350,1650dd a 20 0 Rimon Oil Assail Rimon Assail c Guthion Check Rimon kills CM eggs laid on top of residues oil kills eggs topically Assail kills eggs topically and kills CM larvae 100 80 60 40 20 0 % CM Injured Fruit Rimon @ 100/1000dd Oil @ 200/1200dd Assail(2.3oz) @ 350,550/1350,1650dd Rimon Oil Assail Pear Rimon Assail Guthion c a Check

Codling Moth Management: Tank-Mix Modes of Action Tank mixing two insecticides to target two life-stages with a single application Mixing ovicidal activity with larvicidal activity Tank-mix possiilities Guthion + Intrepid OP + Rimon NO-OP Tank Mixes Calypso + Intrepid Assail + Rimon

Codling Moth Management: Tank-Mix Concept DD from iofix April 1st generation May 0 100 300 500 700 900 adult flight June Tank mixes of different modes eggs laid oil eggs hatch X X X X Larvicide + Ovicide Activity Assail or Calypso plus Rimon or Intrepid

60 40 20 0 80 60 40 20 0 Field Trials 2004 NO-OP Tank Mix Trials - Apple % CM Injured Fruit c Clutch Rimon c Assail Rimon 85-90% reduction Tank-mix c Calypso Intrepid % CM Injured Fruit No significant difference Tank-mix c Rimon d Intrepid Guthion Check 6 apps Same timing No tank-mix 4 apps Assail Guthion Check c a a 60 40 20 Oil (1%) @ 200/1200dd Neonic + IGR @ 350/1350dd 0 % CM Injured Fruit c Calypso Rimon Tank-mix Calypso Intrepid c Guthion Airlast application a Check

Field Trials 2004 NO-OP Tank Mix Trials - Pear 80 60 40 20 0 % CM Injured Fruit Assail Rimon Tank-mix cd d 6 apps 4 apps Rimon Assail Guthion Check The tank-mix program performed at least as good as programs where the materials were applied separately c a 100 80 60 40 20 0 Oil (1%) @ 200/1200dd Neonic + IGR @ 350/1350dd % CM Injured Fruit c Assail Rimon Tank-mix c 6 apps c 4 apps c Rimon Assail Guthion Check a

Codling Moth Management: NO-OP Tank-Mix 1st generation 2nd generation April May June July Aug. Sept. Success Leafroller Control 0 100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 Adult flight periods Oil (1% v/v) Egg laying periods 1900 2100 2300 Target two life stages Larvicide Ovicide Assail or Calypso plus Rimon or Intrepid Egg hatch periods Soft approach in 2nd generation possile CM Virus or Intrepid or Rimon

Codling Moth Management: NO-OP Tank-Mix 1st generation 2nd generation April May June July Aug. Sept. LR & CM Control 0 100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 Adult flight periods Rimon or Intrepid Egg laying periods 1900 2100 2300 Target two life stages Assail or Calypso plus Rimon or Intrepid Egg hatch periods Assail or Calypso Soft approach in 2nd generation possile CM Virus or Intrepid or Rimon

Codling Moth Management: Neonicotinyls and Mites Prolems with mite increases oserved DOES NOT ALWAYS OCCUR No decrease in predator numers Possile effects of hormoligosis? 2005 Pulication (coming soon ) Journal of Insect Science Role of Neonicotinyl Insecticides in Wa. Apple Nontarget Effects on Integrated Mite Control http://www.insectscience.org/

Neonicotinyls and Mites Effects on Tetranychids Corrected Cum. Mite Days (tetranychids) 1 application 2 applications 4 applications Oil not a factor Increase Ai (# apps) = Increase in Mites Total g AI/ha Applied

Neonicotinyls and Mites Effects on Predators Corrected Cum. Mite Days (Predators) Oil not a factor No effect on Predators Total g AI/ha Applied

Codling Moth Management: Using New Products Resistance Management Do not use the same class of product against more than one generation. Use mating disruption to reduce use of new insecticides. Monitor orchards and only apply insecticides when necessary.

Codling Moth Management: Why Use New Products? Worker safety issues Eliminate cholinesterase testing Worker management Re-entry periods short (4-12 hours) Environment Conservation of io-control agents Avoid stream uffer zone issues No or negligile effects of wildlife Prepare for a NO organophosphate future

http://entomology.tfrec.wsu.edu/