Lesson 1 Introduction to Body Systems (Machalina song) Nutrition
Let s figure out how many body systems there are! Draw a hollow body diagram Draw in each body part as it is mentioned in the song!!!
Chorus: Machalina Machalina Rubenstein Walk-A-Dine Hokey Pokey Loca Was her name! Brain! Stomach! Intestines! Blood Vessels! Thyroid! Ovaries! Bones! Lungs! Nerves! Kidneys! Liver! Heart!
Organize the Body Systems
Which body system will help us to perform the life process of nutrition? The DIGESTIVE system!
Heterotrophic Nutrition What is it??
Heterotrophic Nutrition Unlike autotrophic nutrition (ex. Photosynthesis), heterotrophs must obtain their nutrients from other sources by eating/absorbing! In humans, this involves 3 processes: Ingestion- consuming food Digestion- breaking food down Egestion releasing food waste (not excretion, not cellular waste)
What helps ALL body systems work? Proper Nutrition! OLD WAY NEW WAY!
6 Nutrients Found in Food Must be DIGESTED to be absorbed Absorbed without digestion Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Vitamins Minerals Water ORGANIC INORGANIC
Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Vitamins Minerals Amino acids Fatty acids glycerol Sugar Starch
Lesson 2 Mechanical vs Chemical digestion Mouth Stomach
Dr. William Beaumont: The First GI Guy In 1822, a French-Canadian fur trader named Alexis St. Martin was severely wounded. A shotgun blast tore open his abdominal wall and the stomach itself. The wound was as large as the palm of a man s hand! Dr. Beaumont treated the wound, but he was repeatedly unsuccessful in fully closing the hole in St. Martin's stomach. For a while, the hole had to be covered with cotton to prevent food and drink from coming out! The hole in St. Martin's side was a permanent open gastric fistula, an opening about the size of a quarter, large enough that Beaumont could insert his entire forefinger into the stomach cavity! This opening provided Beaumont with a unique opportunity to study digestive processes by looking right into St. Martin s stomach through the hole. Beaumont removed samples of gastric juice from St. Martin s stomach and soaked different foods with the juice. He saw that some foods were changed by the juice and others were not. He even dipped food samples attached to a string directly into the open hole of St. Martin s stomach and watched as they were digested!
Dr. William Beaumont: The First GI Guy Question: Dr. Beaumont noticed that the foods he dropped directly into Alexis St. Martin s stomach took an unusually long time to be digested. Why? What steps in the digestive process were missing? Chewing the food with the teeth in the mouth
Main Function Human Digestive System to break down food into smaller particles that can be absorbed and distributed for use by all body cells
2 Types of Digestion 1. Mechanical digestion chewing, tearing of food by teeth (mastication), pushing of food by tongue churning by muscles of the stomach & intestines
2 Types of Digestion 2. Chemical digestion Enzymes and acids break down and change the molecules so they are able to pass into the blood and body s cells for use
# 1 6 is the path food travels oral cavity salivary glands esophagus liver gall bladder Large intestine or colon small intestine rectum stomach pancreas * are accessory organs (help digestion but food does not enter)
Major Anatomy & Physiology of the 1. Mouth (oral cavity) Site of ingestion Human Digestive System Digestion begins Contains salivary glands that make enzyme salivary amylase to start the digestion of carbohydrates Gleek Video Uvula punching bag shaped structure that blocks food from entering the nasal cavity
2. Esophagus (opening located in pharynx / throat) Food tube connecting the mouth to the stomach Peristalsis muscular contractions that push swallowed food (a bolus) along the digestive tract Epiglottis - flap that closes over the trachea when food is swallowed to prevent choking Epiglottis animation - YouTube
3. Stomach Muscular pouch that churns and mixes swallowed food with gastric juices, forming mixture called chyme hydrochloric acid and pepsin begin protein digestion mucus lining protects stomach from its own juices
Lesson 3 Small Intestine (with villi) and Accessory Organs
Mechanical Digestion Chemical Digestion Tearing, grinding, mashing of food Breaks food into smaller pieces w/ more surface area Ex. Mouth: teeth, tongue Ex. Stomach: muscular walls churning & mixing Occur in mouth & stomach break down food to be absorbed Uses enzymes and acids?? Changes food molecules into building blocks Ex. Mouth: starch sugars Ex. Stomach: proteins amino acids
How long is the human digestive system? Up to 30 feet long in adults!
4. Small Intestine (narrow but long) most chemical digestion takes place here (in the duodenum) Function is also to absorb nutrients into bloodstream for delivery to body cells Villi finger-like projections on inside lining increase the surface area for nutrient absorption contain capillaries that absorb amino acids and sugar contain lacteals (tiny lymph vessels) that absorb fats
Villi
Label your Villus diagram Epithelium of small intestine (only 1 cell thick) Capillary Lacteal Lymph vessel Artery Vein
Pancreas Accessory Organs Organs that secrete substances into the digestive tract but food does NOT pass directly through them most enzymes for digestion are produced here (protease, amylase, lipase) secretes (release) them into the duodenum (1 st part of small intestine)
Liver Accessory Organs Produces & secretes bile which emulsifies fats Bile mechanically digests large fat globules into smaller fat droplets Provides more surface area for enzyme lipase to perform chemical digestion
Accessory Organs Gall Bladder small pouch that stores and secretes bile made by the liver Located under the liver
salivary glands epiglottis esophagus liver mouth tongue liver stomach stomach pancreas colon small intestine gall bladder pancreas anus appendix rectum
Mechanical Digestion Tearing, grinding, mashing of food Chemical Digestion Using enzymes and acids Breaks food into smaller pieces w/ more surface area Ex. Mouth: teeth, tongue Ex. Stomach: muscular walls churning & mixing Ex. Small Intestine: Bile from liver emulsifies fats Occur in mouth & stomach break down food to be absorbed changes food molecules into building blocks Ex. Mouth: starch sugars Ex. Stomach: proteins amino acids Ex. Small Intestine: enzymes from pancreas digest all types of nutrients
Lesson 4 Large Intestine Review Packets BrainPOP Digestive System
5. Large Intestine / Colon (wider but shorter) absorption of water from feces into the body Contains useful E. coli bacteria that produce vitamins Feces (undigested waste) is stored in the rectum then removed out the anus (egestion) Appendix dangling structure at the beginning of the large intestine helps some animals (not humans) digest cellulose (plant material) Video: Probiotics Gut Fauna
Lesson 5 Disorders of the Digestive System BrainPOP Digestive System
Disorders of the Digestive System
Healthy or Unhealthy? 1. Unhealthy! Gall bladder
Healthy or Unhealthy? 2. Healthy! Stomach lining
Healthy or Unhealthy? 3. Unhealthy! Stomach ulcer
Healthy or Unhealthy? 4. Unhealthy! Inflammation in colon (Crohn s disease)
Healthy or Unhealthy? 5. Healthy! Large intestine / colon
Groups Diarrhea Constipation Gallstones Heartburn Peptic Ulcers Appendicitis
Appendicitis (Appendix) Resulting Imbalance: Spread of infection or death if it bursts Treatment Surgery to remove it Antibiotics for infection
Constipation (Large Intestine) Resulting Imbalance: Discomfort during bowel movements Treatment drink extra water Fruit & veggies in diet Stool softener (meds)
Diarrhea (Large Intestine) Resulting Imbalance: dehydration Treatment Drink water to replenish what s lost Medication
Gallstones (Gall Bladder) Resulting Imbalance: Blocked duct (tube) Inflammation or infection / pain Treatment Surgery to remove gall bladder
Heartburn / GERD (Esophagus) Resulting Imbalance Inflammation / wearing down of esophagus pain Treatment Eat smaller meals Avoid trigger foods (spicy) Meds (antacids)
Ulcers (Stomach) Resulting Imbalance: Bleeding, pain Perforation (hole in stomach) Treatment Eliminate causes (smoking, stress) Meds to reduce acid production