Medical Policy MP 7.03.05 BCBSA Ref. Policy: 7.03.05 Last Review: 08/30/2017 Effective Date: 08/30/2017 Section: Surgery End Date: 08/19/2018 Related Policies 7.03.04 Isolated Small Bowel Transplant DISCLAIMER Our medical policies are designed for informational purposes only and are not an authorization, explanation of benefits or a contract. Receipt of benefits is subject to satisfaction of all terms and conditions of the coverage. Medical technology is constantly changing, and we reserve the right to review and update our policies periodically. POLICY Transplants, such as a multivisceral transplant and a small bowel and liver transplant, may be considered medically necessary for pediatric and adult patients with intestinal failure (characterized by loss of absorption and the inability to maintain protein-energy, fluid, electrolyte, or micronutrient balance) who have been managed with long-term total parenteral nutrition and who have developed evidence of impending end-stage liver failure. Retransplants, such as a multivisceral retransplant and a small bowel and liver retransplant, may be considered medically necessary after a failed primary small bowel and liver transplant or multivisceral transplant. A small bowel and liver transplant or multivisceral transplant is considered investigational in all other situations. POLICY GUIDELINES GENERAL CRERIA Potential contraindications to solid organ transplant (subject to the judgment of the transplant center) include the following: 1. Known current malignancy, including metastatic cancer 2. Recent malignancy with high risk of recurrence 3. History of cancer with a moderate risk of recurrence 4. Systemic disease that could be exacerbated by immunosuppression 5. Untreated systemic infection making immunosuppression unsafe, including chronic infection. Other irreversible end-stage disease not attributed to intestinal failure 7. Psychosocial conditions or chemical dependency affecting ability to adhere to therapy. Intestinal failure results from surgical resection, congenital defect, or disease-associated loss of absorption and is characterized by the inability to maintain protein-energy, fluid, electrolyte, or micronutrient balance. Short bowel syndrome is an example of intestinal failure. Candidates should meet the following criteria:
Adequate cardiopulmonary status Documentation of patient compliance with medical management. HIV-positive patients who meet the following criteria, as stated in the 2001 guidelines of the American Society of Transplantation (Steinman et al, 2001), could be considered candidates for small bowel and liver transplant or multivisceral transplantation under the following conditions: CD4 count greater than 200 cells per cubic millimeter for greater than months HIV-1 RNA undetectable On stable antiretroviral therapy greater than 3 months No other complications from AIDS (eg, opportunistic infection, including aspergillus, tuberculosis, coccidioidomycosis, resistant fungal infections, Kaposi sarcoma, or other neoplasm), and meeting all other criteria for transplantation. SMALL BOWEL/LIVERSPECIFIC CRERIA Evidence of intolerance of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) includes, but is not limited to, multiple and prolonged hospitalizations to treat TPN-related complications, or the development of progressive but reversible liver failure. In the setting of progressive liver failure, small bowel transplant may be considered a technique to avoid end-stage liver failure related to chronic TPN, and would thus avoid the necessity of a multivisceral transplant. BENEF APPLICATION BLUECARD/NATIONAL ACCOUNT ISSUES Transplants, such as a multivisceral transplant or a small bowel and liver transplant, should be considered for coverage under the transplant benefit and should be evaluated for charge in accordance with traditional transplant benefits. Which expenses are incurred during the evaluation and procurement of organs and tissues should be compared with the scope of human organ transplant benefits for coverage determination. Typically, the following are considered human organ transplant benefits: hospitalization of the recipient for medically recognized transplants from a donor to a transplant recipient; prehospital workup and hospitalization of a living donor undergoing a partial hepatectomy should be considered as part of the recipient transplant costs; evaluation tests requiring hospitalization to determine the suitability of both potential and actual donors, when such tests cannot be safely and effectively performed on an outpatient basis; hospital room, board, and general nursing in semiprivate rooms; special care units, such as coronary and intensive care; hospital ancillary services; physicians services for surgery, technical assistance, administration of anesthetics, and medical care; acquisition, preparation, transportation, and storage of organ; diagnostic services; Drugs that require a prescription by federal law. Original Policy Date: December 1995 Page: 2
Other examples of benefits include: specific charges for participation with registries for organ procurement, operating rooms, supplies, use of hospital equipment, and transportation of the tissue or organ to be evaluated. Administration of health plan products with a specific transplant benefit needs to be defined as to: when the benefit begins (at the time of admission for the transplant or once the patient is determined eligible for a transplant, which may include tests or office visits before transplant); When the benefit ends (at the time of discharge from the hospital or at the end of required follow-up, including the immunosuppressive drugs administered on an outpatient basis). Coverage usually is not provided for: BACKGROUND human organ tissue services for which the cost is covered or funded by governmental, foundational, or charitable grants; organs sold rather than donated to the recipient; an artificial organ SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME Small bowel transplants are typically performed in patients with short bowel syndrome, defined as an inadequate absorbing surface of the small intestine due to extensive disease or surgical removal of a large portion of small intestine. In some instances, short bowel syndrome is associated with liver failure, often due to the long-term complications of total parenteral nutrition. Treatment These patients may be candidates for a small bowel/liver transplant or a multivisceral transplant, which includes the small bowel and liver with one or more of the following organs: stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, pancreas, and/or colon. The type of transplantation depends on the underlying etiology of intestinal failure, quality of native organs, presence or severity of liver disease, and history of prior abdominal surgeries. 1 A multivisceral transplant is indicated when anatomic or other medical problems preclude a small bowel/liver transplant. Complications following small bowel/liver and multivisceral transplants include acute or chronic rejection, donor-specific antibodies, infection, lymphoproliferative disorder, -versus-host disease, and renal dysfunction. 2 REGULATORY STATUS Small bowel/liver and multivisceral transplantation are surgical procedures and, as such, are not subject to regulation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. RATIONALE This evidence review was created in December 1995 and has been updated regularly with searches of the MEDLINE database. The most recent literature review was conducted through June 22, 2017. TRANSPLANTATION OF SMALL BOWEL/LIVER OR MULTIVISCERAL ORGANS A 1999 TEC Assessment focused on multivisceral transplantation and offered the following conclusions: Multivisceral transplantation in patients with small bowel syndrome, liver failure, and/or other gastrointestinal problems such as pancreatic failure, thromboses of the celiac axis and the superior mesenteric artery, or pseudo-obstruction affecting the entire gastrointestinal tract is associated with poor patient and survival. Pediatric and adult patients have a similar 2- and 5-year survival Original Policy Date: December 1995 Page: 3
of 33% to 50%. However, without this procedure, it is expected that these patients would face 100% mortality. 3 The published literature consists of case series, mainly reported by single centers in the States and Europe. Tables 1 and 2 summarize the characteristics and results of the case series, respectively. Many case series have included isolated small bowel transplantations (see evidence review 7.03.04). Reasons for transplantations were mainly short bowel syndrome. Other reasons included congenital enteropathies and motility disorders. Most common outcomes reported were survival rates and weaning off total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Several studies have presented survival rates by type of transplantation, while others have combined all types of transplants when reporting survival rates. When rates were reported by type of transplant, isolated transplantations had higher survival rates than multivisceral transplants (see Table 2). Several investigators have reported higher survival rates in transplants conducted more recently than those conducted earlier. 4- Reasons for improved survival rates in more recent years have been attributed to the development of more effective immunosuppressive drugs and the learning curve for the complex procedure. Authors of these series, as well as related reviews, have observed that while outcomes have improved over time, recurrent and chronic rejection and complications of immunosuppression continue to be obstacles to long-term survival. A separate discussion of complications follows the evidence tables. Table 1. Summary of Key Case Series Characteristics for Transplantations Author (Year) Location N Median Age (Range), y Interventions Treatment Lacaille et al (2017) 7 France 110 5.3 Isolated (0.4-19) Combined liver Multivisceral Garcia Aroz et al (2017) 8,a Dore et al (201) 9 Rutter et al (201) 10 States States Kingdom 10 1.5 (0.7-13) 30 0.2 (0.1-18) 0 1.8 (0-8) Lauro et al (2014) 11 Italy 4 34 () Isolated Combined liver Isolated Combined liver Multivisceral Isolated Multivisceral Modified multivisceral Isolated Combined liver Follow-Up (Range) Original Policy Date: December 1995 Page: 4 n 45 0 5 7 3 18 1 35 9 34 Of 55 alive: 17 at <5 y 17 at 5-10 y 21 at 10 y /7 alive at follow-up 10 y 28 (4-175) mo 21.3 (0-95) mo 51.3 mo
Author (Year) Location N Median Age (Range), y Varkey et al (2013) 12 Sweden 20 Adults: 44 (20-7) Children: (0.5-13) Mangus et al (2013) 4 States : intestinal transplantation; : not reported. a Living donors. 100 Adults: 48 ( to ) Children: 1 (0. to ) Interventions Multivisceral Isolated Combined liver Multivisceral Multivisceral Modified multivisceral 4 1 15 84 1 Follow-Up (Range) 25 mo Table 2. Summary of Key Case Series Results for Transplantations Author (Year) Interventions Survival Off TPN Treatment n Lacaille et al (2017) 7 Isolated Combined liver Multivisceral 0 45 5 59% at 10 y; 54% at 18 y 48% at 10 y All treatments 73% at last followup Garcia Aroz et al (2017) 8,a Dore et al (201) 9 Rutter et al (201) 10 Lauro et al (2014) 11 Isolated Combined liver Isolated Combined liver Multivisceral Isolated Multivisceral Modified multivisceral Isolated Combined liver Multivisceral 7 3 18 1 35 9 34 All transplantations 70% 83% at 9 y 33% at 10 y 7% at 2.5 y 92% at 1 y; 37% at 5 y 71% at 1 y; 33% at 5 y 85% at 1 y; 5% at 5 y All transplantations 77% at 1 y 58% at 3 y 53% at 5 y 37% at 10 y Varkey et al (2013) 12 Isolated 4 All transplantations All treatments 100% at last follow-up All treatments 71% in 31 d 2% at last followup Original Policy Date: December 1995 Page: 5
Mangus et al (2013) 4 Combined liver Multivisceral Multivisceral Modified multivisceral 1 15 84 1 78% at 1 y 50% at 5 y All transplantations 72% at 1 y 57% at 5 y : intestinal transplantation; : not reported; TPN: total parenteral nutrition. a Living donors. Complications Several case series have focused on complications after small bowel and multivisceral transplantation. For example, in 201, Nagai et al reported on cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection after intestinal or multivisceral transplantation at a single center in the States. 13 A total of 210 patients had either an intestinal transplant, multivisceral transplant, or modified multivisceral transplant between 2003 and 2014. The median length of follow-up was 2.1 years. Thirty-four (1%) patients developed CMV infection at a median of 347 days after transplantation. Nineteen patients had tissue invasive CMV disease. CMV infection was significantly associated with rejection (odds ratio, 2.; p<0.01) and adversely affected patient survival (hazard ratio, 2.7; p<0.001). In a 201 report from another U.S. center, 1 (19%) of 85 patients undergoing intestinal or multivisceral transplantation developed CMV infection a mean of 139 days (range, 14-243 days) postoperatively. 14 In 201, Wu et al investigated the incidence and risk factors of acute antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) among patients undergoing intestinal transplantation (N=175). 15 All patients were 25 years of age. Acute ABMR was diagnosed by: clinical evidence; histologic evidence of tissue damage; focal or diffuse linear C4d deposition; and circulating anti-human leukocyte antigen antibodies. Of the 175 intestinal transplants, 58% were liver-free s, 3% included a liver, and.3% were retransplantations. Eighteen cases of acute ABMR were identified14 (14%) among the patients undergoing first liver-free transplantation, 2 (3%) among patients undergoing liver/small bowel transplantations, and 2 (18%) among the patients undergoing retransplantation. Graft failure occurred in 7% of patients with acute ABMR. The presence of a donor-specific antibody and a liver-free were associated with the development of acute ABMR. In a 201 series by Cromvik et al, 5 (19%) of 2 patients were diagnosed with -versus-host disease (GVHD) after intestinal or multivisceral transplantation. 1 Risk factors for GVHD were: malignancy as a cause of transplantation; neoadjuvant chemotherapy; or brachytherapy before transplantation. A 2012 retrospective study reported on bloodstream infections among 98 children (>18 years) with small bowel and combined organ transplants. 17 Seventy-seven (79%) underwent small bowel transplant in combination with a liver, kidney, or kidney and pancreas, and 21 had an isolated small bowel transplant. After a median follow-up of 52 months, 58 (59%) patients had survived. The 1-year survival rate was similar in patients with combined small bowel transplant (75%) and in those with isolated small bowel transplant (81%). In the first year after transplantation, 8 (9.4%) patients experienced at least 1 episode of bloodstream infection. The 1-year survival rate for patients with bloodstream infections was 72% compared with 87% in patients without bloodstream infections (p=0.05 for difference in survival in patients with and without bloodstream infections). In 2011, Wu et al reported on 241 patients who underwent intestinal transplantation. 18 Of these, 147 (1%) had multivisceral transplants, 5 (27%) had small bowel transplants, and 29 (12%) had small Original Policy Date: December 1995 Page:
bowel/liver transplants. Recipients included 151 (3%) children and 90 (37%) adults. Twenty-two (9%) patients developed GVHD. Children younger than 5 years old were most likely to develop this condition (13.2% [1/121]) than children between 5 and 18 years (.7% [2/30) and adults older than 18 years (4.4% [9/90]). HIV-Positive Transplant Recipients No studies reporting on outcomes in HIV-positive patients who received small bowel/liver or multivisceral transplants were identified in literature reviews. In 2001, the American Society of Transplantation proposed that the presence of HIV or AIDS could be considered a contraindication to kidney transplant unless the following criteria were present (these criteria may be extrapolated to other organs) 19 : CD4 count greater than 200 cells/mm 3 for more than months HIV-1 RNA undetectable On stable antiretroviral therapy for more than 3 months No other complications from AIDS (eg, opportunistic infection, including aspergillus, tuberculosis, coccidioidomycosis, resistant fungal infections, Kaposi s sarcoma, or other neoplasm) Meeting all other criteria for transplantation. In 200, the British HIV Association and the British Transplantation Society published joint guidelines on kidney transplantation in patients with HIV disease. 20 As noted, these criteria may be extrapolated to other organs. The guidelines recommended that any patient with end-stage organ disease with a life expectancy of at least 5 years is considered appropriate for transplantation under the following conditions: CD4 greater than 200 cells/ml for at least months Undetectable HIV viremia (<50 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml) for at least months Demonstrable adherence and a stable highly active antiretroviral therapy regimen for at least months Absence of AIDS-defining illness following successful immune reconstitution after highly active antiretroviral therapy. The 2013 HIV Organ Policy Equity Act in the States permitted scientists to research organ donations from a person with HIV to another HIV-infected person. 21 In 2015, the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network updated its policies to be consistent with the HIV Organ Policy Equity Act. 22 The Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network and Network for Organ Sharing policies specify that organs from HIV-positive patients be used only for HIV-positive transplant recipients. Section Summary: Transplantation of Small Bowel/Liver or Multivisceral Organs Intestinal transplantation procedures are infrequently performed and only relatively small case series, generally single-center, are available. For patients experiencing significant complications from TPN, which can lead to liver failure and repeated infections, these case series have shown reasonably high posttransplant survival rates in patients who have a high probability of death without treatment. Guidelines and U.S. federal policy no longer view HIV infection as an absolute contraindication for solid organ transplantation. Original Policy Date: December 1995 Page: 7
RETRANSPLANTATION OF SMALL BOWEL/LIVER OR MULTIVISCERAL ORGANS Evidence for the use of retransplantation to treat individuals who have failed intestinal transplantations includes several case series, mostly from single institutions. One case series analyzed records from the Network for Organ Sharing database. Among the case series described in Table 3, reasons for retransplantations include: acute rejection, chronic rejection, CMV, liver failure, lymphoproliferative disorder, and dysfunction. Survival rates for retransplantations are listed in Table 4. Table 3. Summary of Key Case Series Characteristics for Retransplantations Author (Year) Location N Median Age (Range), y Interventions Lacaille et al (2017) 7 France 10 13 (5-1) Desai et al (2012) States Abu-Elmagd et al (2009) 5 Mazariegos et al (2008) 23 States States : intestinal transplantation; : not reported. Treatment Isolated Combined liver 72 Adults: (adults) Isolated 77 Combined liver (children) Children: Isolated Combined liver 47 Isolated Combined liver Multivisceral 14 9.4 (3.2-22.7) Isolated Combined liver Multivisceral ) n 3 7 41 31 28 49 31 7 9 1 3 10 Follow- Up, (Range), mo 4 55.9 Table 4. Summary of Key Case Series Results for Retransplantations Author (Year) Interventions Survival Off TPN Treatment n Lacaille et al (2017) 7 Isolated Combined liver 3 7 All transplantations 30% at last follow-up Desai et al (2012) Adults: Isolated Combined liver 41 31 Adults: 80% at 1 y; 47% at 3 y; 29% at 5 y 3% at 1 y; 5% at 3 y; 47% at Original Policy Date: December 1995 Page: 8
Abu-Elmagd et al (2009) 5 Mazariegos et al (2008) 23 Children: Isolated Combined liver Isolated Combined liver Multivisceral Isolated Combined liver Multivisceral 28 49 31 7 9 1 3 10 5 y Children: 81% at 1 y; 74% at 3 y; 57% at 5 y 42% at 1 y; 42% at 3 y; 42% at 5 y All transplantations 9% at 1 y 47% at 5 y All transplantations 71% at last follow-up : intestinal transplantation; : not reported; TPN: total parenteral nutrition. 100% Section Summary: Retransplantation of Small Bowel/Liver or Multivisceral Organs Evidence for retransplantations derives mostly from single-center case series, though 1 series used records from the Network for Organ Sharing database. Although limited in quantity, the available follow-up data after retransplantation have suggested reasonably high survival rates after small bowel and liver transplants and multivisceral retransplantation in patients who continue to meet criteria for transplantation. SUMMARY OF EVIDENCE For individuals who have intestinal failure and evidence of impending end-stage liver failure who receive a small bowel and liver transplant alone or multivisceral transplant, the evidence includes a limited number of case series. Relevant outcomes are overall survival, morbid events, and treatment-related mortality and morbidity. These transplant procedures are infrequently performed and few reported case series exist. However, results from the available case series have revealed fairly high postprocedural survival rates. Given these results and bearing in mind the abysmal survival rates of patients who exhaust all other treatments, transplantation may prove not only to be the last option, but also a beneficial one. To be clear, transplantation is contraindicated for patients in whom the procedure is expected to be futile due to comorbid disease, or in whom posttransplantation care is expected to significantly worsen comorbid conditions. The evidence is sufficient to determine that the technology results in a meaningful improvement in the net health outcome. For individuals who have a failed small bowel and liver or multivisceral transplant without contraindications for retransplant who receive a small bowel and liver retransplant alone or multivisceral retransplant, the evidence includes case series. Relevant outcomes are overall survival, morbid events, and treatment-related mortality and morbidity. Although limited in quantity, the available post retransplantation data has suggested reasonably high survival rates. Given exceedingly poor survival rates without retransplantation of patients who have exhausted other treatments, evidence of postoperative survival from uncontrolled studies is sufficient to demonstrate that retransplantation provides a survival benefit in appropriately selected patients. Retransplantation is contraindicated for patients in whom the procedure is expected to be futile due to comorbid disease or in whom posttransplantation care is expected to significantly worsen comorbid conditions. The evidence Original Policy Date: December 1995 Page: 9
is sufficient to determine that the technology results in a meaningful improvement in the net health outcome. SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION PRACTICE GUIDELINES AND POSION STATEMENTS American Gastroenterological Association In 2003, the American Gastroenterological Association published a position statement on short bowel syndrome and intestinal transplantation. 24 The statement noted that only patients with life-threatening complications due to intestinal failure or long-term total parenteral nutrition have undergone intestinal transplantation. The statement recommended the following Medicare-approved indications, pending availability of additional data: Impending liver failure Thrombosis of major central venous channels Frequent central line associated sepsis Frequent severe dehydration. American Society of Transplantation In 2001, the American Society of Transplantation issued a position paper on indications for pediatric intestinal transplantation. 25 The Society listed the following disorders in children as being potentially treatable by intestinal transplantation: short bowel syndrome, defective intestinal motility, and impaired enterocyte absorptive capacity. Contraindications for intestinal transplant to treat pediatric patients with intestinal failure are similar to those of other solid organ transplants: profound neurologic disabilities, life-threatening comorbidities, severe immunologic deficiencies, nonresectable malignancies, autoimmune diseases, and insufficient vascular patency. U.S. PREVENTIVE SERVICES TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATIONS Not applicable. MEDICARE NATIONAL COVERAGE Medicare covers intestinal transplantation for the purposes of restoring intestinal function in patients with irreversible intestinal failure only when performed for patients who have failed total parenteral nutrition and only when performed in centers that meet approved criteria. 2 The criteria for approval of centers will be based on a volume of 10 intestinal transplants per year with a 1-year actuarial survival rate of 5 percent. ONGOING AND UNPUBLISHED CLINICAL TRIALS A search of ClinicalTrials.gov in July 2017 did not identify any ongoing or unpublished trials that would likely influence this review. REFERENCES 1. Bharadwaj S, Tandon P, Gohel TD, et al. Current status of intestinal and multivisceral transplantation. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf). Jan 2 2017. PMID 28130374 2. Loo L, Vrakas G, Reddy S, et al. Intestinal transplantation: a review. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. May 2017;33(3):203-211. PMID 28282321 3. Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association Technology Evaluation Center (TEC). Small bowel transplants in adults and multivisceral transplants in adults and children. TEC Assessments. 1999;Volume 14:Tab 9. Original Policy Date: December 1995 Page: 10
4. Mangus RS, Tector AJ, Kubal CA, et al. Multivisceral transplantation: expanding indications and improving outcomes. J Gastrointest Surg. Jan 2013;17(1):179-18; discussion p 18-177. PMID 2307022 5. Abu-Elmagd KM, Costa G, Bond GJ, et al. Five hundred intestinal and multivisceral transplantations at a single center: major advances with new challenges. Ann Surg. Oct 2009;250(4):57-581. PMID 19730240. Desai CS, Khan KM, Gruessner AC, et al. Intestinal retransplantation: analysis of Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database. Transplantation. Jan 15 2012;93(1):120-125. PMID 22113492 7. Lacaille F, Irtan S, Dupic L, et al. Twenty-eight years of intestinal transplantation in Paris: experience of the oldest European center. Transpl Int. Feb 2017;30(2):178-18. PMID 27889929 8. Garcia Aroz S, Tzvetanov I, Hetterman EA, et al. Long-term outcomes of living-related small intestinal transplantation in children: A single-center experience. Pediatr Transplant. Jun 2017;21(4). PMID 28295952 9. Dore M, Junco PT, Andres AM, et al. Surgical rehabilitation techniques in children with poor prognosis short bowel syndrome. Eur J Pediatr Surg. Feb 201;2(1):112-11. PMID 2535775 10. Rutter CS, Amin I, Russell NK, et al. Adult intestinal and multivisceral transplantation: experience from a single center in the Kingdom. Transplant Proc. Mar 201;48(2):48-472. PMID 27109980 11. Lauro A, Zanfi C, Dazzi A, et al. Disease-related intestinal transplant in adults: results from a single center. Transplant Proc. Jan-Feb 2014;4(1):245-248. PMID 2450700 12. Varkey J, Simren M, Bosaeus I, et al. Survival of patients evaluated for intestinal and multivisceral transplantation - the Scandinavian experience. Scand J Gastroenterol. Jun 2013;48():702-711. PMID 23544434 13. Nagai S, Mangus RS, Anderson E, et al. Cytomegalovirus infection after intestinal/multivisceral transplantation: a single-center experience with 210 cases. Transplantation. Feb 201;100(2):451-40. PMID 2247555 14. Timpone JG, Yimen M, Cox S, et al. Resistant cytomegalovirus in intestinal and multivisceral transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis. Apr 201;18(2):202-209. PMID 2853894 15. Wu GS, Cruz RJ, Jr., Cai JC. Acute antibody-mediated rejection after intestinal transplantation. World J Transplant. Dec 24 201;(4):719-728. PMID 28058223 1. Cromvik J, Varkey J, Herlenius G, et al. Graft-versus-host disease after intestinal or multivisceral transplantation: a Scandinavian single-center experience. Transplant Proc. Jan-Feb 201;48(1):185-190. PMID 29158 17. Florescu DF, Qiu F, Langnas AN, et al. Bloodstream infections during the first year after pediatric small bowel transplantation. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Mar 29 2012;31(7):700-704. PMID 224325 18. Wu G, Selvaggi G, Nishida S, et al. Graft-versus-host disease after intestinal and multivisceral transplantation. Transplantation. Jan 27 2011;91(2):219-224. PMID 210737 19. Steinman TI, Becker BN, Frost AE, et al. Guidelines for the referral and management of patients eligible for solid organ transplantation. Transplantation. May 15 2001;71(9):1189-1204. PMID 11397947 20. Bhagani S, Sweny P, Brook G, et al. Guidelines for kidney transplantation in patients with HIV disease. HIV Med. Apr 200;7(3):133-139. PMID 14942 21. Colfax G. HIV Organ Policy Equity (HOPE) Act is Now Law. 2013; https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2013/11/21/hiv-organ-policy-equity-hope-act-now-law. Accessed July, 2017. Original Policy Date: December 1995 Page: 11
22. Network for Organ Sharing. OPTN policies, procedures implemented to support HOPE Act. https://www.unos.org/optn-policies-procedures-implemented-to-support-hope-act/. Accessed July, 2017. 23. Mazariegos GV, Soltys K, Bond G, et al. Pediatric intestinal retransplantation: techniques, management, and outcomes. Transplantation. Dec 27 2008;8(12):1777-1782. PMID 19104421 24. American Gastroenterological Association (AGA). American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: short bowel syndrome and intestinal transplantation. Gastroenterology. Apr 2003;124(4):1105-1110. PMID 1271903 25. Kaufman SS, Atkinson JB, Bianchi A, et al. Indications for pediatric intestinal transplantation: a position paper of the American Society of Transplantation. Pediatr Transplant. Apr 2001;5(2):80-87. PMID 11328544 2. Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Intestinal and multi-visceral transplantation. https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/search/searchresults.aspx?coverageselection=national&keyword=intestinal&keywordlookup=title&keywordse archtype=and&generalerror=thank+you+for+your+interest+in+the+medicare+coverage+database. +You+may+only+view+the+page+you+attempted+to+access+via+normal+usage+of+the+Medicare+ Coverage+Database.&bc=gAAAAAAAAAAAAA%3d%3d&=&. Accessed July, 2017. CODES Codes Number Description CPT 44120 Enterectomy, resection of small intestine; single resection and anastomosis 44121 ; each additional resection and anastomosis 44132 Donor enterectomy (including cold preservation), open; from cadaveric donor 44133 ; partial, from living donor 44715 Backbench standard preparation of cadaver or living donor intestine allo prior to transplantation, including mobilization and fashioning of the superior mesenteric artery and vein 44720 Backbench reconstruction of cadaver or living donor intestine allo prior to transplantation, venous anastomosis, each 44721 ; arterial anastomosis, each 44799 Unlisted procedure, intestine 47133 Donor hepatectomy (including cold preservation), from cadaver donor 47135 Liver allotransplantation, orthotopic, partial or whole, cadaver or living donor, any age 4713 Liver allotransplantation, heterotopic, partial or whole, cadaver or living donor any age 47140 Donor hepatectomy (including cold preservation), from living donor; left lateral segment only (segments II and III) 47141 ; total left lobectomy (segments II, III, or IV) 47142 ; total right lobectomy (segments V, VI, VII, and VIII) 47143 Backbench standard preparation of cadaver donor whole liver prior to allotransplantation, including cholecystectomy, if necessary, and dissection and removal of surrounding tissues to prepare the vena cava, portal vein, hepatic artery, and common bile duct for implantation; without trisegment or lobe split Original Policy Date: December 1995 Page: 12
47144 ; with trisegment split of whole liver into two partial liver s (i.e., left lateral segment (segments II and III) and right trisegment (segments I and IV through VIII)) 47145 ; with lobe split of whole liver into two partial liver s (i.e., left lobe (segments II, III and IV) and right lobe (segments I and V through VIII)) 4714 Backbench reconstruction of cadaver or living donor liver prior to allotransplantation; venous anastomosis 47147 ; arterial anastomosis, each HCPCS S2053 Transplantation of small intestine, and liver allos S2054 Transplantation of multivisceral organs S2055 Harvesting of donor multivisceral organs, with preparation and maintenance of allos; from cadaver donor ICD-10-CM K72.00- Acute and subacute hepatic failure code range K72.01 K72.10- Chronic hepatic failure code range K72.11 K91.2 Postsurgical malabsorption, not elsewhere classified (includes short bowel syndrome) ICD-10-PCS 0DY0Z0 Transplantation, stomach, open, allogeneic 0DY80Z0 Transplantation, small intestine, open, allogeneic 0DYE0Z0 Transplantation, large intestine, open, allogeneic 0FY00Z0 Transplantation, liver, open, allogeneic 0FYG0Z0 Transplantation, pancreas, open, allogeneic Type of Surgery Service Place of Service Inpatient POLICY HISTORY Date Action Description 0/12/14 Replace policy Policy updated with literature review through May 14, 2014. Reference 9 added. Statement added that procedure is investigational in all other situations. 0/11/15 Replace policy Policy updated with literature review through May 4, 2015; no references added. Policy statements unchanged. 12/08/1 Replace policy Policy updated with literature review through October 25, 201; references 2, -7, 9, and 13-14 added. Policy statements unchanged. 08/30/17 Replace Policy Blue Cross of Idaho adopted changes as noted. Policy updated with literature review through June 22, 2017; references 7-9 and 15 added. Policy statements unchanged. Original Policy Date: December 1995 Page: 13