Infect Dis Clin N Am 20 (2006) 475 483 Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Abortion storms, 363 Adult intestinal toxemia botulism, 317 Allergen Pharmaceuticals, 315 Alphaviruses agent, 406 408 American Society for Microbiology, 195 Anthrax, 227 251 clinical manifestations of, 237 240 cutaneous, 237 gastrointestinal, 237 238 genetics of, 231 234 hemorrhagic meningoencephalitis, 238 239 history of, 229 231 inhalational victims of recognition of, 234 236 microbiologic diagnosis of, 239 240 microbiology of, 231 234 pathogenesis of, 232 234 prevention of postexposure, 242 246 treatment of, 240 246 current, 240 242 decontamination in, 244 246 emerging therapies in, 242 human vaccination in, 242 243 infection control in, 244 246 investigational therapies in, 242 vaccines in, 243 244 virulence factors in, 232 234 Antibiotic(s) in plague prevention, 284 Antonine plague, 260 262 Galen s description of, 261 262 historical background of, 260 261 Arenaviridae of, 370 375 Arenaviruses 360 362 Argentine hemorrhagic fever of, 373 374 Avian influenza agent, 430 432 B Bacteria agent, 410 412 Biologic agents deliberate release of recognition of, 219 220 suddenness of, 219 220 unusual clinical presentation of, 220 unusual geographic, temporal, or demographic clustering in, 220 Biologic weapons plaque as, 279 280 Biological warfare plague-related historical aspects of, 269 271 Biological weapons system components of, 184 185 BioSense in syndromic surveillance of bioterrorism agents, 222 Bioterrorism, 179 211. See also Bioterrorism preparedness. anthrax in, 227 251. See also Anthrax. defined, 179 historical perspective of, 180 184 postbacterial cultivation era, 181 182 post World War I era, 182 184 prebacterial cultivation era, 180 181 0891-5520/06/$ - see front matter Ó 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/s0891-5520(06)00050-x id.theclinics.com
476 INDEX Bioterrorism agents, 206 208, 213 225 biologic agents deliberate release of recognition of, 219 220 infectious diseases as surveillance of, 216 218 potential category B, 395 421. See also Category B potential bioterrorism agents. category C, 423 441. See also Category C potential bioterrorism agents. emerging pathogens, 430 436 Francisella tularensis as, 304 305 surveillance for criteria for, 218 219 syndromic, 221 224 BioSense in, 222 ESSENCE in, 222 RODS in, 222 224 types of, 213 216 Bioterrorism preparedness, 179 211 avenues of, 188 190 biohazard containment in decontamination and infection control procedures, 191 196 personal protective equipment, 191 196 global avenues of, 196 197 obstacles to, 185 188 pharmaceutical readiness, 191 194 public health laws in, 194 196 public health system in, 188 190 rationale for, 185 Bioterrorism preparedness and response microbial forensics in, 455 473. See also Microbial forensics. Bioterrorism preparedness program backbone of elements of daily practice in, 447 448 communication in ensurance of appropriate internal and external mechanisms of, 448 449 community preparedness in emphasis on, 452 dissemination of, 447 ensurance of familiarity by all key stakeholders in, 447 feasibility and viability of assessment of, 446 447 improving collaboration with community physicians, area hospitals, and local health departments in, 451 452 in hospital setting implementation of practical aspects of, 443 453 intensified surveillance of incorporation of internal mechanisms for, 448 key components of building redundancy for, 450 incorporation of flexibility in, 450 periodical testing of drills for, 449 450 surge capacity in addressing logistics involving, 450 451 written plan, 444 446 Bioterrorism weapons smallpox as, 329 357. See also Smallpox. Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, 374 Botulinum toxin as weapon, 318 321 intentional aerosolized, 319 320 intentional foodborne, 320 321 intentional injected, 318 319 intentional water contamination by, 321 many faces of, 313 327 microbiology and, 313 315 Botulism, 313 327 adult intestinal toxemia, 317 causes of, 315 316 clinical syndromes of, 315 318 diagnosis of, 321 322 epidemiology of, 315 foodborne, 316 317 iatrogenic, 318 infant, 317 inhalational, 317 318 suspected cases of protocol for, 324 treatment of, 322 324 wound, 317 Brucella sp agents, 397 398 Bubonic plague, 255 Bunyaviridae of, 375 379 362 366 Bunyavirus genus, 362 Hantavirus genus, 364 366 Nairovirus genus, 363 364 Phlebovirus genus, 362 363
Bunyavirus(es) agent, 408 Bunyavirus genus of, 375 362 Burkholderia sp agent, 398 400 B mallei, 398 400 B pseudomallei, 398 400 C Campylobacter jejuni agent, 411 Category B potential bioterrorism agents, 395 421 alphaviruses, 406 408 Brucella sp, 397 398 bunyaviruses, 408 Burkholderia sp B mallei, 398 400 B pseudomallei, 398 400 Chlamydia psittaci, 400 401 Coxiella burnetti, 401 402 described, 395 EEE, 406 408 epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens, 403 404 flaviviruses, 408 410 foodborne and waterborne pathogens, 410 415 bacteria, 410 412 protozoa, 413 414 viruses, 412 413 ricin, 404 405 Rickettsia prowazwkii, 402 403 staphylococcal enterotoxin B, 405 406 types of, 396 VEE, 406 408 WEE, 406 408 Category C potential bioterrorism agents, 423 441 avian influenza, 430 432 described, 423 emerging pathogens, 430 436 genetically engineered biologic weapons, 436 hantaviruses, 425 426 monkeypox virus, 434 436 multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, 430 Nipah virus, 423 424 pandemics of influenza, 430 432 SARS, 432 433 INDEX 477 tick-borne encephalitis complex, 427 428 tick-borne hemorrhagic fever viruses, 428 429 West Nile virus, 433 434 yellow fever virus, 426 427 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 179, 213, 395, 468 in smallpox diagnosis, 339 Chickenpox smallpox vs, 340 341 Chlamydia psittaci agent, 400 401 Chordopoxvirinae, 329 330 Clostridium botulinum botulism due to, 315 Clostridium perfringens episilon toxin of as category B potential bioterrorism agent, 403 404 Congo-Crimean hemorrhagic fever of, 376 377 Coxiella burnetti agent, 401 402 Cryptosporidium parvum Cutaneous anthrax, 237 Cyclospora cayetanensis D Decontamination in anthrax prevention, 244 246 Dengue fever of, 381 383 Dengue virus 367 368 Department of Defense, 195, 347 Department of Health and Human Services, 347
478 INDEX E Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) agent, 406 408 Ebola virus of, 379 381 366 367 EEE. See Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE). Electronic Surveillance System for the Early Notification of Community-based Epidemics (ESSENCE) in syndromic surveillance of bioterrorism agents, 222 Encephalitis smallpox vaccination and, 343 344 Encephalopathy smallpox and, 339 Endemic disease. See also Viral hemorrhagic fevers. current status of, 359 393 strategies for control of, 359 393 Entamoeba histolytica Enterocytozoon bieneusi agent, 414 Entomopoxvirinae, 329 Epidemiology studies in microbial forensics, 457 459 Epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens agent, 403 404 Escherichia coli agent, 411 ESSENCE. See Electronic Surveillance System for the Early Notification of Community-based Epidemics (ESSENCE). Exzema vaccinatum smallpox vaccination and, 344 345 F FBI, 468 Fever(s). See also specific types, eg, Lassa fever. hemorrhagic viral, 359 393. See also Viral hemorrhagic fevers. Filoviridae of, 379 381 366 367 Flaviviridae of, 381 384 367 369 Flavivirus(es) agent, 408 410 Florida Department of Health, 455 Fogarty International Center, 196 Foodborne botulism, 316 317 Foodborne contamination intentional botulinum toxin and, 321 Forensics microbial, 455 473. See also Microbial forensics. Francisella tularensis as potential bioterrorism agent, 304 305 G Gastrointestinal anthrax, 237 238 Genetic(s) of anthrax, 231 234 Genetically engineered biologic weapons agent, 436 Giardia lamblia Glandular tularemia, 297 299 Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network, 196 197 Guanarito virus of, 373 H Hantavirus(es) agent, 425 426
Hantavirus genus of, 377 379 364 366 Harvard Medical School, 333 Hemorrhagic fever(s) viral, 359 393. See also Viral hemorrhagic fevers. Hemorrhagic fever viruses tick-borne as category C potential bioterrorism agent, 428 429 Hemorrhagic meningoencephalitis, 238 239 Hepatitis A virus agent, 412 413 I Iatrogenic botulism, 318 Immunization for plague, 283 284 Immunofluorescence in tularemia diagnosis, 302 Infant botulism, 317 Infection control in anthrax prevention, 244 246 Infectious diseases bioterrorism agents causing surveillance of, 216 218 Influenza(s) avian as category C potential bioterrorism agent, 430 432 pandemics of as category C potential bioterrorism agent, 430 432 Inhalational anthrax victims of recognition of, 234 236 Inhalational botulism, 317 318 J Junin virus of, 373 374 Justinian plague, 263 267 historical background of, 263 historical importance of, 266 267 infectious disease aspects of, 266 ProcopiusÕ description of, 263 266 INDEX 479 K Kyasanur Forest disease virus and hemorrhagic fever of, 383 384 L Laboratory Response Network (LRN), 455, 468 Lassa fever of, 370 373 361 362 Listeria moncytogenes agent, 412 LRN. See Laboratory Response Network (LRN). M Machupovirus of, 374 Marburg virus of, 381 366 367 Meningoencephalitis hemorrhagic, 238 239 Microbial forensics, 455 473 described, 455 456 epidemiology studies in, 457 459 methods in, 461 468 non-nucleic acid based methods, 466 468 nucleic acid based methods, 462 466 national system for, 468 scenarios, 459 461 Microbiology of anthrax, 231 234 Microsporidia Military Vaccination Program and Selective Civilian Vaccination Program for 2002 2004, 347 Model Act, 194 195 Model State Emergency Health Powers Act, 194 195
480 INDEX Monkeypox virus agent, 434 436 Mosquito-borne flavivirus hemorrhagic fevers 367 Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis agent, 430 Myopericarditis smallpox vaccination and, 346 N Nairovirus genus of, 376 363 364 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 196 National Center for Environmental Prediction, 196 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Biodefense Research, 395 National Institutes of Health, 196 Neonate(s) smallpox in, 340 New York City Board of Health, 347 Nipah virus agents, 423 424 Non-nucleic acid based methods in medical forensics, 466 468 Noroviruses agent, 412 Nucleic acid based methods in medical forensics O Ocular complications smallpox vaccination and, 345 smallpox-related, 339 340 Oculoglandular tularemia, 299 Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus of, 384 369 Oropharyngeal tularemia, 299 Osteomyelitis smallpox, 340 P Pharmaceutical readiness in bioterrorism preparedness, 191 194 Phlebovirus genus of, 375 376 362 363 Pirital virus 361 Plague(s), 273 287. See also specific mtypes, eg, Justinian plague. ancient cause of, 256 antibiotic prophylaxis for, 284 Antonine, 260 262 as biologic weapon, 279 280 bacteriology of, 274 276 biological warfare related to historical aspects of, 269 271 bubonic, 255 causative agent of, 254 clinical manifestations of, 254 clinical presentations of, 277 278 described, 273 evolutionary genomics of, 274 276 global epidemiology of, 273 274 immunization for, 283 284 impact on human history, 253 272 infection control in, 284 285 Justinian, 263 267 laboratory diagnosis of, 280 281 management of, 281 282 natural foci of, 273 274 of antiquity, 257 267 Antonine plague, 260 262 Justinian plague, 263 267 plague of Athens, 257 260 pandemics of, 267 269 pathogenesis of, 276 277 pneumonic, 256 prevention of, 283 285 septicemic, 255 256 virulence factors for, 276 277 Yersinia pestis and, 273 Plague bacillus, 254 Plague of Athens, 257 260 historical background of, 257 258 historical importance of, 260 infectious disease aspects of, 259 260 Thucydides description of, 258 259 Pneumonic plague, 256
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in tularemia diagnosis, 301 Poxviridae, 329 Pregnancy smallpox during, 340 vaccinia in smallpox vaccination and, 346 347 Protein(s) SNARE, 314 Protozoa 414 Public health directors state and territorial, 197 206 Public Health Laboratories, 468 Public health laws in bioterrorism preparedness, 194 196 Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act, 195 Public health system in bioterrorism preparedness, 188 190 emergency response capability in, 190 laboratory preparedness in, 190 recognition in, 188 189 training in, 188 189 Punta toro virus infection 363 R Real-time Outbreak and Disease Surveillance (RODS) in syndromic surveillance of bioterrorism agents, 222 224 Respiratory tularemia, 301 Ricin agent, 404 405 Rickettsia prowazwkii agent, 402 403 Rift Valley fever infection of, 375 376 363 RODS. See Real-time Outbreak and Disease Surveillance (RODS). INDEX 481 S Sabia virus of, 373 Salmonella sp agent, 410 411 SARS. See Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Select Agent Program, 195 Septicemic plague, 255 256 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) agent, 432 433 Shigella sp agent, 411 Smallpox as bioterrorism weapon, 329 357 chickenpox vs, 340 341 clinical presentation of, 335 339 complications of, 339 340 contagious period for, 336 diagnosis of, 340 341 CDC assistance in, 339 differential diagnosis of, 341 during pregnancy, 340 encephalopathy with, 339 epidemiology of, 334 335 flat malignant, 337 hemorrhagic fulminate, 337 history of, 330 331 in neonates, 340 incubation period for, 335 336 medical conquest of, 331 334 modified, 337 ocular complications of, 339 340 osteomyelitis due to, 340 pathophysiology of, 335 physical properties of, 334 335 prodrome for, 336 suspected cases of procedures for, 341 342 treatment of, 347 348 typical, 336 vaccinations for complications of, 342 347 Military Vaccination Program and Selective Civilian Vaccination Program for 2002 2004, 347 variola sine eruptione variola sine exanthemata, 338 339 SNARE proteins, 314
482 INDEX Standardized Emergency Management System, 350 352 Staphylococcal enterotoxin B agent, 405 406 State Departments Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration, 196 T Tick-borne encephalitis complex agent, 427 428 Tick-borne flavivirus hemorrhagic fevers 368 369 Tick-borne hemorrhagic fever viruses agent, 428 429 Tuberculosis multidrug-resistant as category C potential bioterrorism agent, 430 Tularemia, 289 311 as emerging disease, 294 clinical manifestations of, 297 300 diagnosis of, 300 302 culture in, 301 immunofluorescence in, 302 lymphocyte stimulation in, 301 302 PCR in, 301 serology in, 300 301 skin test in, 301 ecology of, 290 292 epidemiology of, 292 294 geographic distribution of, 292 294 glandular, 297 299 historical background of, 289 290 oculoglandular, 299 oropharyngeal, 299 pathogenesis of, 295 297 prevention of, 304 respiratory, 301 routes of, 294 295 treatment of, 302 304 typhoidal, 299 ulceroglandular, 297 299 Typhoidal tularemia, 299 300 U Ulceroglandular tularemia, 297 299 United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 359 US Defense Against Weapons of Mass Destruction Act, 195 US Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System, 196 USAID, 196 V Vaccination(s) for smallpox complications of, 342 347 in anthrax prevention, 242 243 Vaccine(s) for anthrax vaccines in development, 243 244 for smallpox, 347 348 Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, 347 Vaccinia in pregnancy smallpox vaccination and, 346 347 Vaccinia necrosum progressive vaccinia smallpox vaccination and, 344 Variola residua smallpox and, 339 340 Variola sine eruptione variola sine exanthemata, 338 339 Variolae vaccinae, 332 Variolation, 332 VEE. See Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE). Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) agent, 406 408 Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever of, 373 Vibrios chloerae agent, 411 412 Viral hemorrhagic fevers, 359 393 Arenaviridae and clinical presentation and management of, 370 375 Arenaviruses and 360 362
Bunyaviridae and clinical presentation and management of, 375 379 362 366 causes of RNA viral families, 359 of, 369 384 Filoviridae and clinical presentation and management of, 379 381 366 367 Flaviviridae and clinical presentation and management of, 381 384 367 369 360 369 viruses due to threat posed by, 359 360 Virus(es). See specific types, eg, Nipah virus. agent, 412 413 W Washington Post, 349 Water contamination intentional botulinum toxin and, 321 INDEX 483 Weapon botulinum toxin as, 318 321 WEE. See Western equine encephalitis (WEE). West Nile virus agent, 433 434 Western equine encephalitis (WEE) agent, 406 408 Whitewater Arroyo virus of, 374 World Health Organization (WHO), 334 Wound botulism, 317 Y Yellow fever virus agent, 426 427 of, 383 368 Yersinia sp Y enterocolitica as category B potential bioterrorism agent, 412 Y pestis plague due to, 273