The Afrin Journl of Plnt Siene nd Biotehnology 213 Glol Siene Books In Vivo Evlution of Compost Extrts for the Control of the Potto Fusrium Wilt Cused y Fusrium oxysporum f. sp. tuerosi Amel Kerkeni 1 Mejd Dmi-Remdi 2 Mohmed Ben Khedher 3* 1 Higher Agronomi Shool of Mogrne, University of Crthge, Mogrne 1121, Zghoun, Tunisi 2 Regionl Center of Reserh on Hortiulture nd Orgni Agriulture, University of Sousse, BP. 57, 442, Chott-Mriem, Sousse, Tunisi 3 Tehnil Center of Orgni Agriulture of Chott-Mriem, 442, Sousse, Tunisi Corresponding uthor: * mel.hkroun@hotmil.fr ABSTRACT Nine ompost extrts (C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8 nd C9) sed on niml mnures were evluted for their inhiitory effet ginst Fusrium oxysporum f. sp. tuerosi the usl gent of the potto (Solnum tuerosum L.) Fusrium vsulr wilt. They were ompred to one helthy ontrol (non-treted nd non-inoulted plnts) nd to n inoulted ontrol (plnts inoulted nd non-treted). Fusrium wilt severity ws ssessed sed on the Lef Dmge Index (LDI) nd on plnt growth prmeters 9 dys post-plnting. Potto plnts grown in mixture of perlite nd pet treted with different ompost extrts nd inoulted with Fusrium oxysporum f. sp. tuerosi showed highly signifint derese in the LDI s ompred to those inoulted nd non-treted. Moreover, the development of the pthogen ws ompletely suppressed y C2, C3 nd C9 extrts. The presene of ompost extrts in the growing medium llowed for signifint improvement in plnt-growth prmeters s ompred to inoulted ontrol nd even to those of helthy ontrol (non-treted nd non-inoulted plnts). Despite the presene of inoulum in the sustrte, inrese of plnt growth in omprison to the inoulted ontrol, exeeded 43% for the tuer fresh weight, 75% for the shoot fresh weight nd 78% for the root dry weight. The C8 extrt ws usully the most effiient in inresing the plnt growth nd yield prmeters s ompred to the other extrts. This study demonstrted the usefulness of ompost extrts s n effetive orgni fertilizers nd s n effiient iologil tool for plnt protetion. Keywords: ontrol, disese severity, growth prmeters, inoultion, lef dmge index, Solnum tuerosum L. INTRODUCTION In these lst yers, Fusrium oxysporum f. sp. tuerosi ws frequently isolted in Tunisi from potto tuers showing dry rot nd from wilting. This fungus infeted plnts through roots nd olonized xylem vessels of stems (Dmi-Remdi nd El Mhjou 24; Ayed et l. 26). Severl strtegies used to ontrol this pthogen were minly sed on ulturl prties (minly rottion), physil ontrol (soil solriztion), nd use of disese free seed tuers. However, due to its soil-orne origin, omplete suppression of this disese from soil ws diffiult. Moreover, fungiides lost their utility due to seurity regultions, non-trget effets nd development of fungiide-resistnt strins (Ozy nd Newmn 24; Dmi-Remdi et l. 26). Thus, more effiient ontrol lterntives re required (Sivn nd Chet 1993). The effiieny of omposts nd ompost extrts, in the ontrol of severl pthogens, hs een widely studied (Weltzien 1992; Eld nd Shtienerg 1994; Al-Dhmni et l. 23; Hir et l. 26; Khnfir Ben Jenn et l. 29). For the iologil ontrol of Fusrium spp., ompost extrts hve potentil vlue (Weltzein 1992; MQuilken et l. 1994; Hoitink et l. 1997; Cotxrrer et l. 22; Phrnd et l. 22). In ft, Trth nd Bettiol (1997) showed tht sprying ompost extrt diluted to 1% inhiited the myelil growth of Fusrium oxysporum on severl plnts. In vitro nd in vivo, Znidi (22) nd Hir et l. (26) lso found tht ompost extrts n redue the development of Fusrium spp. infeting potto nd tomto. Few studies hve evluted the ioontrol of soil-orne pthogens y mixing ompost extrt with growing medi nd ulture sustrtes. In ft, reserhes were minly foused on pplition of ompost extrts s folir sprys or y using the solid form of the ompost in the growing sustrte. The ompost extrts used in the present study were found to e effetive when used s fertilizers (Kerkeni et l. 21) nd s iologil tretment ginst plnt pthogens in some vegetles. However, hnges in their initil omposition nd qulity were reported to ffet their ntimiroil potentil (Trills et l. 26; Lozno et l. 29). In ft, only ompost extrts with qulity stndrds should e onsidered for use in the field nd for plnt protetion. The im of the present work is to evlute the effetiveness of some ompost extrts (hving lredy shown promising ntifungl tivity in vitro (Kerkeni et l. 27)), in reduing Fusrium wilt severity on potto plnts nd to eluidte their effets on plnt growth nd prodution. MATERIALS AND METHODS Biologil mteril Compost extrts. Nine extrts prepred from different omposts (C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8 nd C9) nd primrily omposed of different niml mnures (poultry, sheep, ttle nd horse mnures) were used (Tle 1). Originl omposts were produed in the omposting unit of the Tehnil Center of Orgni Agriulture of Chott-Mriem (Tunisi), ording to n eroi proess (Znidi 22). Extrt-prodution onsists on suspending omposts in tp wter (1:5, v/v) in 2-liter plsti ontiner nd stirring the mixture dily for out 1 min during n extrtion period of 5 dys (Weltzein 1992). After the inution period, the mixtures were filtered through heeseloth (25 μm) nd the otined extrts were stored t 4 C. They were tken out 3 min Reeived: 21 July, 212. Aepted: 14 August, 212. Originl Reserh Pper
The Afrin Journl of Plnt Siene nd Biotehnology 7 (1), 36-41 213 Glol Siene Books Tle 1 Initil omposition of omposts used for preprtion of extrts. Composts Compositions C1 5% CM + 25% SM + 25% PM C2 6% CM + 3% SM + 1% ground strw C3 5% CM + 25% SM + 25% HM C4 5% CM + 2% SM + 2% PM + 1% ground strw C5 25% CM + 25% SM + 25% PM + 25% HM C6 3% CM + 3% SM + 3% PM +1% ground strw C7 4% CM + 4% SM + 2% vegetle wstes C8 25% CM + 25% SM + 25% PM + 15% HM +1% ground strw C9 25% CM + 25% SM + 25% PM + 23.5% HM + 1.5 nturl phosphte C1-C9: ompost 1-ompost 9; CM: ttle mnure; SM: sheep mnure; PM: poultry mnure; HM: horse mnure efore use. To inrese the effetiveness of miroorgnisms ontined in these extrts nd derese the mount neessry for the reliztion of the test, 5 ml of eh extrt were suspended in 2 ml of Potto Dextrose Broth (PDB) nd inuted t 25 C for one week in rotry inutor (15 rpm). After inution, the liquid ulture ws djusted to 5 ml with sterile distilled wter (required volume to moisten the ulture sustrte of 5 plsti pots of 25 m dimeter). Potto ultivr Potto tuers v. Spunt, the most ultivted in Tunisi, were used in this test. They were superfiilly disinfeted y soking for 5 min in solution of 1% sodium hypohlorite (Aiglol Prodution, Zouiet Sousse, Tunisi), rinsed undntly with running wter, dried in the open ir nd then pled under fvourle environmentl onditions to sprout (15-2 C, 6-8% reltive humidity nd nturl room light) for pproximtely 14 dys prior to use. Inoulum preprtion The isolte of Fusrium oxysporum f. sp. tuerosi, used in this study ws isolted from potto plnts showing wilt symptoms (Ayed et l. 26). It ws ultured on Potto Dextrose Agr (PDA) for 1 dys t 25 C efore use (Dmi-Remdi et l. 26). Inoulum ws prepred y trnsferring myelium to 2 ml of sterile liquid ulture of PDB nd inuting the ultures t 25 C for 5 dys in rotry inutor (12 rpm). The liquid ulture ws filtered nd the onidil suspension ws djusted to 1 7 onidi/ml (Wng nd Jeffers 2) y using Mlssez ytometer (F. Loroptik. Friedrihsdorf, Tiefe.2 mm,.25 mm 2, HBG, Germny). In vivo experiments After their germintion, tuers were plnted in plsti pots (25 m dimeter) ontining mixture of pet nd perlite (1: 1, v/v) previously sterilized t 11 C for 1 h nd humidified y ompost extrts (1 ml/pot). Pthogen inoultion ws performed six weeks fter plnt emergene y wtering pots with 1 ml of onidil suspension of Fusrium oxysporum f. sp. tuerosi (1 7 onidi/ml). A helthy ontrol (non-inoulted nd non-treted plnts) nd n inoulted ontrol (plnts only inoulted with pthogen) were used to ompre the tivity of ompost extrts. Plnts were mintined under over t 25 C nd wtered regulrly to promote norml growth. Effet of ompost extrts on Fusrium wilt severity ws ssessed 9 dys post-plnting vi the Lef Dmge Index nd ording to -4 sle depending on symptom severity on leves s desried y Béye nd Lfy (1985). It ws determined s: = symptomti lef, 1 = lef wilted, 2 = lef with hemiplegi yellowing, 3 = lef with nerosis, 4 = ded lef nd lulted per potto plnt y the following formul: LDI = notes/ mx LDI: Index of Lef Dmge notes: Totl notes. Mx: 4 times of developed-leves numer. Potto plnt height, tuer fresh weight, fresh nd dry weights of shoots nd roots were lso mesured 9 dys post-plnting for ssessing the effet of the tested omposts extrts on potto growth nd prodution. Sttistil nlyses Dt were rrnged s ompletely rndomized design. Five replite pots per elementry tretment were used nd the whole iossy ws repeted twie. Dt were nlyzed using SPSS sttistil progrm version 11. nd sujeted to nlysis of vrine (ANOVA). Mens were ompred using the Dunn s Multiple Rnge Test nd the differenes etween mens were deemed to e signifint t P <.5. RESULTS Inidene of ompost extrts on disese severity ssessed y the LDI The Lef Dmge Index (LDI) noted on potto plnts v. Spunt inoulted with F. oxysporum f. sp. tuerosi ws ssessed 9 dys post-plnting. As shown in Figs. 1 nd 2, the pplition of ompost extrts into the growing sustrte hs resulted in signifint (P <.5) derese of wilt severity s ompred to inoulted nd non-treted ontrol. The LDI reorded on plnts treted with C5 nd C6 extrts (the lest effetive s their LDI re sttistilly omprle to the inoulted ontrol) did not exeed 1.15 s ompred to 2 noted on the inoulted ontrol plnts. Therefore, lrge vriility within the sme tretment ws noted (IC, C1, C5 nd C6). For exmple, the LDI of the inoulted ontrol rnged etween.75 nd 3.43 wheres for C1 extrt, Fusrium wilt severity vried from to 3. 3.5 3. LDI 2.5 2. 1.5 1..5. IC C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 Tretments tested Fig. 1 Lef Dmge Index (LDI) noted, 9 dys post-plnting, on potto plnts inoulted with Fusrium oxysporum f. sp. tuerosi nd treted with ompost extrts s ompred to the inoulted nd non-treted ontrol plnts. Brs with the sme letter re not signifintly different sed on the Dunn's multiple rnge test (t P.5); Brs re the mens of 5 plnts; IC: Inoulted nd non-treted ontrol. 37
Compost extrts to ontrol potto Fusrium wilt. Kerkeni et l. A B C Fig. 2 (A) Potto plnts inoulted with Fusrium oxysporum f. sp. tuerosi nd treted with C2 extrt; (B) Potto plnts inoulted nd treted with C5 extrt; (C) Inoulted nd non-treted plnts (inoulted ontrol, IC). The extrts C2, C3 nd C9 exhiited remrkle poteny in suppressing disese development. Effet of ompost extrts on potto plnt growth 1. Plnt height Results presented in Fig. 3A, showed tht height of plnts inoulted with Fusrium oxysporum f. sp. tuerosi deresed signifintly s ompred to the non-inoulted plnts. However, pplition ompost extrts tested hs resulted in signifint (P.5) inrese in plnt height s ompred to the inoulted ontrol nd some of them yielded signifintly similr vlues for heights s helthy ontrol (non-treted nd non-inoulted plnts). Compost extrts C1, C7 nd C9 were the most effetive extrts in inresing this prmeter y more thn 3% s ompred to the inoulted ontrol. 2. Shoot fresh weight For non-treted plnts, the presene of the pthogen hd signifintly deresed the fresh weight of shoots s ompred to the helthy ontrol ones. All ompost extrts tested hd enhned this prmeter exept C1, C2, C4 nd C7. Inrese of shoot weight ws more pronouned (out 75%) in plnts treted with C8 extrt (Fig. 3B). 3. Root fresh weight Addition of ompost extrts to the growing medi hd enhned the root growth s ompred to the inoulted ontrol plnts (Fig. 3C). The extrts C4 nd C8 were the most effetive in improving the roots weight whih inresed y 48.5 nd 5%, respetively, s ompred to the inoulted nd non-treted ontrol. 4. Tuer fresh weight Fig. 3D revels signifint inrese of the tuer fresh weight of plnts treted with C5, C6, C8 nd C9, s ompred to the inoulted ontrol. Moreover, results showed no signifint differene etween the extrts C1, C2, C3, C4, C7 nd the inoulted ontrol. The C8 extrt enhned the tuer fresh weight of plnts y 43%, in omprison to the inoulted ontrol. 5. Shoot nd root dry weights The shoot nd root dry weights of potto plnts re illustrted in Fig. 4. For the shoot dry weight, Fig. 4A revels signifint differenes etween extrts. Plnts growing in medi supplemented with C3 or C8 extrts exhiited the higher shoot dry weights s ompred to inoulted nd non-inoulted plnts (helthy ontrol). The higher inrese in the shoot dry weight (of out 5%) ws otined with the pplition of C8 extrt. Aording to Fig. 4B, the dry weight of roots ws highly improved y C8 extrt (78%) omprtively to the inoulted ontrol. Moreover, extrts C8 nd C6 were found to e more effetive thn the non inoulted ontrol (helthy ontrol). Mens omprisons showed tht ompost extrts C1, C2, C3, C4, C7 nd the helthy ontrol hd no signifint differene with the inoulted ontrol. DISCUSSION The effiy of ompost extrts, prepred from heterogeneous orgni wstes, ginst severl pthogeni fungi ws previously demonstrted (Weltzien 1992; Eld nd Shtienerg 1994; Zhng et l. 1998; Sheuerell nd Mhffe 24; Kerkeni et l. 27). Pthogens inhiition indued y ompost extrts resulted from omintion of hemil nd iologil mehnisms inluding miroil ompetition for nutriments with pthogen (Chen et l. 1988), prodution of ntiiotis nd extr ellulr lyti enzymes, indution of plnt defene (Segrr et l. 29), prsitism nd predtion (Zhng et l. 1998). Eld nd Shtienerg (1994) showed tht ompost extrts prepred from niml mnures redued the inidene of lef grey mould used y Botrytis inere y more thn 56%. Nelson nd Boehm (22) reported tht different extrts prepred from 1% hiken mnure, food wste, yrd wste or rewery sludge were effiient in reduing root rot used y Pythium sp. Hir et l. (26) lso found tht ompost extrt, omposed of 5% ttle mnure, 3% sheep mnure, 2% poultry mnure nd 1% ground strw, hd suessfully ontrolled Fusrium oxysporum f. sp. rdiislyopersii on tomto. Results founded in this urrent study onfirmed these previous findings. In ft, the use of ompost extrts otined from vrious niml mnures nd tested ginst Fusrium oxysporum f. sp. tuerosi showed signifint derese in the LDI nd onsequently symptom severity on potto plnts. However, the ompost extrts tested were found to ffet the development of this pthogen y vrious degrees. In ft, C2 (6% CM + 3% SM + 1% ground strw), C3 (5% CM + 25% SM + 25% HM) nd C9 (25% CM + 25% SM + 25% PM + 23.5% HM + 1.5% nturl phosphte) were highly effiient in suppressing this disese, while C5 (25% CM + 25% SM + 25% PM + 25% HM) nd C6 (3% CM + 3% SM + 3% PM + 1% ground strw) extrts hd no signifint effets suggesting the role of their initil omposition on their effetiveness. A lrge vriility ws noted within the sme tretment (s is the se of IC, C1, C5 nd C6 tretments), tht ould e ttriuted to dely in the infetion proess. In the sme ontext, Hir et l. (26) found tht ddition of ompost extrts to the growing medi deresed wilt symptoms used y F. oxysporum f.sp. rsiis-lyoperisi on tomto plnts. Segrr et l. (29) lso noted derese in disese severity of Erysiphe polygoni on tomto leves y 19% y using ompost extrts. When pplied s folir sprys, ompost extrts hd lso limited y 29% the lte light (Phytophthor infestns) severity on potto (Al- Mughri 27). Redution of the development of F. oxysporum f. sp. tuerosi in response to ompost extrt pplition is pre- 38
The Afrin Journl of Plnt Siene nd Biotehnology 7 (1), 36-41 213 Glol Siene Books Plnt height (m) 6 5 4 3 2 1 A d Shoot fresh weight (g Root fresh weight (g) 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 3 25 2 15 1 5 B Tretments tested Tretments tested C Tuer fresh weight (g) 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 D Tretments tested Tretments tested Fig. 3 Effets of the ompost extrts tested on growth nd yield prmeters noted, 9 dys post-plnting, on potto plnts inoulted with Fusrium oxysporum f. sp. tuerosi s ompred to the ontrols. C1-C9: Compost extrt 1-ompost extrt 9; IC: Inoulted nd non-treted ontrol; HC: Helthy ontrol i.e. non-inoulted nd non-treted; Brs with the sme letters re not signifintly different sed on the Dunn's multiple rnge test (t P.5); Brs re the mens of 5 plnts. sumly due to the presene of ntgonisti miroorgnisms suh s teri nd fungi (Segrr et l. 29). Support to this ssumption ws given y Hoitink et l. (1997) who reported suppression of symptoms used y vrious phytopthogeni fungi y ntgonisti miroorgnisms ssoited to or involved in orgni mendments like ompost. In this ontext, we previously nlysed the origin of tested extrts (omposts) for their miroil ontent nd we hve reported the ourrene of mny ntgonisti teri nd fungi of the gener Aeromons, Serrti, Pseudomons nd Trihoderm whih were le to inhiit the development of mny plnt pthogens (Kerkeni et l. 27, 28). We lso founded tht these extrts were rih in tinomyetes espeilly the C3 extrt. However, miroil nlyses of C2 showed tht this extrt is highly olonized y the ntgonisti fungi (Trihoderm spp.). The higher ntifungl tivity of these extrts is presumly due to their miroil popultions nd their intertions. As previously reported t the eginning of this pper, these extrts were preliminrily tested in vitro for their ntifungl tivity (Kerkeni et l. 27). Comprison with in vitro results reveled n improvement of the tivity of these extrts. Indeed, the highest inhiition rtio otined in vitro ws of out 46% with the C4 while in the urrent study we noted totl suppression of the pthogen y using the C2, C3 nd C9 ompost extrts. The enhnement of extrt tivity is presumly due to the mplifition of the suppressive potentil of ntgonisti miroflor ontined in these extrts (fter inution nd gittion). Aording to Segrr et l. (29), the effets of ompost extrts ould lso e due to their rihness in inorgni slts, orgni ron nd phenols, whih n ffet diretly pthogen growth nd phyllosphere miroorgnisms. The in vitro results of hemil nd iologil ontrol, onduted y Ayed (25) ginst F. oxysporum f. sp. tuerosi, showed tht the effiy of our ompost extrts ws less importnt s ompred to syntheti produts suh s Thigren 36 (hymexzol) nd orgni produts trde s Fung stop, whih hve inhiited the myelil growth of 39
Compost extrts to ontrol potto Fusrium wilt. Kerkeni et l. 4 A Shoot dry weight (g) 3 2 1 Root dry weight (g) 5 4 3 2 1 Tretments tested B de d de de de de ed e Tretments tested Fig. 4 Effets of the ompost extrts tested on the dry weight of shoots (A) nd roots (B) of potto plnts inoulted with F. usrium oxysporum f. sp. tuerosi noted 9 dys post-plnting s ompred to the ontrols. C1-C9: Compost extrt 1-ompost extrt 9; IC: Inoulted nd non-treted ontrol; HC: Helthy ontrol i.e. non-inoulted nd non-treted. Brs with the sme letters re not signifintly different sed on the Dunn's multiple rnge test (t P.5); Brs re the mens of 5 plnts. this fungus up to 77% nd 76%, respetively ginst 46% otined with ompost extrts. However, omprison with the Polyversum, whih is n orgni produt sed on Pythium oligndrum, reveled tht tested extrts were more effetive, sine the highest inhiition rtio hieved y this produt hd not exeed 12.6%. In ddition, this study (Ayed 25) showed tht T. hrzinum, n ntgonisti fungus isolted from Tunisin soil, hd limited this pthogen y 43% s ompred 46% for our ompost extrt C4 (Kerkeni et l. 27). Results showed lso tht ddition of ompost extrts to growing medi hd improved potto plnt growth despite the presene of the pthogen. Moreover, this improvement ws etter thn the non-inoulted plnts. Similrly, Hir et l. (26) reported tht tomto plnts treted y ompost extrts nd inoulted y F. oxysporum f. sp. rdiis-lyopersii hd vigorous root system nd etter vegettive growth thn non-treted plnts. With the sme pthogen, Hrun et l. (212) found tht pplition of ompost extrts s soil drenh, indued etter plnt height, hevier fresh root nd shoot weight nd higher yield of tomto thn plnts treted with fungiide. The ompost extrt C8 ws usully the most effiient in inresing growth prmeters s ompred to the other extrts. This is presumly due to it s equilirte initil omposition (Tle 1). Positive effet of ompost extrts on growth my e lso due to the presene of nutrients nd enefiil miroorgnisms (mostly teri) tht were known to lso promote root growth (plnt growth-promoting teri). These teri re loted in the "phyllosphere" nd re le to stimulte plnt growth. Aording to Brinton et l. (1996), extrts influene the phyllosphere thnks to its miroil popultion. Moreover, orreltions were found etween the miroil tivity in the phyllosphere nd disese ontrol (Kruse et l. 23; Idris et l. 27; Segrr et l. 29). This shows the usefulness of extrts of omposts s orgni fertilizer solutions in ddition to their role in plnt protetion. To summrize, the present study showed tht ompost extrts prepred from vrious niml mnures hd negtive effets on F. oxysporum f. sp. tuerosi nd they demonstrted their usefulness s fertilizers. They ould onstitute promising lterntive for iologil ontrol of some plnt diseses nd redue the usive use of syntheti fungiides nd fertilizers. 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